This document provides guidance on securing Wi-Fi networks and recommendations for:
1. Threat types including rogue access points, misconfigured APs, and denial of service attacks.
2. Using a wireless intrusion detection/prevention system to identify threats and enforce policies.
3. Requirements for enterprise wireless networking including encryption standards and authentication.
The document discusses wireless network security and methods to prevent unauthorized access. It describes common types of wireless encryption like WEP and WPA and risks from rogue access points. Effective wireless security policies and systems like WIPS are important to enforce policies and prevent intrusion. Potential modes of unauthorized network access are also outlined, as well as security measures, mobile device security categories, and methods for implementing network encryption using authentication servers and client software. Open access points are also discussed, with arguments for and against allowing public access to wireless networks.
Explore common vulnerabilities in building automation systems (BAS), how these vulnerabilities could be exploited, and steps that organizations can take to improve the cybersecurity of their BAS.
This document provides an analysis of security issues and solutions for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and wireless mesh networks. It discusses various threats and attacks at different layers of the OSI model, including jamming, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks at the physical layer. At higher layers, threats include selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, and wormhole attacks. The document then outlines some solutions, such as intrusion prevention, intrusion detection systems, and key management techniques. It concludes by discussing prospects for improved security through techniques like elliptic curve cryptography and quantum cryptography.
THREATS are possible attacks.
It includes
The spread of computer viruses
Infiltration and theft of data from external hackers
Engineered network overloads triggered by malicious mass e-mailing
Misuse of computer resources and confidential information by employees
Unauthorized financial transactions and other kinds of computer fraud conducted in the company's name
Electronic inspection of corporate computer data by outside parties
Damage from failure, fire, or natural disasters
Malware called SYNful Knock has been hijacking internet routers by exploiting default login credentials, allowing threat actors to integrate their own operating system on the routers. Over 200 routers across 31 countries have been infected so far. With access to the routers, threat actors can view all network traffic and use the routers to launch further cyber attacks. Countermeasures have been ineffective due to the new and complex nature of these router hijacking attacks.
Work-in-Progress!
IoT Cyber+Physical+Social Security
An encyclopedic compendium of tools, techniques, and practices to defend systems that sit at the intersection of the cyber and physical domains; chiefly building automation systems and the Internet of Things.
Build A Solid Foundation For Industrial Network Security - Cybersecurity Webi...
Agenda
- The unknown truth of cyber threats
- The myths of network security
- Attack and defense analysis
- IEC 62443 standard and how it impacts on you
- IT vs. OT security and the golden rule of defense
- A foundation where technology meets humanity
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR BLUETOOTH AND WI-FI
This paper is mainly based on providing security to the wireless networks through which devices like
Bluetooth gets connected. The Wi-Fi connections are also prone to various attacks these days. The
protocols that are required to provide security to wireless networks can be implemented by creating a
wireless scenario using the software Network Simulator. This paper illustrates a scenario to check the
security protocol. As NS2 mainly has the implementation of routing protocols, a new protocol should be
designed especially for security purpose. This is done by following many tutorials to get a minimum basic
knowledge of NS2, C/C++ coding. The security feature followed in the paper is encryption/decryption of
the data that is being exchanged. Data should be ensured as and then there will be a perfect
implementation of the protocol. So, the paper throughout concentrates on adding a new security protocol to
NS2 and implementation of that protocol by providing a wireless scenario.
This document discusses wireless communication security. It begins by defining wireless communication and noting some advantages and disadvantages, including security issues. It then discusses the general characteristics of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and provides an overview of wireless communication systems. The document outlines some common security threats in wireless networks like unauthorized disclosure, data modification, network disruption, and repudiation. It also describes different types of wireless attacks and security goals in wireless networks to provide authentication, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, and availability. Symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques are introduced as methods for encrypting data in wireless networks.
Approach of Data Security in Local Network Using Distributed Firewalls
Firewall is a device or set of instruments designed to permit or deny network transmissions based upon a set of rules and regulation is frequently used to protect networks from unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications to pass or during the sensitive data transmission. Distributed firewalls allow enforcement of security policies on a network without restricting its topology on an inside or outside point of view. Use of a policy language and centralized delegating its semantics to all members of the networks domain support application of firewall technology for organizations, which network devices communicate over insecure channels and still allow a logical separation of hosts in- and outside the trusted domain. We introduce the general concepts of such distributed firewalls, its requirements and implications and introduce its suitability to common threats on the Internet, as well as give a short discussion on contemporary implementations.
Network Security protects your network and data from breaches, intrusions and other threats. View this presentation now to understand what is network security and the types of network security.
Happy learning!!
The document discusses security issues with 4G networks. It first provides an overview of 4G network architecture, including the IP Multimedia Subsystem security architecture and next generation network security architecture. It then discusses eight security dimensions for 4G networks: access control, authentication, non-repudiation, data confidentiality, communication security, data integrity, availability, and privacy. Finally, it outlines some specific security issues with 4G, including physical layer issues, WiMAX MAC layer issues, denial of service attacks, and Wi-Fi security issues.
This paper presents a brief study of recent advances in wireless network security issues. The paper makes a number of contributions to the wireless networking field. First, it studies the 4G mail threats and risk and their design decisions. Second, the security of 4G architecture with next generation network security and 8-security dimensions of 4G network. Third, security issues and possible threats on 4G are discussed. Finally, we proposed four layer security model which manages to ensure more secure packets transmission by taking all the necessary security measures.
This document discusses network security. It defines a network as a collection of connected computers and devices that allow users to share data and information. Examples of networks include local area networks (LANs) within homes, schools, or offices, as well as the Internet. The document outlines various network security threats such as sniffing, spoofing, phishing, and using shared computers. It also discusses internal threats from employee theft, privilege abuse, and equipment failure. Methods for improving network security include using virtual private networks, identity management, antivirus software, access control, firewalls, intrusion detection, and encryption. The goals of network security are confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and availability of data and systems.
The document discusses wireless network security and methods to prevent unauthorized access. It describes common types of wireless encryption like WEP and WPA and risks from rogue access points. Effective wireless security policies and systems like WIPS are important to enforce policies and prevent intrusion. Potential modes of unauthorized network access are also outlined, as well as security measures, mobile device security categories, and methods for implementing network encryption using authentication servers and client software. Open access points are also discussed, with arguments for and against allowing public access to wireless networks.
Explore common vulnerabilities in building automation systems (BAS), how these vulnerabilities could be exploited, and steps that organizations can take to improve the cybersecurity of their BAS.
This document provides an analysis of security issues and solutions for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and wireless mesh networks. It discusses various threats and attacks at different layers of the OSI model, including jamming, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks at the physical layer. At higher layers, threats include selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, and wormhole attacks. The document then outlines some solutions, such as intrusion prevention, intrusion detection systems, and key management techniques. It concludes by discussing prospects for improved security through techniques like elliptic curve cryptography and quantum cryptography.
THREATS are possible attacks.
It includes
The spread of computer viruses
Infiltration and theft of data from external hackers
Engineered network overloads triggered by malicious mass e-mailing
Misuse of computer resources and confidential information by employees
Unauthorized financial transactions and other kinds of computer fraud conducted in the company's name
Electronic inspection of corporate computer data by outside parties
Damage from failure, fire, or natural disasters
Malware called SYNful Knock has been hijacking internet routers by exploiting default login credentials, allowing threat actors to integrate their own operating system on the routers. Over 200 routers across 31 countries have been infected so far. With access to the routers, threat actors can view all network traffic and use the routers to launch further cyber attacks. Countermeasures have been ineffective due to the new and complex nature of these router hijacking attacks.
IoT Cyber+Physical+Social Engineering Attack Security (v0.1.6 / sep2020)mike parks
Work-in-Progress!
IoT Cyber+Physical+Social Security
An encyclopedic compendium of tools, techniques, and practices to defend systems that sit at the intersection of the cyber and physical domains; chiefly building automation systems and the Internet of Things.
