This document discusses security threats to wireless networks. It begins by introducing wireless network vulnerabilities and various threats including accidental association, malicious associations, passive eavesdropping, ad-hoc networks, MAC spoofing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial of service attacks. It then discusses the consequences of poor wireless network security and strategies to improve security such as using encryption, passwords, firewalls, and educating users. The document provides details on specific threats and countermeasures organizations can take to secure their wireless networks.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Determining an Optimal Number of Access Points Using GPS data to Secure a Wir...CSCJournals
Determination of the position enables location awareness for mobile computers in any place and persistent wireless computing. In addition utilizing location information, location aware computers can render location based services possible for mobile users. In order to design and implement a technique to identify the source network interface card, a feasibility study should be done to keep the project within the budget; also tracking of new technologies will enhance the methodology of choosing these techniques. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is vulnerable to malicious attacks due to their shared medium in unlicensed frequency spectrum, thus requiring security features for a variety of applications. This paper will discuss a technique that helps in determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of them; which guide to localize and identify attacks with optimal IDS method and cheapest price. The other thing is to locate the intruder within the monitored area by using a hybrid technique, which came from exist techniques, by focusing on the advantages of these techniques and come with a new one to give more accurate results with less price by using available resources
Wireless Networks Security in Jordan: A Field StudyIJNSA Journal
- The document summarizes a study that evaluated the security of wireless networks in Jordan through a process called "wardriving" where the researchers drove around with wireless network detection tools.
- The results found that the majority (79.52%) of wireless networks tested were unsecured and vulnerable. Most networks used either low levels of encryption (68.67%) or no encryption at all (11.45%).
- Nearly all networks broadcast the default SSID (92.17%), leaving them exposed to potential hackers since changing the SSID is a basic security precaution.
Whenyour computer isconnected to the Internet, you expose your computer to a variety of potentialthreats. The Internet isdesigned in such a waythat if you have access to the Internet, all other computers on the Internet canconnect to yourcomputer.Thisleavesyouvulnerable to variouscommonattacks. This isespeciallytroubling as severalpopular programs open services on your computer thatallowothers to view files on your computer! Whilethisfunctionalityisexpected, the difficultyisthatsecurityerrors are detectedthatalwaysallow hackers to attackyour computer with the ability to view or destroy sensitive information stored on your computer. To protectyour computer fromsuchattacksyouneed to "teach" your computer to ignore or resistexternaltestingattempts. The commonname for such a program is Firewall. A firewall is software thatcreates a secureenvironmentwhosefunctionis to block or restrictincoming and outgoing information over a network. These firewalls actually do not work and are not suitable for business premises to maintain information securitywhilesupporting free exchange of ideas. Firewall are becoming more and more sophisticated in the day, and new features are beingadded all the time, sothat, despitecriticism and intimidatingdevelopmentmethods, they are still a powerfuldefense. In thispaper, weread a network firewall thathelps the corporateenvironment and other networks thatwant to exchange information over the network. The firewall protects the flow of trafficthrough the internet and limits the amount of external and internal information and provides the internal user with the illusion of anonymous FTP and www online communications.
Co-operative Wireless Intrusion Detection System Using MIBs From SNMPIJNSA Journal
In emerging technology of Internet, security issues are becoming more challenging. In case of wired LAN it is somewhat in control, but in case of wireless networks due to exponential growth in attacks, it has made difficult to detect such security loopholes. Wireless network security is being addressed using firewalls, encryption techniques and wired IDS (Intrusion Detection System) methods. But the approaches which were used in wired network were not successful in producing effective results for wireless networks. It is so because of features of wireless network such as open medium, dynamic changing topology, cooperative algorithms, lack of centralized monitoring and management point, and lack of a clear line of defense etc. So, there is need for new approach which will efficiently detect intrusion in wireless network. Efficiency can be achieved by implementing distributive, co-operative based, multi-agent IDS. The proposed system supports all these three features. It includes mobile agents for intrusion detection which uses SNMP (Simple network Management Protocol) and MIB (Management Information Base) variables for mobile wireless networks.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR BLUETOOTH AND WI-FIIJNSA Journal
This paper is mainly based on providing security to the wireless networks through which devices like
Bluetooth gets connected. The Wi-Fi connections are also prone to various attacks these days. The
protocols that are required to provide security to wireless networks can be implemented by creating a
wireless scenario using the software Network Simulator. This paper illustrates a scenario to check the
security protocol. As NS2 mainly has the implementation of routing protocols, a new protocol should be
designed especially for security purpose. This is done by following many tutorials to get a minimum basic
knowledge of NS2, C/C++ coding. The security feature followed in the paper is encryption/decryption of
the data that is being exchanged. Data should be ensured as and then there will be a perfect
implementation of the protocol. So, the paper throughout concentrates on adding a new security protocol to
NS2 and implementation of that protocol by providing a wireless scenario.
Iaona handbook for network security - draft rfc 0.4Ivan Carmona
This document is a draft version 0.4 of The IAONA Handbook for Network Security published by IAONA e.V. It was contributed to by various parties and organizations. The handbook aims to provide guidance on securing industrial automation networks, which require high availability and have more serious consequences from disruptions than typical office networks. It covers remote access methods, defining security terms and categories, descriptions of common network protocols and services, and a security survey.
This document discusses security threats to wireless networks. It begins by introducing wireless network vulnerabilities and various threats including accidental association, malicious associations, passive eavesdropping, ad-hoc networks, MAC spoofing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial of service attacks. It then discusses the consequences of poor wireless network security and strategies to improve security such as using encryption, passwords, firewalls, and educating users. The document provides details on specific threats and countermeasures organizations can take to secure their wireless networks.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Determining an Optimal Number of Access Points Using GPS data to Secure a Wir...CSCJournals
Determination of the position enables location awareness for mobile computers in any place and persistent wireless computing. In addition utilizing location information, location aware computers can render location based services possible for mobile users. In order to design and implement a technique to identify the source network interface card, a feasibility study should be done to keep the project within the budget; also tracking of new technologies will enhance the methodology of choosing these techniques. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is vulnerable to malicious attacks due to their shared medium in unlicensed frequency spectrum, thus requiring security features for a variety of applications. This paper will discuss a technique that helps in determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of them; which guide to localize and identify attacks with optimal IDS method and cheapest price. The other thing is to locate the intruder within the monitored area by using a hybrid technique, which came from exist techniques, by focusing on the advantages of these techniques and come with a new one to give more accurate results with less price by using available resources
Wireless Networks Security in Jordan: A Field StudyIJNSA Journal
- The document summarizes a study that evaluated the security of wireless networks in Jordan through a process called "wardriving" where the researchers drove around with wireless network detection tools.
- The results found that the majority (79.52%) of wireless networks tested were unsecured and vulnerable. Most networks used either low levels of encryption (68.67%) or no encryption at all (11.45%).
- Nearly all networks broadcast the default SSID (92.17%), leaving them exposed to potential hackers since changing the SSID is a basic security precaution.
Whenyour computer isconnected to the Internet, you expose your computer to a variety of potentialthreats. The Internet isdesigned in such a waythat if you have access to the Internet, all other computers on the Internet canconnect to yourcomputer.Thisleavesyouvulnerable to variouscommonattacks. This isespeciallytroubling as severalpopular programs open services on your computer thatallowothers to view files on your computer! Whilethisfunctionalityisexpected, the difficultyisthatsecurityerrors are detectedthatalwaysallow hackers to attackyour computer with the ability to view or destroy sensitive information stored on your computer. To protectyour computer fromsuchattacksyouneed to "teach" your computer to ignore or resistexternaltestingattempts. The commonname for such a program is Firewall. A firewall is software thatcreates a secureenvironmentwhosefunctionis to block or restrictincoming and outgoing information over a network. These firewalls actually do not work and are not suitable for business premises to maintain information securitywhilesupporting free exchange of ideas. Firewall are becoming more and more sophisticated in the day, and new features are beingadded all the time, sothat, despitecriticism and intimidatingdevelopmentmethods, they are still a powerfuldefense. In thispaper, weread a network firewall thathelps the corporateenvironment and other networks thatwant to exchange information over the network. The firewall protects the flow of trafficthrough the internet and limits the amount of external and internal information and provides the internal user with the illusion of anonymous FTP and www online communications.
