Make presence in a building or area a policy in accessing network resources by integrating physical and network access through the Trusted Computing Group's IF-MAP communications standard.
The Zero Trust Model of information #security simplifies how #information security is conceptualized by assuming there are no longer “trusted” interfaces, applications, traffic, networks, or users. It takes the old model— “trust but verify”—and inverts it, because recent breaches have proven that when an organization trusts, it doesn’t verify
The NAC market is forecasted to grow substantially through 2018, reaching $1.46 billion. Top vendors currently control 70% of the market. Key drivers of NAC adoption include the ability to quarantine endpoints, support for BYOD, malware detection capabilities, ease of use, and integration with other security tools. The financial, government, healthcare, and education sectors account for 80% of NAC sales. NAC solutions must address challenges like interoperability, mobile workforce deployment, scalability, and streamlining IT operations like guest access and device management. The future of NAC involves more cohesive, distributed defenses that seamlessly integrate endpoint and perimeter security.
Explore common vulnerabilities in building automation systems (BAS), how these vulnerabilities could be exploited, and steps that organizations can take to improve the cybersecurity of their BAS.
Commissioned by ForeScout, the IoT Enterprise Risk Report
employed the skills of Samy Kamkar, one of the world’s leading ethical hackers, to investigate the security risks posed by the Internet of Things (IoT) devices in enterprise environments. Check out his findings.
For more information visit: http://resources.forescout.com/insecurity_of_things_lp_social.html.
The document summarizes the CounterACT security platform which provides network visibility, access control, and compliance capabilities. It can detect all devices on a network, control user access based on policies, and help maintain regulatory compliance. The platform offers non-disruptive deployment, scalability for all network sizes, and easy management through a centralized console.
This document summarizes two innovative approaches to enterprise security architecture: Google's BeyondCorp architecture and the Cloud Security Alliance's Software Defined Perimeters (SDP). BeyondCorp aims to remove network-based attacks by implementing zero-trust network access based on continuous device/user authentication and authorization. SDP uses cryptographic protocols and dynamic firewalls to create on-demand, air-gapped networks between initiating and accepting hosts. The document then discusses how organizations can implement these approaches using existing security tools and outlines steps to develop an enterprise security architecture.
1. Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) is a security model that provides secure remote access to applications and services based on defined access policies, unlike VPNs which grant complete network access. 2. ZTNA gives users access only to approved services without placing them on the network or exposing apps to the internet. 3. The document discusses the principles and methodology of ZTNA, including continuous authentication, authorization for every interaction, microsegmentation, and least privilege access.
What is zero trust model of information security?Ahmed Banafa
The zero trust model of information security assumes there are no trusted interfaces, applications, traffic, networks, or users. It requires that all resources be accessed securely on a need-to-know basis and that systems verify and never trust. The model has shifted from protecting networks from outside attacks to also guarding against inside threats, as the primary attack vector has changed from outside-in to inside-out. Implementing a zero trust model involves deploying technologies like next-generation firewalls, sandboxing, and access control to securely verify all users and protect resources.
Secure your workloads with microsegmentationRasool Irfan
The document discusses the future of cyber security and securing workloads in hybrid and multi-cloud environments. It notes challenges around evolving threats, security operations, and compliance. It also discusses priorities for business executives around providing transparency, applying business context to network activity, and simplifying operations and compliance reporting. Methods for securing workloads mentioned include microsegmentation, threat control, and visibility.
The Frost & Sullivan report found that 72% of networks experienced 5 or more security incidents in the past 12 months. It questions whether traditional methods using agents can adequately monitor all devices, including BYOD, IoT, and computers, and invokes predetermined security controls. The report suggests network access control as a method to help address these challenges through continuous monitoring and threat mitigation.
Definition Micro segmentation: Micro segmentation is the process of making network security more flexible by using software defined policies. Learn more at.https://www.fieldengineer.com/blogs/what-is-micro-segmentation/
Overview of Google’s BeyondCorp Approach to SecurityPriyanka Aash
Need a different approach – Google BeyondCorp Principles:
- Connecting from a particular network must not determine your trust level
- Access to service is granted based on what we know about you and your device
- All access to services must be Authenticated, Authorized and Encrypted
- Zero-Trust Model
DSS ITSEC Webinars 2013 - Network Access Control + Mobile Security (Forescout)Andris Soroka
Network Access Control is used to control access to enterprise networks. Mobile Device Management is used to manage and secure mobile devices. Put them together and your customers can set network access policies based on knowledge of the device - the Power of Two!
Forescout is global leader in NAC. MobileIron is global leader in MDM/MCM/MAM and Secure Mobile IT.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
The document summarizes the results of a study on IT security managers' needs and realities:
- IT security managers want security systems to share information and automate threat mitigation, but very few current systems do this.
- While nearly all managers see the benefits of integrated security controls, less than half of organizations actually implement continuous monitoring and mitigation.
- The study found a huge gap between what managers need and want from their security systems, and the fragmented state of most organizations' current security postures.