Build A Solid Foundation For Industrial Network Security - Cybersecurity Webi...Jiunn-Jer Sun
Agenda
- The unknown truth of cyber threats
- The myths of network security
- Attack and defense analysis
- IEC 62443 standard and how it impacts on you
- IT vs. OT security and the golden rule of defense
- A foundation where technology meets humanity
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR BLUETOOTH AND WI-FIIJNSA Journal
This paper is mainly based on providing security to the wireless networks through which devices like
Bluetooth gets connected. The Wi-Fi connections are also prone to various attacks these days. The
protocols that are required to provide security to wireless networks can be implemented by creating a
wireless scenario using the software Network Simulator. This paper illustrates a scenario to check the
security protocol. As NS2 mainly has the implementation of routing protocols, a new protocol should be
designed especially for security purpose. This is done by following many tutorials to get a minimum basic
knowledge of NS2, C/C++ coding. The security feature followed in the paper is encryption/decryption of
the data that is being exchanged. Data should be ensured as and then there will be a perfect
implementation of the protocol. So, the paper throughout concentrates on adding a new security protocol to
NS2 and implementation of that protocol by providing a wireless scenario.
This document discusses wireless communication security. It begins by defining wireless communication and noting some advantages and disadvantages, including security issues. It then discusses the general characteristics of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and provides an overview of wireless communication systems. The document outlines some common security threats in wireless networks like unauthorized disclosure, data modification, network disruption, and repudiation. It also describes different types of wireless attacks and security goals in wireless networks to provide authentication, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, and availability. Symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques are introduced as methods for encrypting data in wireless networks.
Firewall is a device or set of instruments designed to permit or deny network transmissions based upon a set of rules and regulation is frequently used to protect networks from unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications to pass or during the sensitive data transmission. Distributed firewalls allow enforcement of security policies on a network without restricting its topology on an inside or outside point of view. Use of a policy language and centralized delegating its semantics to all members of the networks domain support application of firewall technology for organizations, which network devices communicate over insecure channels and still allow a logical separation of hosts in- and outside the trusted domain. We introduce the general concepts of such distributed firewalls, its requirements and implications and introduce its suitability to common threats on the Internet, as well as give a short discussion on contemporary implementations.
Network Security protects your network and data from breaches, intrusions and other threats. View this presentation now to understand what is network security and the types of network security.
Happy learning!!
Coming to this issue we have Network Security in Tool Gyan which will put light on how to set up a secured network, Who wants to be a Millionaire in Tool Gyan, check out yourself of what exactly its all about ;)TOR in Mom's guide for all those who thought 'It sounds very complicated to use, I’m not a hacker! I can’t use it!' by our Author- Federico from Italy.
Firewalls are used to protect organizational networks from internet threats. They act as a single controlled access point between internal networks and the internet. Firewalls use various techniques like service control, direction control, user control and behavior control to enforce an organization's security policy by filtering traffic, controlling access to services, and monitoring usage. While firewalls provide protection, their limitations include not preventing attacks that bypass the firewall or protecting against internal threats.
Network infrastructures have played important part in most daily communications for business industries,
social networking, government sectors and etc. Despites the advantages that came from such
functionalities, security threats have become a daily struggle. One major security threat is hacking.
Consequently, security experts and researchers have suggested possible security solutions such as
Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDP) and
Honeynet. Yet, none of these solutions have proven their ability to completely address hacking. The reason
behind that, there is a few researches that examine the behavior of hackers. This paper formally and
practically examines in details the behavior of hackers and their targeted environments. Moreover, this
paper formally examines the properties of one essential pre-hacking step called scanning and highlights its
importance in developing hacking strategies. Also, it illustrates the properties of hacking that is common in
most hacking strategies to assist security experts and researchers towards minimizing the risk of hack.
The document discusses security measures taken by the ICT directorate of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University. They use a FortiGate 1200D firewall to secure their internal network and servers from threats. They also use Kaspersky antivirus software, implement backup and fault tolerance systems, and take steps to secure their web, database, and mail servers. The staff follow security checklists that include keeping systems updated, implementing firewalls and SSL, encrypting connections, securing user logins and databases, and scanning for malware.
Badanie i implementacja aspektu QoE (ang. Quality of Experience) w aplikacjac...Mikolaj Leszczuk
Zapewnianie nie tylko wysokiego poziomu tradycyjnej jakości usług (ang. Quality of Service, QoS), ale także jakości doświadczanej (ang. Quality of Experience, QoE) jest wyzwaniem dla dostawców usług internetowych, usług audiowizualnych, nadawców oraz nowych dostawców usług Over-The-Top (OTT). W celu monitorowania i rozwiązywania problemów, a także analizowania i ustanawiania wzorców jakości dla aplikacji treści pracujących w czasie rzeczywistym lub offline często są realizowane obiektywne metryki treści audiowizualnych. Od 2000 roku prace związanie z pojęciem QoE w kontekstach różnych aplikacji nabrały tempa i zyskały szerokie uznanie biznesowe. Roboczą definicję QoE podaje biała księga sieci QUALINET: „QUALINET White Paper on QoE Definitions” z 2012 roku:
„Quality of Experience (QoE) jest stopniem zadowolenia lub irytacji użytkownika aplikacji lub usługi. QoE wynika z realizacji oczekiwań użytkownika względem użyteczności i/lub zadowolenia z aplikacji lub usługi w świetle aktualnych preferencji użytkownika.”
Manual Operativo de Redes Sociales para Destinos TurísticosInvattur
Este documento presenta un manual operativo para el uso de redes sociales por parte de destinos turísticos. Explica que analizar la evolución de las publicaciones y contenidos durante al menos 6 meses permite evaluar la efectividad de la estrategia. Se enfoca en Facebook, describiendo tipos de contenido como publicaciones, fotos y enlaces. Incluye recomendaciones para mejorar publicaciones como añadir titulares atractivos, colocar enlaces cerca del título, usar hashtags para resaltar palabras clave, geolocalizar recursos turísticos y
2016: Why Now? An Overview of the TransTech Market and the Trends Driving Gro...Nichol Bradford
Watch the full talk here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=io8SGgSfHK8
Transformative Technology is at an inflection point. Understand the growth drivers, market leaders, and key cultural trends driving transformative technology, and learn how these affect you as entrepreneurs, investors, or users. Learn the most critical stats and trends about how technology is evolving. From the funding climate to smartphone adoption to the tech giants to cutting-edge inventions, this session has it all!
Nichol is the Co-Founder and Executive Director of the Transformative Technology Lab, Co-Organizer of the TTC, and the CEO and Founder of Willow, a TransTech company.
Este estudio de la Asociación de Veterinarios Abolicionistas de la Tauromaquia y el Maltrato Animal lo demuestra. Los encierros también implican sufrimiento. Además, los animales son ejecutados posteriormente sólo para nuestro entretenimiento.
Marketing automation has enabled companies to massively scale their marketing efforts and take advantage of efficiencies at scale. Over 60% of the Fortune 1000 have adopted some type of marketing automation, and those companies are seeing amazing ROI. Unfortunately, when you look at companies below the Fortune 1000, adoption declines drastically and drops to under 5% due to budgets and complexity. But doesn’t every business deserve the ability to access marketing automation tools that are cost-effective and easy to use? We think they do, so we reimagined our entire marketing automation solution.
Rugged DevOps (eBook): 10 Ways to Start Embedding Security into DevOps PatternsEvident.io
Evident is a sponsor of the inaugural DevOps.com eBook titled Rugged DevOps: 10 Ways to Start Embedding Security into DevOps Patterns. Learn more about how to start moving toward a Rugged DevOps mentality through insights shared by security and DevOps experts, including Evident CEO Tim Prendergast, with reporter Ericka Chickowski.