Co-operative Wireless Intrusion Detection System Using MIBs From SNMPIJNSA Journal
In emerging technology of Internet, security issues are becoming more challenging. In case of wired LAN it is somewhat in control, but in case of wireless networks due to exponential growth in attacks, it has made difficult to detect such security loopholes. Wireless network security is being addressed using firewalls, encryption techniques and wired IDS (Intrusion Detection System) methods. But the approaches which were used in wired network were not successful in producing effective results for wireless networks. It is so because of features of wireless network such as open medium, dynamic changing topology, cooperative algorithms, lack of centralized monitoring and management point, and lack of a clear line of defense etc. So, there is need for new approach which will efficiently detect intrusion in wireless network. Efficiency can be achieved by implementing distributive, co-operative based, multi-agent IDS. The proposed system supports all these three features. It includes mobile agents for intrusion detection which uses SNMP (Simple network Management Protocol) and MIB (Management Information Base) variables for mobile wireless networks.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR BLUETOOTH AND WI-FIIJNSA Journal
This paper is mainly based on providing security to the wireless networks through which devices like
Bluetooth gets connected. The Wi-Fi connections are also prone to various attacks these days. The
protocols that are required to provide security to wireless networks can be implemented by creating a
wireless scenario using the software Network Simulator. This paper illustrates a scenario to check the
security protocol. As NS2 mainly has the implementation of routing protocols, a new protocol should be
designed especially for security purpose. This is done by following many tutorials to get a minimum basic
knowledge of NS2, C/C++ coding. The security feature followed in the paper is encryption/decryption of
the data that is being exchanged. Data should be ensured as and then there will be a perfect
implementation of the protocol. So, the paper throughout concentrates on adding a new security protocol to
NS2 and implementation of that protocol by providing a wireless scenario.
Iaona handbook for network security - draft rfc 0.4Ivan Carmona
This document is a draft version 0.4 of The IAONA Handbook for Network Security published by IAONA e.V. It was contributed to by various parties and organizations. The handbook aims to provide guidance on securing industrial automation networks, which require high availability and have more serious consequences from disruptions than typical office networks. It covers remote access methods, defining security terms and categories, descriptions of common network protocols and services, and a security survey.
Make presence in a building or area a policy in accessing network resources by integrating physical and network access through the Trusted Computing Group's IF-MAP communications standard.
IRJET- Research Paper Firewall- Prevent Unauthorized UsersIRJET Journal
The document discusses firewall technologies that are commonly used to prevent unauthorized access to private networks connected to the Internet. It describes several types of firewalls including packet filtering firewalls, application gateways, circuit-level gateways, and proxy servers. While firewalls provide important security, they have some limitations such as not being able to fully protect against virus attacks or insider threats from authorized users. Therefore, using different firewall technologies together can help develop a more secure network.
This paper presents a brief study of recent advances in wireless network security issues. The paper makes a number of contributions to the wireless networking field. First, it studies the 4G mail threats and risk and their design decisions. Second, the security of 4G architecture with next generation network security and 8-security dimensions of 4G network. Third, security issues and possible threats on 4G are discussed. Finally, we proposed four layer security model which manages to ensure more secure packets transmission by taking all the necessary security measures.
Attacks and Risks in Wireless Network Securityijtsrd
Wireless networks are mostly common and are the part of every organisation or an individual. In this article we look into the technology of wireless network and security features of WLANs, delinquent and attacks in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. There are variety of attack methods that can be used against the uses of wireless networks. Modern wireless data network use a variety of techniques to provide obstacles to such attacks. This article also discuss the risks of wireless security in an enterprise. We conclude that combined effort of users, employers and system administrator is required to fight against such malevolent activities. A. C. Sounthararaj | B. VeeraPandiyan "Attacks and Risks in Wireless Network Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18625.pdf
IRJET- Detection and Localization of IDS Spoofing Attack in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using intrusion detection systems and k-means clustering to detect and localize spoofing attacks in wireless sensor networks used in vehicular networks (VANETs). VANETs have characteristics like highly dynamic topology and frequent link changes that make performance monitoring difficult. The proposed approach uses cluster heads acting as IDS to monitor packet transmissions within clusters and detect misbehaving nodes. When an attacker is detected, an alarm is passed to the source node to eliminate the attacker. Simulation results show the method can efficiently and robustly detect and locate spoofing attackers in VANET wireless sensor networks.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND NODE RECOVERY USING DYNAMIC PATH ROUTINGNishanth Gandhidoss
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology. The report focuses on network intrusion detection and node recovery using dynamic path routing. It was submitted by three students - Nishanth G., Sudharshan N., and Surya Krishnan R. - to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The document includes sections on acknowledgements, abstract, contents, introduction, literature survey, system design, network topology, network intrusion detection and prevention, node recovery, source anonymity, dynamic path routing, results and discussions, and conclusions. It aims to address privacy and security issues in networks through techniques like encryption, evidence collection, risk assessment
Moving From Contactless to Wireless Technologies in Secure, Over-the-Air Tran...Underwriters Laboratories
This UL white paper discusses some of the many issues and challenges that must be addressed in the future deployment of wireless technology for the processing
of secure transactions. It begins with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of both contactless and wireless technologies. The white paper then reviews and assesses internal system risks, as well as external security concerns, for both technologies. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the future use of wireless technology in secure transactions, and how manufacturers can provide assurances to both system providers and users regarding the security of their private data.
As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system are deployed in infrastructures which are critical to the survival of a nation, they have emerged as a potential terrain for cyber-war, thus attracting the considered attention of ‘nation-states’. The analysis of worms like ���stuxnet’ ‘flame’ and ‘duqu’ reveals the hand of a ‘nation-state’ in their design and deployment. Hence, the necessity to understand various issues in the defence of SCADA systems arises. The forensics of the SCADA system provide deep insight into the design and deployment of the worm (the malware) once the system is attacked. This is precisely the scope of this essay.
This document provides an overview of how Fortinet solutions can help secure industrial control systems (ICS) in accordance with IEC 62443 standards. It describes common ICS vulnerabilities and challenges, and recommends implementing network segmentation, access controls, and multi-layered security using Fortinet products to monitor traffic and enforce security policies across different ICS zones. Specific Fortinet products mentioned include the FortiGate firewall, FortiAuthenticator for authentication, and FortiAnalyzer for logging and reporting.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
The document discusses security issues with 4G networks. It first provides an overview of 4G network architecture, including the IP Multimedia Subsystem security architecture and next generation network security architecture. It then discusses eight security dimensions for 4G networks: access control, authentication, non-repudiation, data confidentiality, communication security, data integrity, availability, and privacy. Finally, it outlines some specific security issues with 4G, including physical layer issues, WiMAX MAC layer issues, denial of service attacks, and Wi-Fi security issues.
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
A Guide to 802.11 WiFi Security by US-CERTDavid Sweigert
This document provides guidance on securing Wi-Fi networks and recommendations for:
1. Threat types including rogue access points, misconfigured APs, and denial of service attacks.
2. Using a wireless intrusion detection/prevention system to identify threats and enforce policies.
3. Requirements for enterprise wireless networking including encryption standards and authentication.
A Modular Approach To Intrusion Detection in Homogenous Wireless NetworkIOSR Journals
This document discusses a modular approach to intrusion detection in homogeneous wireless networks. It begins by introducing wireless networks and the need for intrusion detection systems (IDS) due to security vulnerabilities. It then discusses different types of IDS, including signature-based detection that identifies known attacks, and anomaly-based detection that identifies deviations from normal behavior but can result in high false positives. The document proposes a modular approach combining advantages of signature-based and anomaly-based detection for high detection rates and low false positives. Requirements for IDS in wireless networks are also outlined.
TACTiCS_WP Security_Addressing Security in SDN EnvironmentSaikat Chaudhuri
This document discusses addressing security concerns in SDN environments. It proposes an approach using an application on the SDN controller to monitor alerts from an IDS, analyze network traffic samples, and automate blocking of malicious flows. The application would function similarly to a security operations center (SOC) by correlating security events and taking action. The implementation is demonstrated using the OpenDaylight controller and Mininet virtual network, with SNORT for intrusion detection and sFlow for traffic sampling.
IoT Network Attack Detection using Supervised Machine LearningCSCJournals
The use of supervised learning algorithms to detect malicious traffic can be valuable in designing intrusion detection systems and ascertaining security risks. The Internet of things (IoT) refers to the billions of physical, electronic devices around the world that are often connected over the Internet. The growth of IoT systems comes at the risk of network attacks such as denial of service (DoS) and spoofing. In this research, we perform various supervised feature selection methods and employ three classifiers on IoT network data. The classifiers predict with high accuracy if the network traffic against the IoT device was malicious or benign. We compare the feature selection methods to arrive at the best that can be used for network intrusion prediction.
IRJET- Local Security Enhancement and Intrusion Prevention in Android Dev...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a local security enhancement and intrusion prevention system for Android devices. It summarizes existing host-based intrusion detection systems and behavior-based intrusion prevention systems for Android smartphones. The proposed system uses net flow based clustering to identify anomalies and correlates with host-based features to detect malware intrusions. The goal is to provide versatile security for Android smartphones by detecting a wide range of attacks, including denial of service attacks and probing. The system aims to detect new attacks as well.
The Internet of Things (IoT) offers many industries significant new opportunities, but it also exposes them and their customers to a host of security issues. Securing the IoT requires new ways of thinking that can defend the enterprise and its customers against attackers and privacy abuses.