1. The document discusses deploying a multi-tiered security approach using tools that operate both inline and out-of-band to gain comprehensive visibility of network traffic.
2. It recommends using the Gigamon Visibility Fabric to tap all critical network links, connect security tools, and provide intelligent traffic forwarding. This helps maximize visibility, improve tool performance, and mitigate threats.
3. The Visibility Fabric provides a flexible platform to adapt tools and visibility as the network evolves, while simplifying operations and accelerating return on investment.
Reference Security Architecture for Mobility- InsurancePriyanka Aash
The project title for this task force is “Reference security architecture for Mobility”. Some of the key things that you are going to learn from this presentation is:
The reader will learn about the current aspects of mobility, its use cases, control measures and common architectural components
The document highlights the current generic mobility models, business drivers and challenges the enterprise mobility solutions faces
The document also lists out some sample example implementations for better understanding of the concepts presented to the reader
The readers will also learn to create a mobility security architecture framework to successfully build Enterprise Mobility Management program for their organization
Sponsored by ForeScout, Webtorials surveyed IT professionals worldwide who are responsible for enterprise communications networks regarding their view about the prevalence and security of the Internet of Things (IoT). Here are some of the findings. For the full report, visit: https://www.forescout.com/iot-security-survey-results/
This document discusses the principles of zero trust architecture, which aims to eliminate trust from IT systems by verifying all users and devices before granting limited, least-privilege access. It outlines the core elements of zero trust, including verifying the user, verifying their device, and limiting access and privileges. The document also notes that implementing zero trust will require monitoring the environment closely, architecting microperimeters, mapping acceptable data routes, and identifying sensitive data. Organizations may face challenges from technical debt, legacy systems, and other issues requiring new technologies or wrappers.
Eliminate Silos to Enhance Critical Infrastructure Protection by Jasvir GillTheAnfieldGroup
The presentation discusses the need to eliminate silos between IT, physical security, and operational systems to enhance critical infrastructure protection. It notes that threats against utilities have grown and now span many industries. Traditional security approaches are difficult to scale and things can be missed. The main root cause identified is the existence of silos, as attackers do not think that way. The presentation promotes bridging gaps across silos to provide a holistic security solution and mitigate blended threats. It provides examples of how AlertEnterprise delivers a unified approach to risk management, access control, compliance, and monitoring across logical, physical and operational systems.
The document provides information and instructions for candidates taking the National Assessment Collaboration Examination. It outlines that the exam assesses clinical competence through problems in various medical disciplines. It stresses confidentiality of exam materials and details logistics like the exam duration, items allowed and prohibited, and physical examination procedures. Candidates are guided on navigation of exam stations and interactions with examiners and standardized patients.
This document provides an overview of access control, including identification, authentication, and authorization. It discusses different types of access controls like administrative, technical, and physical controls. It also covers specific access control methods like passwords, biometrics, smart cards, and tokens. Identification establishes a subject's identity, while authentication proves the identity. Authorization then controls the subject's access to resources based on their proven identity. The document categorizes access controls as preventive, detective, corrective, recovery, compensating, and directive. It provides examples of different administrative, technical, and physical controls that fall into each category.
AWS provides several security capabilities and services to increase privacy and control infrastructure access. Built-in firewalls allow you to create private networks within AWS, and also control network access to your instances and subnets. Identity and access management capabilities enable you to define individual user accounts with permissions across AWS resources. AWS also provides tools and features that enable you to see exactly what’s happening in your AWS environment. In this session, you will gain an understanding of preventive and detective controls at the infrastructure level on AWS. We will cover Identity and Access Management as well as the security aspects of Amazon EC2, Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Elastic Load Balancing (ELB), and CloudTrail.
1. Formulate a testing plan with the client to identify systems to evaluate and the scope of testing allowed.
2. Remotely or locally access the target systems to find vulnerabilities by simulating common attacks.
3. Report any found vulnerabilities to the client along with recommendations on how to remedy security issues.
Technologies for Security and Compliance by Ken McIntyre, ErcotTheAnfieldGroup
This document summarizes a presentation given by Ken McIntyre, the Director of Standards and Protocol Compliance at the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). The presentation discusses ERCOT's regulatory challenges in ensuring reliability and compliance with various standards. It also outlines ERCOT's compliance initiatives, including consolidating compliance data, implementing a governance, risk, and compliance software system to automate activities, and developing a "risk engine" to assess risk and prioritize compliance efforts.
Power Grid Identity Management addressed with NIST 1-800David Sweigert
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key points:
The challenge is that identity and access management systems in the electricity subsector are often decentralized, increasing security risks. The solution demonstrated a centralized identity and access management platform using commercial products to securely manage access to IT, operational technology, and physical access systems. The benefits are reduced risk of disruption, improved efficiency of access management, and cost savings for organizations implementing standards-based security technologies.
CIS14: Physical and Logical Access Control ConvergenceCloudIDSummit
Karyn Higa-Smith,
DHS Science and Technology Directorate
Presentation including a brief demonstration of what is currently going live in a building in Washington, DC, for logical access for hundreds of users with smart cards, using XACML, an OASIS standard to communication between PACS and LACS.