This document provides a list of famous American military figures who were also Freemasons, including details about their military careers and Masonic involvement. Some of the key figures mentioned are General Douglas MacArthur, who led Allied forces in the Pacific in WWII and received Masonic degrees in the Philippines; General George Washington, who participated in Masonic ceremonies as the first US President; and General Omar Bradley, the last five-star general who was raised as a Mason in New York in 1923. The document demonstrates that Freemasonry had many prominent members within the highest ranks of the US military throughout history.
Hvordan er processen og resultatet, når man vil bygge en avanceret samarbejdsportal med ekstranet, projektrum og mulighed for selvstændige intranet? Fokuser på formål og sørg for at videndel tit og ofte - også når det er projektets øverste formål.
Afholdt til Wizdom-konference 2017.
Taller impartido en el Centro Regional de Formación Docente e Investigación Educativa del Estado de Sonora (CRFDIES) en Hermosillo, Sonora, México, el 30 de enero de 2017. Este taller ha sido organizado por CRFDIES y la Escuela de Humanidades y Educación del Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey.
Se va a presentar el concepto de revisión sistemática de literatura, del inglés Systematic Literature Review (SLR), además del concepto de mapeo sistemático de literatura, del inglés Systematic Literature Mapping (SLM).
Critical Thinking in Modern Business TrainingAllen Partridge
The document discusses developing critical thinking skills in business training. It covers identifying questions, clarifying issues, hypothesizing answers, and testing hypotheses. Several references are provided related to critical thinking, decision making, collecting information, and curating training materials. The document indicates that Adobe is exploring new methods to facilitate critical thinking in business training and provides contact information for Dr. Allen Partridge to discuss this further.
44CON 2014: Using hadoop for malware, network, forensics and log analysisMichael Boman
The number of new malware samples are over a hundred thousand a day, network speeds are measured in multiple of ten gigabits per second, computer systems have terabytes of storage and the log files are just piling up. By using Hadoop you can tackle these problems in a whole different way, and “Too Much Data to Process” will be a thing of the past.
The Conflict Box by Bob Mayer (updated 2016)Bob Mayer
This document discusses the essential elements of conflict in storytelling, including the protagonist, antagonist, and their goals. It defines conflict as a serious disagreement that arises when the protagonist and antagonist pursue goals that are incompatible or clash. It emphasizes that the protagonist and antagonist must both have concrete, specific goals, and that the story revolves around the central question of whether the protagonist can defeat the antagonist to achieve their goal. It provides exercises to identify the goals and conflicts between the protagonist and antagonist. It also introduces the "Conflict Box" as a tool to diagram the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist's goals and how they inevitably conflict with one another.
This document discusses the contributions of Jain religion and philosophy to science. It notes that Jain scriptures such as Tatvarth Sutra contain discussions of concepts in physics, including atoms, subatomic particles, integration and disintegration of matter. Applied concepts in areas like atomic charge and time as a substance are also mentioned. Biology topics such as classification of living beings and plant sentience find parallels in Jain philosophy. Mathematics and astronomy in ancient Jain texts are briefly outlined. Overall, the document argues that many principles of science are embedded in Jain religious doctrines, showing science and religion as complementary rather than conflicting domains of knowledge.
This document discusses security vulnerabilities in Wi-Fi networks and methods to detect and prevent attacks. It first provides background on Wi-Fi technology and standards. It then examines common Wi-Fi threats like data interception, denial of service attacks, and rogue access points. The document outlines how to set up a secure Wi-Fi network and detect intruders. It also discusses related work around wireless security attacks and vulnerabilities in protocols like WEP, WPA, and WPA2. Specific attacks covered include man-in-the-middle attacks, ARP poisoning, and "Hole 196". The document concludes by describing the implementation of a man-in-the-middle attack on a wireless network.
A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 Family).pptxYousef Al-Mutayeb
This guide summarizes best practices and technical guidance for securing networks against wireless threats and for implementing wireless access to networks securely.
Focused on IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi technology
This guide does not include commercial mobile networks (e.g., 3GPP, LTE).
The document provides an overview of network security concepts. It describes the current network security landscape, including that networks are routinely under attack. It then covers different network topologies like campus area networks, small office networks, wide area networks, data centers, and cloud networks. It explains how each uses tools like firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, and virtual private networks to implement defense-in-depth security strategies. The document also addresses evolving security challenges from new technologies like virtualization, cloud computing and bring your own device initiatives.
The Risks and Security Standards of WLAN Technologies: Bluetooth and Wireles...Lindsey Landolfi
This document discusses the risks and security standards of two wireless local area network technologies: Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. It provides an overview of how each technology works and its vulnerabilities. Both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are susceptible to attacks like eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial of service attacks. The document outlines security protocols and standards developed for each technology, including WEP, WPA, WPA2, and Bluetooth's pairing and encryption processes. It also describes different types of attacks targeting each technology like bluejacking, bluesnarfing, and WAPkitting. The goal of the document is to educate about the risks of these wireless technologies and how security standards aim to address vulnerabilities.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a research paper that classifies different types of networks and discusses their associated security issues. It categorizes networks based on size (LAN, MAN, WAN), design (peer-to-peer, client-server, standalone), layering (layered, non-layered), and provides examples such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, VPNs. It also discusses common security threats for different network types like viruses, denial of service attacks, and evaluates security measures including encryption, firewalls, access control. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive classification of networks and analyze how security needs vary depending on the network and software development stages.
A Literature Survey on Security Management Policies used in Wireless Domainijtsrd
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves rather than some form of wire carry the signal over part or the entire communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing these are also sometimes classified as wireless. Wireless network security is the process of designing, implementing and ensuring security on a wireless computer network. Nowadays wireless networks are the most popular way of communication. For example, internet services in companies, cafes, e markets and in homes. This paper will highlight the drawbacks and their proposed system to give continuous growth of new technologies in wireless domain, both for application and basic research. Papers should emphasize original results relating to the theory and or applications of wireless communications and networking. K. Senthil Kumar | P. Supraja | V. Sridharshini ""A Literature Survey on Security Management Policies used in Wireless Domain"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22854.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/22854/a-literature-survey-on-security-management-policies-used-in-wireless-domain/k-senthil-kumar
This document discusses challenges facing corporate IT customer service, using Equity Bank as an example. It identifies customer satisfaction as a major problem, as customers often feel their needs are not properly addressed. The author proposes improving customer care by understanding customer needs and addressing them promptly. A project plan is outlined to intervene, with the goal of benefiting customers long-term. Key execution steps include understanding customers, empowering agents with real-time information, and focusing on consistent agent experiences through business process management.
Composition Assistance - Topic Gun ControlAssignment 2 Your R.docxdonnajames55
Composition Assistance - Topic Gun Control
Assignment 2: Your Research Paper's Annotated Bibliography
Revisit the topic that you listed in your research proposal from Module 1, and do some research. If you have some trouble, you may need to narrow it a bit to find appropriate academic source material. Your selected topic will be the topic for your final paper in this class.
For this assignment, you need to complete an annotated bibliography of the sources you are finding for your research paper. As you continue to work on your project, add to your list, so that when you are ready for your final draft you can remove the unused citations and all annotations. After these things are removed, and your page is re-titled “References,” it will be ready to submit as part of the final paper. Here are the things you should look for in a good annotated bibliography:
· You use at least three university-level resources that are authoritative, correct, unbiased, current, and coherent.
· Your title is “References,” not “Bibliography.” Your authors are listed in alphabetical order, and there is a short explanation after every citation.
· Your citations are APA formatted (with hanging indent) and each needed block of annotation text is in the appropriate order.
· The work is formatted in 12 point, Times New Roman font, with one inch margins all around.
· You offer a description of the source’s usefulness: statistics, clever quote, graph, table, fact, or other relevant information. If a source is not useful, you note that it is not going to be used in your paper.