This document discusses security challenges posed by mobile devices. It begins by outlining three main types of threats: application-based threats like malware and spyware; web-based threats like phishing and drive-by downloads; and network-based threats when using public WiFi.
Application-based threats occur when malicious apps steal data or request unnecessary permissions. Web-based threats happen through compromised websites that download malware. Network-based threats risk intercepting unencrypted data on public WiFi networks.
The document provides examples for each threat type and recommends mitigation strategies like mobile application management, secure web browsing practices, and VPNs for public networks. Managing a variety of personal and company-owned devices poses additional challenges to
Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security IssuesjournalBEEI
The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Make presence in a building or area a policy in accessing network resources by integrating physical and network access through the Trusted Computing Group's IF-MAP communications standard.
IRJET- Research Paper Firewall- Prevent Unauthorized UsersIRJET Journal
The document discusses firewall technologies that are commonly used to prevent unauthorized access to private networks connected to the Internet. It describes several types of firewalls including packet filtering firewalls, application gateways, circuit-level gateways, and proxy servers. While firewalls provide important security, they have some limitations such as not being able to fully protect against virus attacks or insider threats from authorized users. Therefore, using different firewall technologies together can help develop a more secure network.
This paper presents a brief study of recent advances in wireless network security issues. The paper makes a number of contributions to the wireless networking field. First, it studies the 4G mail threats and risk and their design decisions. Second, the security of 4G architecture with next generation network security and 8-security dimensions of 4G network. Third, security issues and possible threats on 4G are discussed. Finally, we proposed four layer security model which manages to ensure more secure packets transmission by taking all the necessary security measures.
Attacks and Risks in Wireless Network Securityijtsrd
Wireless networks are mostly common and are the part of every organisation or an individual. In this article we look into the technology of wireless network and security features of WLANs, delinquent and attacks in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. There are variety of attack methods that can be used against the uses of wireless networks. Modern wireless data network use a variety of techniques to provide obstacles to such attacks. This article also discuss the risks of wireless security in an enterprise. We conclude that combined effort of users, employers and system administrator is required to fight against such malevolent activities. A. C. Sounthararaj | B. VeeraPandiyan "Attacks and Risks in Wireless Network Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18625.pdf
IRJET- Detection and Localization of IDS Spoofing Attack in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using intrusion detection systems and k-means clustering to detect and localize spoofing attacks in wireless sensor networks used in vehicular networks (VANETs). VANETs have characteristics like highly dynamic topology and frequent link changes that make performance monitoring difficult. The proposed approach uses cluster heads acting as IDS to monitor packet transmissions within clusters and detect misbehaving nodes. When an attacker is detected, an alarm is passed to the source node to eliminate the attacker. Simulation results show the method can efficiently and robustly detect and locate spoofing attackers in VANET wireless sensor networks.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND NODE RECOVERY USING DYNAMIC PATH ROUTINGNishanth Gandhidoss
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology. The report focuses on network intrusion detection and node recovery using dynamic path routing. It was submitted by three students - Nishanth G., Sudharshan N., and Surya Krishnan R. - to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The document includes sections on acknowledgements, abstract, contents, introduction, literature survey, system design, network topology, network intrusion detection and prevention, node recovery, source anonymity, dynamic path routing, results and discussions, and conclusions. It aims to address privacy and security issues in networks through techniques like encryption, evidence collection, risk assessment
Moving From Contactless to Wireless Technologies in Secure, Over-the-Air Tran...Underwriters Laboratories
This UL white paper discusses some of the many issues and challenges that must be addressed in the future deployment of wireless technology for the processing
of secure transactions. It begins with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of both contactless and wireless technologies. The white paper then reviews and assesses internal system risks, as well as external security concerns, for both technologies. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the future use of wireless technology in secure transactions, and how manufacturers can provide assurances to both system providers and users regarding the security of their private data.
As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system are deployed in infrastructures which are critical to the survival of a nation, they have emerged as a potential terrain for cyber-war, thus attracting the considered attention of ‘nation-states’. The analysis of worms like ‘stuxnet’ ‘flame’ and ‘duqu’ reveals the hand of a ‘nation-state’ in their design and deployment. Hence, the necessity to understand various issues in the defence of SCADA systems arises. The forensics of the SCADA system provide deep insight into the design and deployment of the worm (the malware) once the system is attacked. This is precisely the scope of this essay.
This document provides an overview of how Fortinet solutions can help secure industrial control systems (ICS) in accordance with IEC 62443 standards. It describes common ICS vulnerabilities and challenges, and recommends implementing network segmentation, access controls, and multi-layered security using Fortinet products to monitor traffic and enforce security policies across different ICS zones. Specific Fortinet products mentioned include the FortiGate firewall, FortiAuthenticator for authentication, and FortiAnalyzer for logging and reporting.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
The document discusses security issues with 4G networks. It first provides an overview of 4G network architecture, including the IP Multimedia Subsystem security architecture and next generation network security architecture. It then discusses eight security dimensions for 4G networks: access control, authentication, non-repudiation, data confidentiality, communication security, data integrity, availability, and privacy. Finally, it outlines some specific security issues with 4G, including physical layer issues, WiMAX MAC layer issues, denial of service attacks, and Wi-Fi security issues.
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
A Guide to 802.11 WiFi Security by US-CERTDavid Sweigert
This document provides guidance on securing Wi-Fi networks and recommendations for:
1. Threat types including rogue access points, misconfigured APs, and denial of service attacks.
2. Using a wireless intrusion detection/prevention system to identify threats and enforce policies.
3. Requirements for enterprise wireless networking including encryption standards and authentication.
A Modular Approach To Intrusion Detection in Homogenous Wireless NetworkIOSR Journals
This document discusses a modular approach to intrusion detection in homogeneous wireless networks. It begins by introducing wireless networks and the need for intrusion detection systems (IDS) due to security vulnerabilities. It then discusses different types of IDS, including signature-based detection that identifies known attacks, and anomaly-based detection that identifies deviations from normal behavior but can result in high false positives. The document proposes a modular approach combining advantages of signature-based and anomaly-based detection for high detection rates and low false positives. Requirements for IDS in wireless networks are also outlined.
TACTiCS_WP Security_Addressing Security in SDN EnvironmentSaikat Chaudhuri
This document discusses addressing security concerns in SDN environments. It proposes an approach using an application on the SDN controller to monitor alerts from an IDS, analyze network traffic samples, and automate blocking of malicious flows. The application would function similarly to a security operations center (SOC) by correlating security events and taking action. The implementation is demonstrated using the OpenDaylight controller and Mininet virtual network, with SNORT for intrusion detection and sFlow for traffic sampling.
IoT Network Attack Detection using Supervised Machine LearningCSCJournals
The use of supervised learning algorithms to detect malicious traffic can be valuable in designing intrusion detection systems and ascertaining security risks. The Internet of things (IoT) refers to the billions of physical, electronic devices around the world that are often connected over the Internet. The growth of IoT systems comes at the risk of network attacks such as denial of service (DoS) and spoofing. In this research, we perform various supervised feature selection methods and employ three classifiers on IoT network data. The classifiers predict with high accuracy if the network traffic against the IoT device was malicious or benign. We compare the feature selection methods to arrive at the best that can be used for network intrusion prediction.
IRJET- Local Security Enhancement and Intrusion Prevention in Android Dev...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a local security enhancement and intrusion prevention system for Android devices. It summarizes existing host-based intrusion detection systems and behavior-based intrusion prevention systems for Android smartphones. The proposed system uses net flow based clustering to identify anomalies and correlates with host-based features to detect malware intrusions. The goal is to provide versatile security for Android smartphones by detecting a wide range of attacks, including denial of service attacks and probing. The system aims to detect new attacks as well.
The Internet of Things (IoT) offers many industries significant new opportunities, but it also exposes them and their customers to a host of security issues. Securing the IoT requires new ways of thinking that can defend the enterprise and its customers against attackers and privacy abuses.
This document discusses security challenges posed by mobile devices. It begins by outlining three main types of threats: application-based threats like malware and spyware; web-based threats like phishing and drive-by downloads; and network-based threats when using public WiFi.
Application-based threats occur when malicious apps steal data or request unnecessary permissions. Web-based threats happen through compromised websites that download malware. Network-based threats risk intercepting unencrypted data on public WiFi networks.
The document provides examples for each threat type and recommends mitigation strategies like mobile application management, secure web browsing practices, and VPNs for public networks. Managing a variety of personal and company-owned devices poses additional challenges to
Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security IssuesjournalBEEI
The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Technological developments in computer networks increasingly demand security on systems built. Security also requires flexibility, efficiency, and effectiveness. The exchange of information through the internet connection is a common thing to do now. However, this way can be able to trigger data theft or cyber crime which resulted in losses for both parties. Data theft rate is getting higher by using a wireless network. The wireless system does not have any signal restrictions that can be intercepted Filtering is used to restrict incoming access through the internet. It aims to avoid intruders or people who want to steal data. This is fatal if not anticipated. IP and MAC filtering is a way to protect wireless networks from being used and misused by just anyone. This technique is very useful for securing data on the computer if it joins the public network. By registering IP and MAC on a router, this will keep the information unused and stolen. This system is only a few computers that can be connected to a wireless hotspot by IP and MAC Address listed.