5
Table of Contents
Wireless Network Security 3
Introduction 3
Overview of Wireless Technologies 4
Standards of Wireless Specification: 6
Security Features 6
Wireless Threats 7
Wireless Networks Attacks 8
Conclusion 9
References 10
Wireless Network SecurityIntroduction
The wireless technology has been under threat in terms of security because of hacking aspect, the wireless technology has been under threat as the same as the wired network, but on the other hand they are vulnerable to additional risk( Silva, Santos & Nogueira,2015). The wireless network usually transmits data via the radio frequencies that enhance the possibility of tapping the information by threaten invaders if it is not properly protected. The threaten invaders have founded a way to get the access to the wireless system to steal or destroy the original information, the attackers launch strikes which are related to network bandwidth and prevent the authorized users to use their desired services, and they also keep an eye on the conversations that are taking place. For instance, the hackers or threaten invaders successfully get into wireless systems to have access to important information. The project mainly focuses on the IEEE802.11 and IEEE802.16 which are group of standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs) and metropolitan area networks (WMANs) respectively.Overview of Wireless Technologi.
COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF POSSIBLE SECURITY ISSUES ON 4G NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
This paper presents a brief study of recent advances in wireless network security issues. The paper makes a number of contributions to the wireless networking field. First, it studies the 4G mail threats and risk and their design decisions. Second, the security of 4G architecture with next generation network security and 8-security dimensions of 4G network. Third, security issues and possible threats on 4G are discussed. Finally, we proposed four layer security model which manages to ensure more secure packets transmission by taking all the necessary security measures.
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi networks, including what they are, why they are needed, how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, elements, technologies, topologies, applications, security threats, and limitations. Wi-Fi allows electronic devices to connect to the internet or exchange data wirelessly using radio waves. It provides mobility, ease of installation, and eliminates the need for cables. However, Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections and performance may degrade due to interference.
The wireless industry has baked security into our networks since the beginning, and works diligently to continually update and build on our security capabilities with every generation of wireless. Today’s 4G LTE networks have the most advanced security features to date, and 5G will further improve upon them.
IRJET- Detection and Localization of IDS Spoofing Attack in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using intrusion detection systems and k-means clustering to detect and localize spoofing attacks in wireless sensor networks used in vehicular networks (VANETs). VANETs have characteristics like highly dynamic topology and frequent link changes that make performance monitoring difficult. The proposed approach uses cluster heads acting as IDS to monitor packet transmissions within clusters and detect misbehaving nodes. When an attacker is detected, an alarm is passed to the source node to eliminate the attacker. Simulation results show the method can efficiently and robustly detect and locate spoofing attackers in VANET wireless sensor networks.
The document provides an overview of network security topics including the current security landscape, network topologies, and objectives. It describes how networks are routinely under attack and reasons it is important to secure networks. It also outlines how different network types like campus area networks, small office/home networks, wide area networks, and data centers need security measures at various layers to protect the network, data, and resources. Physical security for data centers is also highlighted as critical to protect equipment and sensitive data stored in these facilities.
This document discusses implementing an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for WiFi security. The IDS would detect vulnerable activities of devices connected to the network and alert the system.
The paper provides background on common WiFi security vulnerabilities and attacks. It then describes the components and methodology of an IDS, including using sensors to monitor network traffic, analyzers to evaluate the traffic for attacks, and user interfaces to manage the system. The proposed IDS would collect network information using Wireshark, detect intrusions, and respond to threats to improve security for wireless networks.
IRJET - Implementation of Firewall in a Cooperate EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of firewalls in a corporate environment. It begins with an introduction to computer security and firewalls. Firewalls regulate information flow between computer networks and protect networks by standing between the network and outside world. There are different types of firewalls such as packet filtering, stateful, circuit level gateway, and application proxy firewalls. The document then discusses the need for firewalls in corporate environments and existing firewall systems using IPv4 and IPv6. It proposes a new firewall system based on VLANs which uses virtual LANs to allow authorized groups of computers on the network while restricting unauthorized traffic. It concludes that the proposed VLAN-based firewall scheme enhances network security performance.
A Security Architecture for Automated Social Engineering (ASE) Attacks over F...CSCJournals
Future communication networks will integrate `SSS\' concepts such as social networking, social networking device, and social desktop. In this paper, we focus on applications over social networking sites (SNS). Due to emerging bandwidth-hungry applications over SNS, hybrid fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks are a promising solution to mitigate the last mile bandwidth bottleneck. SNS are particularly vulnerable to Automated Social Engineering (ASE) attacks due to their powerful information gathering functionalities. We discuss how integrated FiWi access networks supporting SNS systems perform, and how they can deal with threats related to ASE. In addition, we explain how an ASE attack may be launched from different networking platforms and propose a security architecture for ASE attacks over FiWi access networks.
Wireless Networks Security in Jordan: A Field StudyIJNSA Journal
The potential of wireless communications, has resulted in a wide expand of wireless networks. However, the vulnerabilities and threats that wireless networks are subjectedto resulted in higher risk for unauthorized users to access the computer networks.This research evaluates the deployed Wireless Network in Jordan as well as the use of the security setting of the systems and equipment used. Caution will be taken to avoid network access as only existence of the network is sought. Wardriving involve the use of freeware tools such as NetStumbler, or Kismet, which was originally developed to be used for helping network administrators make their systems more secure. Thestudy is carried out through field evaluation of the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)in light of the use of Wardriving, and proposessome measures that can be taken to improve securityof the wireless network by the users.
Wireless Networks Security in Jordan: A Field StudyIJNSA Journal
- The document summarizes a study that evaluated the security of wireless networks in Jordan through a process called "wardriving" where the researchers drove around with wireless network detection tools.
- The results found that the majority (79.52%) of wireless networks tested were unsecured and vulnerable. Most networks used either low levels of encryption (68.67%) or no encryption at all (11.45%).
- Nearly all networks broadcast the default SSID (92.17%), leaving them exposed to potential hackers since changing the SSID is a basic security precaution.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR BLUETOOTH AND WI-FI IJNSA Journal
This paper is mainly based on providing security to the wireless networks through which devices like Bluetooth gets connected. The Wi-Fi connections are also prone to various attacks these days. The protocols that are required to provide security to wireless networks can be implemented by creating a wireless scenario using the software Network Simulator. This paper illustrates a scenario to check the security protocol. As NS2 mainly has the implementation of routing protocols, a new protocol should be designed especially for security purpose. This is done by following many tutorials to get a minimum basic
knowledge of NS2, C/C++ coding. The security feature followed in the paper is encryption/decryption of the data that is being exchanged. Data should be ensured as and then there will be a perfect implementation of the protocol. So, the paper throughout concentrates on adding a new security protocol to NS2 and implementation of that protocol by providing a wireless scenario.
Similar to A Guide to 802.11 WiFi Security by US-CERT (20)
This document provides guidance for state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) law enforcement on reporting cyber incidents to federal authorities. It outlines types of incidents that should be reported, such as those affecting critical infrastructure, national security, or public safety. The document details the information that should be included in reports, such as technical details about the incident and impacted systems. It also lists several ways for SLTT law enforcement to report incidents, including email, phone, or online portals, and specifies the federal agencies responsible for accepting different types of reports related to cybercrime, national infrastructure, or investigations.
Sample Network Analysis Report based on Wireshark AnalysisDavid Sweigert
This network analysis report examines a packet capture file containing traffic between two internal hosts downloading a file from a remote server. The analysis found that one internal host, with IP ending in 1.119, experienced significant packet loss during the download, as shown by drops in throughput and bursts of TCP errors. This packet loss indicates a potential failure at an infrastructure device, likely causing the observed retransmissions and degradation in performance. Further analysis of ingress traffic is needed to determine if the packet loss is occurring internally or externally to the network.
Department of Defense standard 8570 - CompTia Advanced Security Practitioner David Sweigert
This document provides notes for the CompTIA CASP exam, organized by exam domain:
1. Enterprise Security topics include placement of firewalls and other security appliances, SELinux mandatory access controls, storage area networks, encryption of multiple operating systems on a solid state drive, and TOCTOU attacks.
2. Risk Management and Incident Response domains cover risk terms.
3. Research and Analysis focuses on cryptographic concepts, enterprise storage technologies, and host and application security controls.
4. Integration of Computing, Communications and Business Disciplines addresses remote access and IPv6 issues.
5. Technical Integration of Enterprise Components involves application integration enablers.
National Cyber Security Awareness Month - October 2017David Sweigert
National Cyber Security Awareness Month is held each October to promote cybersecurity awareness and education. It is a collaborative effort between the Department of Homeland Security and private partners. There are 5 themes highlighted during the month - simple online safety steps, cybersecurity in the workplace, security of connected devices and the internet of things, cybersecurity careers, and protecting critical infrastructure. Each week focuses on one of these themes and provides resources to help organizations and individuals strengthen cybersecurity. The goal is to engage the public and encourage everyone to play a role in cybersecurity.
California Attorney General Notification Penal Code 646.9David Sweigert
This letter requests assistance from the California Attorney General's office for the District Attorney of San Luis Obispo County. It describes activities of an individual named Nathan Ames Stolpman who broadcasts livestreams on YouTube and videos on Patreon directing "crowd stalking" followers to target and harass private citizens by publishing their personal information. Stolpman issues "bounties" for photos of targeted individuals and provides their intended locations. The letter writer believes the District Attorney has not demonstrated a clear understanding of relevant privacy laws and requests the Attorney General's office provide technical assistance to the District Attorney regarding Stolpman's activities.
Congressional support of Ethical Hacking and Cyber SecurityDavid Sweigert
This House resolution expresses support for developing educational programs to better prepare students for cybersecurity careers by promoting ethical hacking skills. It notes the critical shortage of cybersecurity professionals and growing cyber threats facing the US. The resolution states that partnerships between industry, government and academia should collaborate to create programs, competitions and curricula giving students hands-on experience with in-demand cybersecurity skills like ethical hacking to help close this workforce gap.
Application of Racketeering Law to Suppress CrowdStalking ThreatsDavid Sweigert
This document discusses how racketeering and wire fraud laws can be used to combat hoax news sites that engage in "CrowdStalking" to distribute misinformation. These sites target critical infrastructure operators, federal employees, and security advisors. The document provides an example of how social engineering attacks can steal millions from a company. It argues that legal action against hoax news site operators can deter such attacks, and establishes criteria for when racketeering laws may apply to their activities, such as using deception for financial gain. The document identifies specific YouTube personalities like Nathan Stolpman and Jesse Moorefield who operate hoax news sites.
Port of Charleston evacuation case study: The cognitive threat of conspiracy ...David Sweigert
The document summarizes a study on how Live Action Role Play (LARP) simulations can create cognitive threat vectors using the example of two YouTube conspiracy theorists, Jason Goodman and George Webb. In June 2017, they created a sense of hysteria among their online fans by claiming a container ship was sailing into the Port of Charleston with a dirty bomb onboard, leading to the port's evacuation. The document argues this "crowdsourcing" format can weaponize sensationalized information and represents an emerging threat that critical infrastructure operators need to be aware of. It can potentially lead unwitting participants to engage in criminal acts or attacks in response to implied calls for action by the game's controllers.
Cyber Incident Response Team NIMS Public CommentDavid Sweigert
The Cyber Incident Response Team responds to cyber crises and threats. It is composed of 15 personnel including managers, analysts, specialists in areas like forensics and infrastructure. The team investigates incidents, uses mitigation approaches, and documents actions. It requires equipment like laptops, forensics tools, and communications devices and is deployable for up to 14 days.
Cyber Incident Response Team - NIMS - Public CommentDavid Sweigert
The Cyber Incident Response Team responds to cyber crises and threats. It is composed of 15 personnel including managers, analysts, specialists in areas like forensics and infrastructure. The team investigates incidents, uses mitigation approaches, and documents actions. It requires equipment like laptops, forensics tools, and communications devices and is deployable for up to 14 days.
National Incident Management System (NIMS) NQS DRAFTDavid Sweigert
The document provides guidance for a National Qualification System (NQS) to strengthen resource management under the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The NQS will define qualifications for emergency response personnel through common standards and certification processes to enhance coordination during multi-jurisdictional responses. It establishes guidelines for qualification criteria and processes, certification of qualified personnel, and credentialing of certified personnel. Feedback is sought on the draft guidelines over a 30-day period.
National Incident Management System - NQS Public FeedbackDavid Sweigert
The National Qualification System (NQS) provides a common language and approach to qualify emergency personnel in order to facilitate more effective mutual aid response. It establishes standardized job titles, minimum qualifications, and certification processes to help requesting agencies obtain resources with the needed skills and qualifications. The NQS supplements the National Incident Management System by providing guidance on personnel resource typing and supports the goal of a more secure and resilient nation through qualified emergency personnel who can respond across jurisdictions.
Nursing meets Hacking -- Medical Computer Emergency Response Teams -- MedCERTDavid Sweigert
The document discusses establishing Medical Computer Emergency Response Teams (MedCERT) to coordinate responses to cybersecurity incidents affecting medical devices and networks. It argues that healthcare cybersecurity is currently unprepared for emergencies and that response and recovery need to be emphasized in addition to prevention and protection. The document recommends that MedCERT teams receive training in the National Incident Management System and Incident Command System to effectively respond to incidents. It also calls for improved information sharing across the healthcare industry regarding cyber threats.
National Preparedness Goals 2015 2nd editionDavid Sweigert
The National Preparedness Goal outlines core capabilities across five mission areas - Prevention, Protection, Mitigation, Response, and Recovery - that are necessary to deal with risks facing the nation. The document describes each mission area and defines related core capabilities and preliminary targets. Prevention focuses on capabilities to avoid, prevent, or stop terrorist threats, while other mission areas take an all-hazards approach. Key capabilities include planning, public information and warning, operational coordination, intelligence and information sharing, and interdiction and disruption. The goal is for the whole community to achieve a secure and resilient nation through these interdependent capabilities.
The document provides an overview and update of the Healthcare and Public Health (HPH) Sector-Specific Plan (SSP). Key points include:
- The SSP establishes a vision, mission, goals, and activities to guide security and resilience efforts for HPH critical infrastructure.
- Goals focus on risk assessment, risk management, information sharing, partnership development, and response/recovery.
- Metrics will measure progress on priorities like risk analysis, information sharing, and partnership engagement.
- The update reflects maturation of sector partnerships and addresses evolving risks to critical infrastructure.
Cyber Risk Assessment for the Emergency Services Sector - DHSDavid Sweigert
The Emergency Services Sector Cyber Risk Assessment evaluates risks to six critical emergency services disciplines from potential cyber threats. Through a collaborative process, subject matter experts identified seven risk scenarios and assessed their potential consequences. High risks included natural disasters disrupting 9-1-1 systems, loss of critical databases hampering operations, and compromised systems spreading misinformation. The assessment aims to enhance cybersecurity and resilience across the emergency services sector through informed resource allocation and partnership.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the types of hypoxia.
Learning objectives:
1. Define hypoxia
2. Describe the causes and features of different types of hypoxia
3. Define cyanosis
4. Enumerate the causes of cyanosis
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 35, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Central and Peripheral Cyanosis - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/
Causes Of Tooth Loss
PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS ( PERIODONTITIS, GINIGIVITIS)
Systemic Causes Of Tooth Loss
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Female Sexual Hormones Condition
3. Hyperpituitarism
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
6. Osteoporosis
7. Hypophosphatasia
8. Hypophosphatemia
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CARIES/ TOOTH DECAY
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CAUSES OF TOOTH LOSS
Consequence of tooth loss
Anatomic
Loss of ridge volume both height and width
Bone loss :
mandible > maxilla
Posteriorly > anteriorly
Anatomic consequences
Broader mandibular arch with constricting maxilary arch
Attached gingiva is replaced with less keratinised oral mucosa which is more readily traumatized.