A Review Of IP And MAC Address Filtering In Wireless Network SecurityDustin Pytko
This document reviews IP and MAC address filtering as a technique for securing wireless networks. It discusses how wireless networks are vulnerable to threats like data theft and how filtering can restrict unauthorized access. IP and MAC address filtering works by registering the IP and MAC addresses of authorized devices on a router, only allowing connections from those registered addresses. The document provides an overview of IP addresses, MAC addresses, wireless network threats, and how IP and MAC address filtering can help authenticate devices and control network access to enhance wireless network security.
Network security architecture is the planning and design of the camp.pdfaquazac
Network security architecture is the planning and design of the campus network to reduce
security risks in accordance with the institution’s risk analysis and security policies. It focuses on
reduc-ing security risks and enforcing policy through the design and con-figuration of firewalls,
routers, and other network equipment.
Network security is important because it is one of the means to enforce the policies and
procedures developed by the institution to protect information. It is often referred to as the “front
door” in broader discussions of IT security. To the extent that you can block network access to a
computer, you “lock” the door and provide bet-ter protection for that computer and its contents.
Traditional network design has focused on creating a secure net-work perimeter around the
organization and strategically placing a firewall at the point where the network is connected to
the Inter-net. For higher education, this traditional design is problematic; our constituents need
access from off campus to a large number of machines and services on campus. In addition,
because we have many computers on our campus that we cannot implicitly trust, we also must be
concerned about security threats from inside the perimeter protected by a traditional firewall.
These design issues require a different approach to network security. Although it is impossible to
do justice to the topic of network design in a few pages, there are some best practices that I feel
universities should focus on in terms of network design.
Step 1: Eliminate Network Components That Still UseShared Ethernet
Shared Ethernet switches (or hubs) were developed more than a decade ago to interconnect
multiple computers and networks. These hubs retransmit all network traffic to all computers
connected to that hub. The security implication is that if one computer has its security
compromised it can be used to monitor network traffic com-ing from any other computer that
shares the same hub. This could expose passwords and other sensitive information. Today,
switched Ethernet, which isolates traffic intended for one computer from the view of others on
the same switch, is very inexpensive and, hence, it is worth the cost of replacing older hubs.
Step 2: Embrace and Implement the Concept of Defense and Use Multiple Firewalls Within
Your Network
Commercial and Linux-based firewalls are inexpensive enough that you can deploy these in
multiple locations as needed. It is still bene-ficial to have a firewall separating your institutional
network from the connection to the Internet. This firewall, called a border firewall, will provide a
minimal level of protection for all computers on your net-work. The major benefit of this firewall
is that it allows your network and security staff to quickly block external access should a threat
arise, such as when the “SQL worm” was launched in January 2003 In addition to the border
firewall, consider adding internal firewalls to protect areas that requi.
The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that are visiting its
serving area. The VLR is associated with one or more MSCs. When a subscriber enters a new MSC area, the
VLR associated with that MSC requests data about the subscriber from the HLR. This data is stored in the VLR
as long as the subscriber remains in the MSC area.
4.1.8 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile
equipment on the network in the form of their International Mobile Equipment Identities (IMEI). The EIR is
consulted by the VLR to check if a particular mobile is allowed to be used
SURVEY OF TRUST BASED BLUETOOTH AUTHENTICATION FOR MOBILE DEVICEEditor IJMTER
Practical requirements for securely demonstrating identities between two handheld
devices are an important concern. The adversary can inject a Man-In- The-Middle (MITM) attack to
intrude the protocol. Protocols that employ secret keys require the devices to share private
information in advance, in which it is not feasible in the above scenario. Apart from insecurely
typing passwords into handheld devices or comparing long hexadecimal keys displayed on the
devices’ screen, many other human-verifiable protocols have been proposed in the literature to solve
the problem. Unfortunately, most of these schemes are unsalable to more users. Even when there are
only three entities attempt to agree a session key, these protocols need to be rerun for three times.
So, in the existing method a bipartite and a tripartite authentication protocol is presented using a
temporary confidential channel. Besides, further extend the system into a transitive authentication
protocol that allows multiple handheld devices to establish a conference key securely and efficiently.
But this method detects only the outsider attacks. Method does not consider the insider attacks. So,
in the proposed method trust score based method is introduced which computes the trust values for
the nodes and provide the security. The trust score is computed has a positive influence on the
confidence with which an entity conducts transactions with that node. Network the behavior of the
node will be monitored periodically and its trust value is also updated .So depending on the behavior
of the node in the network trust relation will be established between two nodes.
Prevention based mechanism for attacks in Network SecurityEditor IJMTER
Network Security has become vital in today’s information technology era, as a result
of that numerous techniques are a unit adopted to bypass it. Network administrator has to be
compelled to manage with the recent advancements in each the hardware and software system fields
for their betterment of the user’s knowledge. This paper outlines the varied attack strategies in the
field of Networking and numerous prevention mechanisms against them.
Network security involves implementing multiple layers of defenses to protect a network from threats. It includes technologies like firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems to manage access and detect malware and exploits. As networks increasingly face hacking threats, strong network security tools are essential for organizations to protect their systems, data, and reputation. Network security strategies aim to authorize only legitimate users while blocking malicious actors from harming the network.
A new algorithm to enhance security against cyber threats for internet of thi...IJECEIAES
One major problem is detecting the unsuitability of traffic caused by a distributed denial of services (DDoS) attack produced by third party nodes, such as smart phones and other handheld Wi-Fi devices. During the transmission between the devices, there are rising in the number of cyber attacks on systems by using negligible packets, which lead to suspension of the services between source and destination, and can find the vulnerabilities on the network. These vulnerable issues have led to a reduction in the reliability of networks and a reduction in consumer confidence. In this paper, we will introduce a new algorithm called rout attack with detection algorithm (RAWD) to reduce the affect of any attack by checking the packet injection, and to avoid number of cyber attacks being received by the destination and transferred through a determined path or alternative path based on the problem. The proposed algorithm will forward the real time traffic to the required destination from a new alternative backup path which is computed by it before the attacked occurred. The results have showed an improvement when the attack occurred and the alternative path has used to make sure the continuity of receiving the data to the main destination without any affection.
The document discusses cyber security challenges for industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA networks. As ICS were connected to networks and the internet, it increased opportunities for remote hacking and destruction. The disconnect between traditional IT security practices and operational needs of ICS led to vulnerabilities. Common security strategies like network isolation are no longer effective due to widespread connectivity. Recent attacks have shown that hackers can compromise ICS equipment directly and cause physical damage. The document argues industry must adopt new security technologies and policies tailored for ICS in order to address growing threats.
The fast emerging of internet of things (IoTs) has introduced fog computing as an intermediate layer between end-users and the cloud datacenters. Fog computing layer characterized by its closeness to end users for service provisioning than the cloud. However, security challenges are still a big concern in fog and cloud computing paradigms as well. In fog computing, one of the most destructive attacks is man-in-the-middle (MitM). Moreover, MitM attacks are hard to be detected since they performed passively on the network level. This paper proposes a MitM mitigation scheme in fog computing architecture. The proposal mapped the fog layer on software-defined network (SDN) architecture. The proposal integrated multi-path transmission control protocol (MPTCP), moving target defense (MTD) technique, and reinforcement learning agent (RL) in one framework that contributed significantly to improving the fog layer resources utilization and security. The proposed schema hardens the network reconnaissance and discovery, thus improved the network security against MitM attack. The evaluation framework was tested using a simulation environment on mininet, with the utilization of MPTCP kernel and Ryu SDN controller. The experimental results shows that the proposed schema maintained the network resiliency, improves resource utilization without adding significant overheads compared to the traditional transmission control protocol (TCP).
The document discusses analyzing the password generating algorithms used in wireless routers commonly deployed in the Netherlands. The authors were able to reverse engineer routers from several major Dutch internet providers and telecom companies. They found the routers used insecure proprietary algorithms to generate default WPA2 passwords that were trivial to recover within minutes, leaving networks vulnerable to attack. The authors worked with the Dutch government to disclose the issues responsibly and coordinate public notifications.
Types of Networks Week7 Part4-IS RevisionSu2013 .docxwillcoxjanay
Types of Networks
Week7 Part4-IS
RevisionSu2013
Types of Networks
There are different types of networks. Each type has different characteristics and
therefore different security needs. Some of the fundamental differentiating attributes of
the various types of networks are:
the physical distance the network spans
the topology of the network nodes
the types of media used for communication between nodes in the network
the different devices supported on the network
the different applications supported on the network
the different groups of users permitted on the network
the different protocols supported on each network
Depending on the type of network there may be different information security
requirements requiring that various protocols, security services, security mechanisms are
used in a fashion to support that type of network.