Anatomic consequences
Tipping of the adjacent teeth
Supraeruption of the teeth
Traumatic occlusion
Premature occlusal contact
Anatomic Consequences
Anatomic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Physiologic Consequences
Decreased lip support
Decreased lower facial height
Physiologic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Education of Patient
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
Establishment and Verification of Occlusal Relations and Tooth Arrangements
Initial Placement Procedures
Periodic Recall
Education of Patient
Informing a patient about a health matter to
secure informed consent.
Patient education should begin at the initial
contact with the patient and should continue throughout treatment.
The dentist and the patient share responsibility for the ultimate success of a removable partial denture.
This educational procedure is especially important when the treatment plan and prognosis are discussed with the patient.
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Begin with thorough medical and dental histories.
The complete oral examination must include both clinical and radiographic interpretation of:
caries
the condition of existing restorations
periodontal conditions
responses of teeth (especially abutment teeth) and residual ridges to previous stress
The vitality of remaining teeth
Continued…..
Occlusal plan evaluation
Arch form
Evaluation of Occlusal relationship through mounting the diagnostic cast
The dental cast surveyor is an absolute necessity in which patients are being treated with removable partial dentures.
Mouth preparations, in the appropriate sequence, should be oriented toward the goal of
providing adequate support, stability,
retention, and
a harmonious occlusion for the partial denture.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
A base made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not provide adequate support under occlusal loading.
The base may be made to fit the form of the ridge when under function.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
This provides support
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Tod...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
JMML is a rare cancer of blood that affects young children. There is a sustained abnormal and excessive production of myeloid progenitors and monocytes.
Why Does Seminal Vesiculitis Causes Jelly-like Sperm.pptxAmandaChou9
Seminal vesiculitis can cause jelly-like sperm. Fortunately, herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can eliminate symptoms and cure the disease.
Welcome to the third issue of the second volume of NutriConnect, a bi-monthly newsletter brought to you by the Makerere University Human Nutrition Students Association. This edition focuses on the critical link between nutrition and mental health, exploring how what we eat impacts our mood, cognitive function, and overall mental well-being. Join us as we delve into the latest research, practical tips, and inspiring stories to help you nourish both your body and mind.
Ontotext’s Clinical Trials Eligibility Design Assistant helps with one of the most challenging tasks in study design: selecting the proper patient population.
POTENTIAL TARGET DISEASES FOR GENE THERAPY SOURAV.pptxsouravpaul769171
Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases. But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost. A breakthrough may come anytime and a day may come when almost every disease will have a gene therapy Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
Descoperă Bucuria Vieții Sănătoase cu Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024!
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1. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
i
A Guide to Securing Networks
for Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 Family)
Department of Homeland Security
Cybersecurity Engineering
Version 1.0 – March 15, 2017
2. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
i
Prepared By
United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Cybersecurity Engineering
Revision History
Version Date Description Authors Section/Page
1.0 3/15/17 First Release DHS All
3. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
ii
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. Threat Types............................................................................................................................ 2
3. Threat Remediation ................................................................................................................. 3
4. Recommended Requirements for Enterprise Wireless Networking........................................ 3
5. Recommended Requirements for WIDS/WIPS ...................................................................... 4
6. Recommended Requirements for Wireless Surveys ............................................................... 5
7. Budget Estimation Guide......................................................................................................... 7
8. Bluetooth Security Considerations .......................................................................................... 8
Appendix A: Authorities and References ..................................................................................... 10
Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations.................................................................................. 12
4. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
1
1. Introduction
This guide summarizes leading practices and technical guidance for securing networks from
wireless threats and for securely implementing wireless access to networks. This document is
specifically focused on the wireless technologies commonly referred to as “Wi-Fi” as defined in
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family. This guide does not
include commercial mobile networks (e.g., 3GPP, LTE). The recommendations in this guide
address wireless threats that are universal to all networks and describe security controls that can
work together to mitigate these threats.
Wireless capabilities are widely available, even on networks that are not intentionally providing
these services. Wi-Fi signals may infiltrate buildings from commercial providers, adjacent
buildings and businesses, and other publicly available services. Authorized and unauthorized Wi-
Fi services can be used to gain unauthorized access to networks that are otherwise strongly
secured. Due to the pervasive nature of Wi-Fi, it is important to consider the risks associated
with these technologies and to examine potential impacts to confidentiality, availability, and
integrity when conducting risk and threat analyses. On March 31, 2014, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) increased the availability of the radio frequency (RF)
spectrum for high-speed, high-capacity Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz band in support of the ever-
increasing demand for Wi-Fi data connectivity.1
In response to the growing number of attacks on networks and the risks associated with the
pervasive nature of wireless technologies, a number of wireless security guides have been
produced by commercial interests, the Federal Government, and the Department of Defense
(DoD). Two of the SANS CIS2
Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense v6.0—
Boundary Defense (Critical Security Control (CSC) 12) and Wireless Access Control (CSC
15)—are specific to wireless risks and threats.
A major recommendation in the guidance above is to deploy a wireless intrusion detection
system (WIDS) and wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS) on every network, even when
wireless access to that network is not offered, to detect and automatically disconnect devices
using unauthorized wireless services.
CSC 12 and CSC 15 recommend monitoring for communication between networks of different
trust levels and specifically calling out WIDS as part of the technical approach for monitoring
communication. DoD Directive 8100.2, Use of Commercial Wireless Devices, Services, and
Technologies in the Department of Defense (DoD) Global Information Grid (GIG), includes the
DoD policy for addressing Wi-Fi threats to both wireless local area networks (WLANs) as well
1
Link to FCC announcement: https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-increases-5ghz-spectrum-wi-fi-other-unlicensed-
uses
2
According to the SANS Institute, the “SANS CIS Critical Security Controls are a recommended set of actions for
cyber defense that provide specific and actionable ways to stop today's most pervasive and dangerous attacks.” See
Appendix A for link to the SANS CIS webpage.
5. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
2
as wired networks. The directive requires that an active screening capability for wireless devices
be implemented on every DoD network. In July 2016, the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence issued guidance requiring WIDS capabilities for continuous monitoring.
The significant increase of wireless technology in and around enterprise networks has
correspondingly increased the associated risks. These risks include neighboring Wi-Fi networks,
hot spots, hotels, mobile hotspot devices such as mobile Wi-Fi (MiFi), and a multitude of mobile
devices and smart phones that have Wi-Fi capabilities. The focus on securing enterprise wired
networks (through technologies such as firewalls, intrusion prevention systems (IPSs), content
filters, and anti-virus and anti-malware detection tools) has made enterprise networks a more
difficult target for adversaries. As a result, adversaries are now exploiting less secure end user
devices and Wi-Fi networks to penetrate enterprise networks.
In June 2009, Gartner, Inc., a technology research company, performed a study entitled “Next
Generation Threats and Vulnerabilities.” This study concluded that Wi-Fi infrastructure
attacks had the highest level of severity and the lowest time to invest for the attacker. While
improvements have been made in Wi-Fi technologies since the time of this report that improve
the basic security of Wi-Fi systems, users are still a weak link and must have a significant
understanding of the technology in order to safeguard against many types of attacks. The
automation of connections for ease of use and insecure default configurations can lead users to
inadvertently compromise the security of their device or network.
2. Threat Types
By not addressing wireless security, enterprise networks are exposed to the threats listed below.
Monitoring for wireless activity and devices enables an enterprise to have better visibility into
Wi-Fi use and to identify and mitigate Wi-Fi-related threats. Wi-Fi threats include:
• Hidden or Rogue Access Points (APs) – unauthorized wireless APs attached to the
enterprise network may not transmit their service set identifier (SSID) to hide their
existence.
• Misconfigured APs – APs with weak or incorrect settings that allow unauthorized
devices to connect or expose connection communications to sniffing and replay attacks.