While each network environment has some characteristics and security needs unique to
that environment, there are many security techniques that should be universally applied to
all environments. For example; sound policies and procedures, risk assessment of the
assets, user awareness training, encryption technology, authentication technology, sound
credential (password) selection and protection, malware protection, firewalls are a few
security techniques that need to be applied in all of the networks albeit in configurations
that best suits a particular environment.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN network covers a small geographic area that takes advantage of high speed data
transfers usually implemented through Ethernet or fiber. A LAN could be a home, office,
group of building with local proximity (university, business). LANs typically share
resources such as file servers and printers.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN covers a large geographic area that may require connection through satellite,
high speed dedicated lines and other means. The internet is a WAN. WANs can connect
LANs together into a larger organizational structure that can be used to share resources
such as file, email, dns servers to name a few. Resources can be shared using slower
connections on geographically separated areas across the WAN.
Wireless Networks and Mobile Networks
The movement to laptop systems at home and workplaces accelerated the mobility of
computing.
As employees traveled between offices, client sites, home and various other remote
locations they could remain connected to company servers as long as the remote site had
connectivity to the companies’ intranet. Initially this connectivity was provided by
having Ethernet cabling available for remote users to physically plug their laptops into.
Eventually, companies started installing wireless hotspots that could be automatically
detected by systems that had wireless cards.
The proliferation of wireless connectivity and internet use spread from the workplace to
genera ...
A survey study of title security and privacy in mobile systemsKavita Rastogi
This document summarizes security and privacy issues related to mobile systems. It discusses how mobile systems originally focused on securing phone calls but now must address additional challenges due to lost/stolen devices and user expectations of flexibility. The document then examines authentication techniques, security across different network domains, and technologies like encryption, digital rights management, and trusted computing platforms that aim to enhance mobile security. It concludes that secure information transmission will become increasingly important as mobile technologies continue advancing.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a secure and sophisticated electricity meter called an Impregnable Device for Secured Metering (IDSM). The IDSM uses a microcontroller integrated with a smart meter to securely transmit power consumption data via a legacy Wi-Fi system. Random number addressing cryptography (RAC) is used for encryption due to its high speed, low power usage, and security. The IDSM system connects individual household meters to a centralized server that calculates billing amounts and sends updates back to the meters for display. The goal is to provide secure metering and billing that reduces human error and electricity theft while lowering costs.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a secure, Wi-Fi integrated electricity meter called an Impregnable Device for Secured Metering (IDSM). The IDSM consists of a sophisticated meter with additional security features compared to traditional meters. It uses Wi-Fi communication, a microcontroller, and a centralized monitoring and control unit. Random number addressing cryptography (RAC) is chosen as the most secure encryption technique. The meter in each home connects via a wireless network to a server that calculates billing amounts and sends updates to be displayed on the home meter, reducing labor while increasing transparency. The design aims to provide secure communication at high speeds with an advanced metering system and unique database backend.
Similar to Meletis Belsis - Wireless Security: Common Protocols and Vulnerabilities (20)
This document discusses the potential for using multimedia in enterprise security user training. It argues that traditional training methods like posters and emails are ineffective. Multimedia could provide more effective training through interactive presentations using audio, video, images and text. Examples show multimedia has been successfully used in other training domains. The document concludes that a multimedia training tool could improve security awareness if designed carefully to avoid helping adversaries understand security systems and policies.
This document proposes a system to improve how Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) store and share security incident data. Currently, CSIRTs use various data structures and methods to record incident details, limiting collaboration. The authors propose a system using CORBA that allows incident data to be stored in a central database and accessed securely via a web interface or standalone application. This would facilitate information sharing between CSIRTs and give users different views of the data based on their roles. A natural language interface is also suggested to allow complex queries without technical expertise. The system aims to address current problems around incident data management and access.
Security is a major concern for organizations and individuals as information has become more valuable. The need for security has existed since information first became important. While firewalls and antivirus software provide some protection, they do not make an organization fully secure. Security involves processes for prevention, detection, reaction, and forensics. It is difficult to implement security perfectly due to costs, user resistance, evolving threats, and time/budget constraints for security teams. Hackers use various techniques like information gathering, password cracking, viruses, denial of service attacks, sniffing, and system exploits to compromise targets. Organizations implement defenses like firewalls, intrusion detection, honeypots, anti-sniffing measures, antivirus software, security awareness
VoIP Security: An Overview discusses the security challenges of Voice over IP (VoIP) technology. It notes that VoIP inherits vulnerabilities from TCP/IP networks and uses the corporate network, making it complex to secure. Common VoIP threats include denial of service attacks, interception attacks, covert channels, and vulnerabilities in VoIP platforms. The document outlines example attacks and tools used by hackers. It recommends countermeasures like network separation, encryption of SIP and RTP, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and hardening VoIP infrastructure and devices. VoIP honeypots can also be used to detect attackers.
This document provides an overview of key topics in information security:
- It discusses the challenges of implementing information security programs and outlines the importance of processes over products.
- An Information Security Management System (ISMS) is presented as the foundation for establishing security policies, procedures, and responsibilities.
- Authentication and provisioning systems are described as ways to centrally manage user identities and access across applications.
- The importance of vulnerability assessment, policy compliance, and log monitoring tools is highlighted to help detect threats, ensure compliance, and aid auditing.
- Endpoint security, access control, and data leakage prevention are outlined as methods to enforce security policies across networked devices and sensitive data.
This document discusses IMS security. It provides an overview of IMS architecture, noting its complexity due to supporting different access media and TCP/IP vulnerabilities. Threats to IMS are then outlined, including denial of service attacks, interception attacks, fraud attacks, and vulnerabilities in VoIP platforms. Hacking tools for attacking IMS are also listed. The document concludes with recommendations for IMS countermeasures such as encryption, firewalls, security gateways, antivirus software, network hardening techniques, and IDS/IPS systems.
Database Management Myths for DevelopersJohn Sterrett
Myths, Mistakes, and Lessons learned about Managing SQL Server databases. We also focus on automating and validating your critical database management tasks.
Sustainability requires ingenuity and stewardship. Did you know Pigging Solutions pigging systems help you achieve your sustainable manufacturing goals AND provide rapid return on investment.
How? Our systems recover over 99% of product in transfer piping. Recovering trapped product from transfer lines that would otherwise become flush-waste, means you can increase batch yields and eliminate flush waste. From raw materials to finished product, if you can pump it, we can pig it.
GDG Cloud Southlake #34: Neatsun Ziv: Automating AppsecJames Anderson
The lecture titled "Automating AppSec" delves into the critical challenges associated with manual application security (AppSec) processes and outlines strategic approaches for incorporating automation to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and scalability. The lecture is structured to highlight the inherent difficulties in traditional AppSec practices, emphasizing the labor-intensive triage of issues, the complexity of identifying responsible owners for security flaws, and the challenges of implementing security checks within CI/CD pipelines. Furthermore, it provides actionable insights on automating these processes to not only mitigate these pains but also to enable a more proactive and scalable security posture within development cycles.
The Pains of Manual AppSec:
This section will explore the time-consuming and error-prone nature of manually triaging security issues, including the difficulty of prioritizing vulnerabilities based on their actual risk to the organization. It will also discuss the challenges in determining ownership for remediation tasks, a process often complicated by cross-functional teams and microservices architectures. Additionally, the inefficiencies of manual checks within CI/CD gates will be examined, highlighting how they can delay deployments and introduce security risks.
Automating CI/CD Gates:
Here, the focus shifts to the automation of security within the CI/CD pipelines. The lecture will cover methods to seamlessly integrate security tools that automatically scan for vulnerabilities as part of the build process, thereby ensuring that security is a core component of the development lifecycle. Strategies for configuring automated gates that can block or flag builds based on the severity of detected issues will be discussed, ensuring that only secure code progresses through the pipeline.
Triaging Issues with Automation:
This segment addresses how automation can be leveraged to intelligently triage and prioritize security issues. It will cover technologies and methodologies for automatically assessing the context and potential impact of vulnerabilities, facilitating quicker and more accurate decision-making. The use of automated alerting and reporting mechanisms to ensure the right stakeholders are informed in a timely manner will also be discussed.
Identifying Ownership Automatically:
Automating the process of identifying who owns the responsibility for fixing specific security issues is critical for efficient remediation. This part of the lecture will explore tools and practices for mapping vulnerabilities to code owners, leveraging version control and project management tools.
Three Tips to Scale the Shift Left Program:
Finally, the lecture will offer three practical tips for organizations looking to scale their Shift Left security programs. These will include recommendations on fostering a security culture within development teams, employing DevSecOps principles to integrate security throughout the development
Chapter 3 of ISTQB Foundation 2018 syllabus with sample questions. Answers about what is static testing, what is review, types of review, informal review, walkthrough, technical review, inspection.
Metadata Lakes for Next-Gen AI/ML - DatastratoZilliz
As data catalogs evolve to meet the growing and new demands of high-velocity, unstructured data, we see them taking a new shape as an emergent and flexible way to activate metadata for multiple uses. This talk discusses modern uses of metadata at the infrastructure level for AI-enablement in RAG pipelines in response to the new demands of the ecosystem. We will also discuss Apache (incubating) Gravitino and its open source-first approach to data cataloging across multi-cloud and geo-distributed architectures.
9 Ways Pastors Will Use AI Everyday By 2029
These future use cases are only a handful of the many many options generative AI is providing pastors and leaders everywhere. If you learn how AI might enhance and support your ministry, you'll enter into a world that's full of hope for the Gospel.
Learn more at http://www.AIforChurchLeaders.com and http://www.churchtechtoday.com
Coordinate Systems in FME 101 - Webinar SlidesSafe Software
If you’ve ever had to analyze a map or GPS data, chances are you’ve encountered and even worked with coordinate systems. As historical data continually updates through GPS, understanding coordinate systems is increasingly crucial. However, not everyone knows why they exist or how to effectively use them for data-driven insights.
During this webinar, you’ll learn exactly what coordinate systems are and how you can use FME to maintain and transform your data’s coordinate systems in an easy-to-digest way, accurately representing the geographical space that it exists within. During this webinar, you will have the chance to:
- Enhance Your Understanding: Gain a clear overview of what coordinate systems are and their value
- Learn Practical Applications: Why we need datams and projections, plus units between coordinate systems
- Maximize with FME: Understand how FME handles coordinate systems, including a brief summary of the 3 main reprojectors
- Custom Coordinate Systems: Learn how to work with FME and coordinate systems beyond what is natively supported
- Look Ahead: Gain insights into where FME is headed with coordinate systems in the future
Don’t miss the opportunity to improve the value you receive from your coordinate system data, ultimately allowing you to streamline your data analysis and maximize your time. See you there!
Video traffic on the Internet is constantly growing; networked multimedia applications consume a predominant share of the available Internet bandwidth. A major technical breakthrough and enabler in multimedia systems research and of industrial networked multimedia services certainly was the HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) technique. This resulted in the standardization of MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) which, together with HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), is widely used for multimedia delivery in today’s networks. Existing challenges in multimedia systems research deal with the trade-off between (i) the ever-increasing content complexity, (ii) various requirements with respect to time (most importantly, latency), and (iii) quality of experience (QoE). Optimizing towards one aspect usually negatively impacts at least one of the other two aspects if not both. This situation sets the stage for our research work in the ATHENA Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory (Adaptive Streaming over HTTP and Emerging Networked Multimedia Services; https://athena.itec.aau.at/), jointly funded by public sources and industry. In this talk, we will present selected novel approaches and research results of the first year of the ATHENA CD Lab’s operation. We will highlight HAS-related research on (i) multimedia content provisioning (machine learning for video encoding); (ii) multimedia content delivery (support of edge processing and virtualized network functions for video networking); (iii) multimedia content consumption and end-to-end aspects (player-triggered segment retransmissions to improve video playout quality); and (iv) novel QoE investigations (adaptive point cloud streaming). We will also put the work into the context of international multimedia systems research.
The DealBook is our annual overview of the Ukrainian tech investment industry. This edition comprehensively covers the full year 2023 and the first deals of 2024.
MYIR Product Brochure - A Global Provider of Embedded SOMs & SolutionsLinda Zhang
This brochure gives introduction of MYIR Electronics company and MYIR's products and services.
MYIR Electronics Limited (MYIR for short), established in 2011, is a global provider of embedded System-On-Modules (SOMs) and
comprehensive solutions based on various architectures such as ARM, FPGA, RISC-V, and AI. We cater to customers' needs for large-scale production, offering customized design, industry-specific application solutions, and one-stop OEM services.
MYIR, recognized as a national high-tech enterprise, is also listed among the "Specialized
and Special new" Enterprises in Shenzhen, China. Our core belief is that "Our success stems from our customers' success" and embraces the philosophy
of "Make Your Idea Real, then My Idea Realizing!"
This slide deck is a deep dive the Salesforce latest release - Summer 24, by the famous Stephen Stanley. He has examined the release notes very carefully, and summarised them for the Wellington Salesforce user group, virtual meeting June 27 2024.
An invited talk given by Mark Billinghurst on Research Directions for Cross Reality Interfaces. This was given on July 2nd 2024 as part of the 2024 Summer School on Cross Reality in Hagenberg, Austria (July 1st - 7th)
Navigating Post-Quantum Blockchain: Resilient Cryptography in Quantum Threatsanupriti
In the rapidly evolving landscape of blockchain technology, the advent of quantum computing poses unprecedented challenges to traditional cryptographic methods. As quantum computing capabilities advance, the vulnerabilities of current cryptographic standards become increasingly apparent.
This presentation, "Navigating Post-Quantum Blockchain: Resilient Cryptography in Quantum Threats," explores the intersection of blockchain technology and quantum computing. It delves into the urgent need for resilient cryptographic solutions that can withstand the computational power of quantum adversaries.
Key topics covered include:
An overview of quantum computing and its implications for blockchain security.
Current cryptographic standards and their vulnerabilities in the face of quantum threats.
Emerging post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and their applicability to blockchain systems.
Case studies and real-world implications of quantum-resistant blockchain implementations.
Strategies for integrating post-quantum cryptography into existing blockchain frameworks.
Join us as we navigate the complexities of securing blockchain networks in a quantum-enabled future. Gain insights into the latest advancements and best practices for safeguarding data integrity and privacy in the era of quantum threats.
Building an Agentic RAG locally with Ollama and MilvusZilliz
With the rise of Open-Source LLMs like Llama, Mistral, Gemma, and more, it has become apparent that LLMs might also be useful even when run locally. In this talk, we will see how to deploy an Agentic Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) setup using Ollama, with Milvus as the vector database on your laptop. That way, you can also avoid being Rate Limited by OpenAI like I have been in the past.
Building an Agentic RAG locally with Ollama and Milvus
Meletis Belsis - Wireless Security: Common Protocols and Vulnerabilities
1. Wireless Security: Common Protocols and Vulnerabilities
Meletis Belsis
Phone number: +30-210-6841287
Fax number: +30-210-6841412
Email address: meletis@telecron.com
Mail address:
Telecron Hellas
32 Kiffisias Ave.
Marousi, GR 15125
GREECE
Alkis Simitsis (*)
Phone number: +30-210-7721402, +30-210-7721602
Fax number: +30-210-7721442
Email address: asimi@dblab.ece.ntua.gr
Mail address:
Data and Knowledge Base Systems Laboratory
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
National Technical University of Athens
9 Iroon Polytechniou Street
Zographou, GR 15780
GREECE
Stefanos Gritzalis
Phone number: +30-22730-82234, +30-210-6492112
Fax number: +30-22730-82009, +30-210-6492399
Email address: sgritz@aegean.gr
Mail address:
Lab. of Information and Communication Systems Security
Dept. of Information and Communication Systems Engineering
University of the Aegean
Samos, GR 83200
GREECE
(* Corresponding author)
2. 1
Wireless Security: Common Protocols and Vulnerabilities
Meletis Belsis, Telecron, Greece
Alkis Simitsis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Stefanos Gritzalis, University of the Aegean, Greece
INTRODUCTION
The fast growth of the wireless technology has exponentially increased the abilities
and possibilities of computing equipment. Corporate users can now move around
enterprise buildings with their laptops, PDAs and WiFi, enable VoIP handsets and
retain communications with their offices. Business users can work from almost
anywhere by attaching their laptop to a WiFi hotspot and connect to their corporate
network. However, not many enterprises know and understand the potential security
vulnerabilities that are introduced by the use of WiFi technologies. Wireless
technologies are insecure by their nature. Anyone with the appropriate hardware can
steal information transmitted using the airwaves. This chapter discusses the security
vulnerabilities that are inherited in wireless networks. Also, it provides a description
of the current security trends and protocols used to secure such WiFi networks along
with the problems from their application.
BACKGROUND
Currently, several enterprises consider information security as a monolithic
architecture, in which simply they install a firewall or an intrusion detection system.
Unfortunately security is not a single device or software: «In the real world, security
involves processes. It involves preventive technologies, but also detection and
reaction processes, and an entire forensics system to hunt down and prosecute the
guilty. Security is not a product; it itself is a process. … » (Schneier, 2000).
The above definition represents the fact that total protection of corporate networks
goes beyond a firewall engine. Each appliance that is added and/or changed into a
system should incorporate the re-designing of a systems overall security policy and
infrastructure. The same principle exists when incorporating wireless devices to
extend the overall enterprise architecture. Deploying a wireless network has as
consequence the change of the security risks and needs of entire network
infrastructure. Nowadays, the techniques that are used for the realization of attacks in
wireless connected networks resemble with the ones that are used to target common
LANs. In the next paragraphs, we present the major categories of attacks that include
techniques that have been successfully used for attacking corporate wireless networks.