• Banned Devices – devices not allowed on the network by organizational policy (e.g.,
wireless storage devices).
• Client Mis-association (e.g., department and agency (D/A)) clients connecting to non-
D/A networks while at D/A sites) – clients using unsecured and unmonitored networks
when secured and monitored network connections are available increases the risk of data
loss and system compromise.
• Rogue Clients – unauthorized clients attaching to the network. Rogue clients pose risks
of bridging and data loss as well as circumventing established security controls and
monitoring efforts.
• Internet Connection Sharing and Bridging Clients – a device that shares its Internet
connection or allows connectivity to multiple networks concurrently can be used to
6. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
3
bypass network monitoring and security controls and may result in data loss or provide
an unsecured network entry point for an attacker.
• Unauthorized Association – an AP-to-AP association that can violate the security
perimeter of the network.
• Ad hoc Connections – a peer-to-peer network connection that can violate the security
perimeter of the network.
• Honeypot/Evil Twin APs – an AP setup to impersonate authorized APs intercepting
network communications and compromising systems that connect to it.
• Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks – an attack that seeks to overwhelm the system causing
it to fail or degrade its usability. These attacks are frequently used in conjunction with
other attacks (e.g., honeypot) to encourage a wireless client to associate with
compromised wireless APs.
3. Threat Remediation
An active WIDS/WIPS enables enterprise networks to create and enforce wireless security
policies. WIDS/WIPS provides the ability to centrally monitor and manage enterprise wireless
security with respect to the various threats listed above. Alternatively, during an incident related
to these threats, an on-site technician would be required to survey the entire enterprise with a
laptop or other wireless network detection device in an attempt to locate and identify a rogue AP.
Having a WIDS/WIPS capability in place greatly aids in incident remediation.
Successfully identifying and mitigating rogue APs and wireless devices is a challenging and
labor-intensive process, as rogue APs are frequently moved and not always powered on. A
WIDS/WIPS capability provides immediate automated alerts to the enterprise security operations
center (SOC) and can be configured to automatically prevent any clients from attaching to rogue
APs. WIDS/WIPS capabilities are also useful for physically locating rogue APs in order to
remove them.
4. Recommended Requirements for Enterprise Wireless Networking
Listed below are sample requirements for consideration when securing an enterprise network
from wireless threats. These requirements are derived from the sources listed in Appendix A:
Authorities and References and should be tailored to specific considerations and applicable
compliance requirements. These requirements are currently tailored to guidance applicable to
federal Executive Branch D/As.
• Use existing equipment that can be securely configured and is free from known
vulnerabilities where possible.
• Meet Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 compliance for encryption.
• Be compliant to relevant National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 800-53
controls.
7. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
4
• Use the certificates that reside on personal identification verification (PIV) cards for user
authentication to comply with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Homeland
Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12).
• Support an alternative method of certificate authentication where PIV cannot be used.
• Use Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS3
) certificate
based methods or better for to secure the entire authentication transaction and
communications.
• Minimally use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) counter mode cipher block
chaining message authentication code4
protocol (CCMP), a form of AES encryption
utilized by Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 2 enterprise networks. More complex
encryption technologies supporting the requirement for an enhanced data cryptographic
encapsulation mechanism providing confidentiality and the client’s capabilities while
conforming to FIPS 140-2 may be used as they are developed and approved.
• Allow for enterprise users to operate seamlessly and allow for login scripts and login
activities to function normally. Wireless access clients should be able to transition from
AP-to-AP with no service disruption while maintaining the security of the connection.
5. Recommended Requirements for WIDS/WIPS
Even wired networks that do not support wireless access should utilize a WIDS/WIPS solution to
monitor and detect rogue APs and unauthorized connections. The following list includes specific
recommended requirements for WIDS/WIPS sensor networks and should be tailored based on
local considerations and applicable compliance requirements. WIDS/WIPS systems should
include the following characteristics:
• Rogue client detection capability. The system will reliably detect the presence of a
workstation simultaneously broadcasting IP from a second wireless network interface
card (NIC).
• Have a rogue WAP detection capability. WAP detection capability should reliably detect
the presence of a WAP communicating inside the physical perimeter of the enterprise.
• Have a rogue detection process capability. Rogue client or WAP detection shall occur
regardless of authentication or encryption techniques in use by the offending device
(e.g., network address translation (NAT), encrypted, and soft WAPs). Rogue detection
should combine over-the-air and over-the wire techniques to reliably expose rogue
devices.
• Detect and classify mobile Wi-Fi devices such as iPads, iPods, iPhones, Androids,
Nooks, and MiFi devices.
• Detect 802.11a/b/g/n/ac devices connected to the wired or wireless network.
3
RFC 5216
4
Cipher block chaining message authentication code is abbreviated as CBC-MAC.
8. A Guide to Securing Networks for Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 Family)
5
• Be able to detect and block multiple WAPs from a single sensor device over multiple
wireless channels.
• Be able to enforce a “no Wi-Fi” policy per subnet and across multiple subnets.
• Block multiple simultaneous instances of the following: DoS attacks, ad hoc
connections, client mis-associations, media access control (MAC) address spoofing,
honeypot WAPs, rogue WAPs, misconfigured WAPs, and unauthorized associations.
• Detect and report additional attacks while blocking the above listed exploits (detection
and reporting capabilities will not be affected during prevention).
• Not affect any external (neighboring) Wi-Fi devices. This includes attempting to connect
over the air to provide Layer Two fingerprinting; therefore, the use of existing content
addressable memory (CAM) tables is not acceptable to fulfill this requirement.
• Provide minimal communications between sensor and server, and a specific minimum
allowable Kbps should be identified. The system shall provide automatic classification
of clients and WAPs based upon enterprise policy and governance.
• Provide secure communications between each sensor and server to prevent tampering by
an attacker.
• Have at least four different levels of permissions allowing WIPS administrators to
delegate specific view and admin privileges to other administrators as determined by the
D/A.
• Have automated (event triggered) and scheduled reporting.
• Provide customizable reports.
• Segment reporting and administration based on enterprise requirements.
• Produce live packet capture over the air and display directly on analyst workstations.
• Provide event log capture.
• Import site drawings for site planning and location tracking requirements.
• Manually create simple building layouts with auto-scale capability within the
application.
• Be able to place sensors and WAPs electronically on building maps to maintain accurate
records of sensor placement and future AP locations.
• Meet all applicable federal standards and Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR)5
for
Federal Government deployments.
6. Recommended Requirements for Wireless Surveys
Many integrators of wireless solutions can perform a predictive or virtual site survey as part of
the proposal or estimating process. This approach utilizes a set of building blueprints or floor
plans to determine the optimal placement of sensors and APs within the facility. A predictive site
survey takes into account the building dimension and structure but cannot account for potential
RF sources because no direct examination of the site is conducted. This approach may be
5
Federal standards and Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR)
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sufficient for some enterprises and is significantly less expensive than a more thorough RF site
survey.
Alternatively, a wireless site survey, also known as a RF site survey, provides a definitive set of
information for developing a wireless deployment and security plan. The survey is a defined set
of tasks performed in the facility that documents the wireless characteristics of the physical
facilities, coverage areas, and interference sources. This information is essential to understanding
the optimal number and placement of WAPs and WIDS/WIPS devices to provide desired
coverage and functionality in a facility.
Issues that a wireless survey seeks to identify include:
• Multipath Distortion – distortion of RF signals caused by multiple RF reflective paths
between the transmitter and receiver.
• RF Coverage Barriers – materials used in construction may not transmit RF signals
resulting in unexpected loss of strength and reduced range.
• External and Internal Interference Sources – RF signals used by Wi-Fi are not the only
users in that frequency. Identification of interference sources assists in designing a
solution that achieves the desired coverage in the most efficient manner.
Before beginning a wireless survey, the following information should be obtained:
• Where in the facility is Wi-Fi access needed?
• Will there be more than one wireless network, such as a work and guest network?
• How many devices and connections will be supported over Wi-Fi?
• What are the data rate needs of these devices over Wi-Fi?
• A facility map or floor plan is essential to overlay the survey results on. This floor plan
should be provided to the survey team in a digital file format appropriate to their needs,
if possible.
The following list provides specific recommendations for a wireless survey. These
recommendations should be tailored based on local considerations and applicable compliance
requirements. A survey not intended to serve as a guide for network design and installation, and
verification of the wireless communication infrastructure may not require all of the details listed.
The wireless survey should produce the following documents as a product:
• A facilities map(s) showing wireless coverage with the following indicated:
− Interference sources and strength,
− Any existing networks’ signal strength and coverage contours,
− External network sources available in the facility with signal strength coverage
contours,
− Identification of areas where multipath distortion may occur,
− Recommended WAP placement,
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− Recommended WIDS/WIPS placement, and
− Indication of signal strength coverage contours using recommended placement.
• A report providing details of findings and recommendations including details of risks,
threats, and recommended mitigations. The report should include a RF spectrum analysis
that will minimally indicate:
− RF interference sources,
− Measurement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),
− RF power peaks, and
− Wi-Fi channel interference.
• A detailed list of materials needed to accomplish goals and coverages as identified in the
survey maps and reports.
• An estimated labor hours report required to install, test, and validate the installation
described in the survey maps and reports.
The survey information enables optimization of AP channels, antenna type, AP transmit power
levels, and placement for the proposed wireless network installation.
7. Budget Estimation Guide
Configuration and budget estimation guidance is provided below for the technical solutions
outlined in these recommendations. The example information is the product of market research
conducted by DHS. This guidance should be used for budgetary purposes only and the final costs
will be heavily dependent on the physical characteristics of the facilities being considered.
Accurate cost estimation is best determined by working with your Network Infrastructure
Support team and requesting competitive proposals from experienced installers of these
solutions.
The following factors should be accounted for to ensure a comprehensive estimate of the total
project costs:
• Site Evaluation – a predictive site survey utilizing the site floor plans with
documentation on existing network infrastructure can provide an accurate cost
estimation for equipment required to cover the facility. While not as precise as an onsite
RF survey, this typically provides sufficient accuracy for budget purposes. If your site is
over 50,000 square feet (sq. ft.) or has significant potential RF interference sources (e.g.,
onsite RF transmitters, radar installations, or is older stone, masonry, or steel
construction), an RF survey may be indicated. Vendors should be informed of these
considerations when requesting estimates.
• Labor – cost should include the initial installation, training for network staff to maintain
the solution, and training for the Security Operations team to utilize the solution.
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• Physical and Virtual Infrastructure – equipment and service costs to support the solution
should include: physical or virtual server costs, network infrastructure costs, network
cabling, and power cabling.
• Maintenance and Support – costs include warranty, software support, and licensing costs
that are part of the ongoing operations and maintenance of the solution.
Table 1 shows budgetary estimate example details for WIDS/WIPS solutions.
Table 1: Budgetary Estimate Example for WIDS/WIPS Solutions
Item Description Purpose
Estimated
Costs ($)
Unit
Predictive RF Survey Utilizes facility plans to estimate
coverage needs for sensors and APs
sq. ft.
Onsite Support Utilized for training, system tuning, and
configuration services, as well as an
onsite RF spectrum survey, if desired
Per day
Sensor Dual band 802.11AC sensor unit Per sensor
Cell Sensor Option Additional radio for detection of US cell
phone signals by the 802.11 AC
sensor
Per sensor
Management Server
Virtual Machine (VM)
A VM image for the management
server that can support up to 50
sensors
Cloud-based, physical appliances, and
other license models are available
depending on business needs and
goals
Per VM or
appliance
Service and Support Support costs for each component
varies depending on response time
and level of service desired
Per device
or license
8. Bluetooth Security Considerations
Bluetooth technologies (IEEE 802.15) in mobile devices present additional risks for the loss of
data and the potential to eavesdrop on conversations. This exposes D/As to a higher risk for loss
of confidentiality on D/A-managed devices and networks when Bluetooth is utilized while
conducting D/A business. Any device–including laptops, cell phones, and tablets–that has this
capability is subject to this risk.
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Bluetooth technologies are designed to create a personal area network (PAN) that supports the
connection of devices such as audio, keyboard, mice, or data storage devices to a system. All
versions of the Bluetooth specification include unsecured modes of connection, and these are
typically the easiest connections to establish. Bluetooth signals have been exploited at distances
of several hundred feet, and this should be taken into consideration when evaluating the risks and
establishing policies around its usage.
Mitigation methods for Bluetooth risks should include the development of a Bluetooth usage
policy, enforcement of configuration management for D/A-managed devices based on this
policy, and user awareness training that informs users of the risks associated with using
Bluetooth. More detailed information on threats and mitigations for Bluetooth technologies can
be found in NIST SP 800-121 rev 1.
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Appendix A: Authorities and References
Listed below are the technical authorities, references, standards, and publications used in the
creation of this guide.
Authorities and
References
Description
CIO Council Mobile
Security (Baseline,
Framework, and
Reference
Architecture)
CIO Council’s government mobile and wireless security baseline of
standard security requirements
https://cio.gov/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/05/Federal-
Mobile-Security-Baseline.pdf
DHS 4300A DHS Sensitive System Policy
https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/mgmt_directive_4300a_polic
y_v8.pdf
CSC 12 Boundary
Defense
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense
https://www.cisecurity.org/critical-controls/
CSC 15 Wireless
Access Control
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense
https://www.cisecurity.org/critical-controls/
DoD Directive 8100.02 Use of Commercial Wireless Devices, Services, and Technologies in
the Department of Defense (DoD) Global Information Grid (GIG)
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/810002p.pdf
DoD Instruction
8420.01
Commercial Wireless Local Area Network Devices, Systems, and
Technologies
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/842001p.pdf
NIST SP 800-160 NIST SP 800-160 Systems Security Engineering: Considerations for
a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Engineering of Trustworthy
Secure Systems
(While not specifically related to this topic, this publication provides
guidance on security engineering applicable to all systems.)
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-
160.pdf
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Authorities and
References
Description
FIPS 140-2 Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cmvp/standards.html
GAO 11-43 GAO Report to Congressional Committees: Federal Agencies Have
Taken Steps to Secure Wireless Networks, but Further Actions Can
Mitigate Risk
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1143.pdf
Gartner, Inc. Next Generation Threats and Vulnerabilities, June 2009
HSPD-12 Policies for a Common Identification Standard for Federal
Employees and Contractors
https://www.dhs.gov/homeland-security-presidential-directive-12
NIST 800-153 Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Networks (WLANs)
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-
153.pdf
NIST 800-53 rev 4 Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and
Organizations
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-
53r4.pdf
NIST SP 800-121 rev
1
Guide to Bluetooth Security
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-
121r1.pdf
SANS CIS Critical
Security Controls
The SANS CIS Critical Security Controls are a recommended set of
actions for cyber defense that provide specific and actionable ways
to stop today's most pervasive and dangerous attacks.
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
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Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AP access point
CAM content addressable memory
CBC-MAC cipher block chaining message authentication code
CCMP Counter mode CBC-MAC protocol
CIO Chief Information Officer
CSC Critical Security Control
D/A department and agency
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DoD Department of Defense
DoS denial of service
EAP-TLS Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security
FAR Federal Acquisition Regulations
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards
GAO Government Accounting Office
GIG Global Information Grid
HSPD Homeland Security Presidential Directive
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IPS intrusion prevention system
MAC media access control
MiFi mobile Wi-Fi
NIC network interface card
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PAN personal area network
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Acronym Definition
PIV personal identification verification
RF radio frequency
SOC security operations center
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
SP Special Publication
SSID service set identifier
VM virtual machine
WAP wireless access point
WIDS wireless intrusion detection system
WIPS wireless intrusion prevention system
WLAN wireless local area network