Denial of Service. In their simplest form, an adversary can continuously transmit
association request packets. Such action could render an access point unavailable to
authorized users. Adversaries can use a powerful RF transceiver, to transmit amplified
signals in all of frequency bands frequencies (channels), creating an interjection
which prevents the communication of terminals with the corporate Access Points (RF
Jamming). Such an attack could be easily deployed from the outside premises of an
enterprise (e.g., parking). An example appliance that can be used for the
concretization of this attack is the Power Signal Generator (PSG -1) by the YDI.
Man-In-The-middle attacks. Combining an RF Jamming attack with the use of a
portable computer and necessary software an attacker can easily steal or alter
3. 2
corporate information (Akin, 2003). The adversary will use a denial of service attack
to force authorized terminals connected to a corporate Access Point to identify and
roam to an access point with better signal that the one already connected to. Using this
predetermined behavior the attacker can masquerade his/her laptop as an access point
and force all wireless clients to connect to it. By using this technique an adversary can
intercept all wireless communications links and read or alter information on them.
Fresnel Zone Sniffing. Stealing information from point-to-point wireless links is
difficult. The attacker needs to calculate the link path and identify ways to attach its
laptop to the link’s Fresnel Zone.
Rogue wireless gateways. Rogue wireless gateway is a security vulnerability that is
detected in many today’s enterprise networks. A rogue wireless gateway is an
unauthorized access point that is installed on an enterprise network. Such access
points are usually installed by corporate users, to assist them in the everyday work
(i.e. transfer files/emails from a desktop to a laptop computer). Unfortunately
enterprise users do not know and understand the security implications of installing a
wireless device on a system. Leaving such devices connected to the corporate
network, provide an opportunity to adversaries to connect and steal corporate
information.
AdHoc Networks. The 802.11 protocol specification, allows wireless terminals to
interconnect without the use of an Access point. This mode of operation is called
AdHoc. Unfortunately many of today’s corporate users enable the ad hoc facility on
their laptops and PDA’s either accidentally or deliberately in order to exchange files
with other users. Enabling the ad hoc mode without deploying the necessary security
procedures (i.e., encryption and authentication) could seriously damage corporate
security. Adversaries can search for such unprotected ad hoc networks and connect to
those. From there adversaries can either read the locally stored corporate information,
or if the user’s device is connected to the corporate networks (i.e., LAN, dialup, and
VPN), access the corporate resources (Papadimitratos and Haas, 2002).
The previous example attacks emphasize the need for security that result from the
use of wireless technology. The problem of security becomes more apparent when the
technology of wireless networking is applied in government owned systems. The need
for security in those systems is extensive due to the legislations on personal data
protection and the human lives factors involved.
MAIN THRUST OF THE CHAPTER
The last few years the computing and telecommunications community has realized
the necessity of deploying security controls on wireless networks. Unfortunately most
of today’s wireless security controls have been proven unsafe or managerial infeasible
to maintain. The next few paragraphs describe the most common security protocols
and techniques as well as their vulnerabilities.
Discovering Wireless Networks
Many enterprises support their notion of using insecure WiFi networks based on
the idea that their small wireless networks are hidden from hackers and adversaries.
This notion is called Security through Obscurity, and is something that the IT security
community has analyzed and abolished long before the appearance of wireless
networks.
4. 3
Modern hackers have invented a number of new techniques collectively known as
War Driving or War Chalking, which aim in the discovering of unprotected wireless
networks. An adversary uses a laptop computer along with appropriate discovery
software (i.e. NetStumbler) and a GPS received to pint point the exact location of
Access points on a Map. Today such maps are distributed among the War Driving
community. It is not unusual for enterprises to discover their company access points
on maps found on War Driving web sites (Figure 1).
Figure 1. A War driving result in Los Angeles
Many enterprise administrators try to hide their wireless networks, by activating
the close system option found on Access Point hardware equipment. This option
prohibits the access point from transmitting the network’s beacon information that
incorporates the network’s Service Set Identifier (SSID). Unfortunately the SSID is
incorporated into almost all network management frames. Software packages like
NetStumbler will force the access points in transmitting the SSID by issuing such
management frames (i.e. Reassociation Request).
The techniques of War Driving and War Chalking is been used today in an
extended degree, and adversaries have developed their own marking symbols (Table
1) in order to denote the buildings where wireless networks are discovered. Writing
these symbols in various buildings of the city, adversaries mark their potential targets.
node symbol
open node
closed node
5. 4
WEP node
Table 1. War Chalking Symbols
MAC Access Control Lists
To enhance security many corporations develop Media Access Control (MAC)
control lists declaring the MAC addresses of wireless terminals that are authorized to
access the wired segment a corporate network. Unfortunately the deployment of MAC
Access Control Lists increases the management time and difficulty without offering
real protection from experienced hackers. Having discovered a wireless network an
adversary can eavesdrop on the network and detect authorized MAC addresses that
connect to an access point. Having a list of such authorized MAC addresses, the
adversary can use MAC spoofing attacks and masquerade his laptop as an authorized
client (e.g., using the SMAC software, a snapshot of which is depicted in Figure 2).
Figure 2. SMAC Software Screenshot
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
The first security protocol developed for wireless networks is the Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP). WEP uses RC4 PRNG algorithm (LAN MAN, 1999) for the coding
of information. The WEP key, with a 24 bit Initializing Vector (IV) are used for the
encryption/decryption of wireless data. The protocol works with keys of 64 or the 128
bit (the actual key lengths are 40 and 104 bit but are concatenated with the IV during
the encryption phase). In a WEP environment the encryption keys are installed by the
administrator of the system in each terminal and access point and, thus, the
management of the network becomes more complicated.
The WEP does not offer user authentication; therefore, discovering the WEP key
allows access to a corporate network (Borisov, Goldberg, and Wagner, 2001). The
two authentication models provided by WEP are Open System and the Shared-Key
Authentication (Lambrinoudakis and Gritzalis, 2005). The Open system model uses
6. 5
the MAC access control lists discussed in the previous paragraphs. In the Shared Key
authentication, WEP uses the encryption key to implement a Challenge-Response
authentication scheme.
At the same time WEP uses a 32 bit cycle redundancy check algorithm as Integrity
Check Value (ICV) in order to ensure the integrity of data. Currently, the CRC
algorithm has been already broken by researchers from the University of Berkley
(Tyrrell, 2003).
The key recovery process in a system that uses WEP can be actually realized in a
few hours. This is due to a vulnerability found in the way WEP uses the RC4
algorithm. The weakness of WEP is based on the fact that the IV is only 24 bit and
thus, in a busy network the same IV key is used to encrypt different network packets.
Having eavesdropped two or more packets encrypted with the same IV an adversary
can apply cryptanalysis techniques and recover the WEP key. Today, a number of
freeware software packages that can perform a successful WEP attack are available in
the internet. Examples of such software artifacts include the WEPCrack, and
AIRSnort (Figure 3)
Due to the fact that WEP encryption keys are static, the time between the
discovering of a compromised key and of updating the whole wireless network
infrastructure with a new key is extended. This leaves even more time to adversaries
to access and copy confidential corporate information.
Figure 3. AirSnort Software Screenshot
WiFi Protected Access (WPA)
Understanding the problems of WEP, the international community has moved
forward in developing a more secure protocol, namely 802.11i (Edney and William,
2003). Due to the delay in the development of the final 802.11i standard, the
international community released a pre-802.11i security protocol under the name WiFi
Protected Access (WPA) (Edney and William, 2003).
The WPA uses algorithm RC 4 (Fluhrer et al., 2001) for the encryption of air data
incorporating the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), in order to use dynamic
encryption keys. In order to avoid the security vulnerabilities of CRC – 32, WPA
utilizes a novel integrity protection algorithm, the Michael Message Integrity Check
(MIC) (Cam-Winget et al., 2003), which uses a 64bit key and partitions data into
32bit blocks.
TKIP uses an IV of 48 bit offering better security than the 24 bit IV used by
WEP. It combines a 128 bit temporary key, which is preinstalled in all wireless
terminals, with the MAC address of each terminal, and the 48 bit IV in order to create
a new encryption key for each terminal. The protocol changes the encryption key
every 10.000 packets that are transmitted.
Moreover, WPA employs the 802.1x protocol (port - based access control) to
deliver authenticated connections. This protocol allows the usage of a number of
7. 6
authentication methods to be used such as passwords, and digital certificates (Digital
Certificates).
The user or terminal authentication process is performed by the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP). The EAP protocol is usually associated with a Radius
server in order to securely authenticate users or devices on a network. Figure 4
displays an example EAP authentication process.
Figure 4. 802.1x EAP authentication (EAP Authentication, 2005)
Currently, there exist several EAP implementations:
EAP –MD 5 (Funk, 2003). It was the first protocol that uses user authentication
based on the 802.1x scheme. It provides only one way authentication, ensuring the
authenticity of users but not the servers. The protocol is based on the algorithm MD5.
However, researches have already proved that this protocol is subject to dictionary
and man-in-the-middle attacks (Asokan, Niemi, and Nyberg, 2002).
CISCO – LEAP. The lightweight EAP (LEAP) was created by CISCO. This
protocol, offers bidirectional authentication. The bidirectional authentication makes
the protocol immune to man-in-the-middle attacks, but its challenge handshake
authentication protocol (MSCHAP ver.2) is subject to dictionary attacks. Currently,
there exist several tools on the Internet, like the asleep, that can perform successful
attacks on LEAP. CISCO tries to tackle this disadvantage and at this time, they are
developing a new protocol called EAP-FAST.
EAP-FAST (Ghosh and Gupta, 2005). The EAP-FAST is developed and market by
CISCO. The protocol is though to be as secure as EAP-PEAP, and as easy to deploy
as EAP-LEAP. The protocol operates similar with the EAP-PEAP. It uses two distinct
phases. In phase 1 a secure tunnel is established using a Protected Access Credential
(PAC) shared key. PAC is used in order to avoid deploying digital certificates. After
the establishment of the secure tunnel, authentication is performed on phase 2 using
the MSCHAP v2 protocol. The PAC secret can either be manually shared to all nodes,
or can be automated through an optional Diffie-Hellman process. Unfortunately, using
the manual shared key distribution process will make the management of the network
an extremely difficult. On the other hand the anonymous Diffie-Hellman process can
make the protocol suspected to man-in-the-middle attacks. Along with this during the
anonymous Diffie-Helman, the protocol transmits the user name in cleartext
(unencrypted) and thus possession of a user name could further lead an attacker in
performing social engineering attacks. It is going to be a while before the protocol is
8. 7
thorough tested and used by the international community (Lambrinoudakis and
Gritzalis, 2005).
EAP – TLS (Aboba and Simon, 1999). The EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-
TLS) has been developed by Microsoft Corporation. This protocol uses the Transport
Layer Security (TLS) protocol with digital certificates for both clients and servers in
order to provide bidirectional authentication. The protocol transmits the user name in
cleartext. A possible information leakage in this form could provide the basis for
further attacks (i.e., social engineering). Along with this, the use of both client and
server certificates makes the management of this protocol hassle for large corporate
networks.
EAP – TTLS (Funk and Blake-Wilson, 2003). The EAP-Tunneled TLS (EAP-
TTLS) protocol was created by the companies Funk and Certicom. It is based on the
idea of EAP-TLS, but in order to minimize the management process, it uses their
digital certificates only for the servers and not for the clients. Clients authenticate
servers by using digital certificates; thus, the protocol builds an encrypted tunnel. The
encrypted tunnel provides a secure medium on which clients can be authenticated
using a challenge response mechanism. Although, currently, there are not known
attacks, the protocol is suspected to be vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks
(Asokan, Niemi, and Nyberg, 2002).
EAP – PEAP (Palekar et al., 2003). The Protected EAP (PEAP) protocol is the
result of a common effort from different IT companies. The PEAP uses digital
certificates for servers. Also, clients authenticate servers. After a successful server
authentication, the protocol creates an encrypted tunnel between the client and the
server. Inside this secure tunnel the system can use any of the previously described
EAP authentication methods in order to enable client authentication. The chosen
combination today is to use the EAP-TLS inside the encrypted tunnel in order to
provide client authentication (EAP-PEAP/EAP-TLS). Similar to the TTLS protocol,
no known attack exist today, but PEAP is suspected to be vulnerable to man-in-the-
middle attacks.
802.11i
Having discovered the vulnerabilities in WEP, the started producing the
specification of a new protocol, the IEEE 802.11i. The 802.11i follows the similar
principles with the WPA, and uses 802.1x and EAP protocols for authentication and
key management. The 802.11i uses the Counter-Mode/CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP)
protocol with the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) (NIST, 2001) algorithm to
provide data encryption and integrity protection.
In addition to the previous the 802.11i provides the Robust Security Network
(RSN) feature. RSN allows the two ends of a communication link to negotiate the
encryption algorithms and protocols to be used. This facility enables updating a
wireless network with new algorithms and protocols, in order to protect it from future
vulnerabilities.
Still, the 802.11i protocol requires special encryption hardware to run the AES
algorithm; due to this fact, additional time is needed for the vendors to change their
existing hardware to support the 802.11i protocol. To enable the migration of WEP
and WPA systems to 802.11i the WiFi Alliance has proposed a new security protocol
the WPA2. The new protocol incorporates all 802.11i functionality, but also enables
the use of the TKIP protocol, to support devices that do not have the necessary
hardware to run the AES algorithm.
9. 8
VPN’s
To provide a solution to the problem of security, many companies are
extending/developing Virtual Private Networks (VPN’s) (Karygiannis and Owens,
2002). Maintaining a VPN requires the engagement of specialized personnel or the
training of existing personnel; in both cases, the costs associated with deploying a
wireless infrastructure is highly increased. Along with the cost associated with the
deployment of a VPN, VPN’s incorporate a number of operational problems on a
system.
In networks where the users roam contentiously, a Layer-3 VPN solution will
disrupt a user’s connection and may even force the user to re-authenticate. Along with
this, applications that run on client terminals and access data stored on the corporate
servers may be seriously disrupted from a Layer-3 disconnection. Such disconnections
can seriously damage the integrity and availability of corporate information.
CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter, we have discussed the critical issue of wireless security. We have
presented the security vulnerabilities that are frequently inherited in wireless
networks. Also, we have described the most common security protocols and
techniques used. Moreover, we have provided a description of the current security
trends and protocols used to secure such WiFi networks along with the problems from
their application.
REFERENCES
Schneier, B. (2000). Secret and Lies. John Wiley and Sons. 1st Edition.
Akin, D. (2003). Certified Wireless Security Professional (CWSP) Official Study
Guide. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-223012-6.
LAN MAN, Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society (1999). Wireless
LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.
IEEE Standard 802.11, 1999 Edition.
Borisov, N., Goldberg, I., Wagner, D. (2001). Intercepting Mobile Communications:
The Insecurity of 802.11. Retrieved December 16, 2005, from
http://www.isaac.cs.berkeley.edu/isaac/mobicom.pdf.
Tyrrell, K. (2003). An Overview of Wireless Security Issues. SANS Information
Security Reading Room. SANS Institute
Edney, J., William, A. (2003). Real 802.11 Security: Wi-Fi Protected Access and
802.11i. Addison-Wesley.
Fluhrer, S., Mantin, I., Shamir, A. (2001). Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling
Algorithm of RC4. In 8th Annual Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography,
Springer-Verlag . LNCS 2259.
Cam-Winget, N., Housley, H., Wagner, D., Walker, J. (2003). Security Flaws in
802.11 Data Link Protocols. Communications of the ACM, 46(5).
Funk, P. (2003). The EAP MD5-Tunneled Authentication Protocol (EAP-MD5-
Tunneled). IETF Internet Draft.
Asokan, N., Niemi, V., Nyberg, K. (2002). Man-in-the-Middle in Tunnelled
Authentication Protocols. Cryptology ePrint Archive. Report 2002/163.
10. 9
Aboba, B., Simon, D. (1999). PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol. IETF RFC
2716.
Funk, P., Blake-Wilson, S. (2003). EAP Tunneled TLS Authentication Protocol
(EAP-TTLS). IETF Internet Draft.
Palekar, A., Simon, D., Zorn, G., Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Josefsson, S. (2003).
Protected EAP Protocol (PEAP) Version 2. IETF Internet Draft.
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Retrieved December 15, 2005, from
http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~guptaa/finalreport.pdf
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Wireless Computer Network. Any computer network that uses wireless
technologies based on the IEEE 802.11x standards to transmit and received data.
Encrypted Tunnel. An encrypted logical (virtual) connection, between two ends.
Data traveling inside the tunnel are encrypted with an agreed encryption algorithm.
Man-in-the-middle attack. An attack where the adversary succeeds in locating
himself in an established connection between two or more authorized nodes. Data
traveling between the nodes are always passing from the adversary.
VPN. Virtual Private Networks are technologies and protocols that used to establish
encrypted tunnels between one or more network nodes.
WiFi Alliance. A non profit organization, with more than 200 members, devoted in
promoting the use and operation of Wireless networks. Products associated by the
WiFi Alliance are able to interoperate.
Fresnel Zone. The area around the visual line of sight of a wireless link on which
the RF waves are spread. This area must be clear from obstacles otherwise the RF
signal is weaken.
Reassociation Request Frame. A data packet transmitted in a wireless network. The
packet enables a client to re connect to an access points. The packet is transmitted
after a client disconnection or when a client roams from one access point to another.