Slides used to guide the discussion during MESA workshop at ARC Europe Industry Forum in Amsterdam, March 3rd, 2016.
Includes notes of the discussion. Subjects: challenges in MOM/MES: complexity related to supply chain, manufacturing and new product introduction. Organizational alignment and governance.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) security challenges and strategies. It describes common SCADA system components and functionality. It then discusses increasing cyber threats to SCADA systems from sources like hostile governments and employees. The document outlines various physical and cyber vulnerabilities in SCADA systems and components. It recommends security standards from organizations like NIST, ISA, and NERC to help mitigate risks. The document also provides guidelines on physical asset security and cybersecurity strategies.
The document summarizes the results of a study on IT security managers' needs and realities:
- IT security managers want security systems to share information and automate threat mitigation, but very few current systems do this.
- While nearly all managers see the benefits of integrated security controls, less than half of organizations actually implement continuous monitoring and mitigation.
- The study found a huge gap between what managers need and want from their security systems, and the fragmented state of most organizations' current security postures.
This document summarizes an automated security control solution called ForeScout. It notes that ForeScout is a leading provider of automated security control solutions for large enterprises and governments, with strong growth, deployments across industries, and global support. It describes how ForeScout provides comprehensive visibility of endpoints on the network and enables real-time automated controls to balance access needs with security.
The Convergence of IT, Operational Technology and the Internet of Things (IoT)Jackson Shaw
Did you know that today, there are over 30 billion connected IoT devices? And that in 2020, that number will double? Do you know how these devices connect to the internet? To each other? To their manufacturer? How many IoT devices are used within your company? If you’re a security professional you’ll need to be able to answer these questions and more. In this session, Jackson Shaw (Dell) will discuss the convergence (collision?) of IoT with IT and OT, what it means to him as a consumer and what it means to us as identity and IT security professionals.
Keynote presentation at European Identity Conference 2015, Munich, Germany.
https://www.id-conf.com/eic2015
Physical and logical access controls - A pre-requsite for Internal ControlsBharath Rao
Internal Controls truly forms an integral part for the efficient functioning in any business. The use of information technology to operate business is picking up rapid pace.
Physical and Logical Access Controls are the two areas to begin implementing internal controls. The objective of all IT related Internal controls is to protect confidentiality, integrity and availability of Data.
This presentation was jointly presented by Tarish Vasant (tarishvasant@gmail.com) and myself (Bharath Rao, mailme@bharathraob.com) at the National Conclave held at Udupi on 6th January conducted by the Board of Studies of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and the Udupi Branch of SIRC of ICAI.
Network Access Control (NAC) can protect your network from insecure endpoints and enforce security policies. Yet deploying NAC can be a huge challenge. Does it make sense for your organization to take the plunge? Find out how to answer that question by understanding how open standards enable technology that helps ensure endpoint compliance with integrity policies at, and after, network connection.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Avec la multiplication des applications Web, la question de l’authentification à ces applications est devenue primordiale. Pour simplifier la vie de l’utilisateur, le concept de SSO (Single Sign On) a été inventé. Dans ce domaine, plusieurs protocoles et standards existent, comme CAS, OpenID, Liberty Alliance, Shibboleth ou SAML.
Quelles sont les différences ? Comment utiliser ces protocoles dans les applications ? Cette conférence tentera de répondre à ces questions en présentant des cas concrets d’implémentation.
Application Security Forum 2011
27.10.2011 - Yverdon-les-Bains (Suisse)
Conférencier: Clément Oudot
The document provides information about an ITIC committee briefing at the Marshall Space Flight Center on November 29, 2012. It discusses the membership and activities of the ITIC committee. It also summarizes presentations and topics discussed at the briefing, including SPoRT weather modeling activities, mobile applications, high performance networking, and opportunities for IT innovation on the International Space Station.
O documento discute o conceito de NAC (Network Access Control), seus benefícios, tipos, implementação e softwares. O NAC protege redes contra acessos não autorizados avaliando a "saúde" dos dispositivos e aplicando políticas de segurança antes de conceder acesso total à rede corporativa. Ele pode isolar dispositivos vulneráveis para remediação e reforça as políticas de segurança de forma proativa.
This document discusses several topics related to cyber security including:
1. Windows security features such as User Account Control, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and Windows Firewall.
2. Network security challenges such as verifying user identity, protecting against DDoS attacks, and securing web applications.
3. Limitations of today's security solutions and how the modern workplace has increased risks from factors like telecommuting and use of mobile devices.
4. Types of internet security protocols and cryptography techniques as well as common forms of malicious software like viruses, worms, and trojan horses.
Two Aspect Endorsement Access Control for web Based Cloud Computing IRJET Journal
This document proposes a two-factor authentication access control system for web-based cloud computing. The system uses attribute-based access management enforced with both a user's secret key and a lightweight security device. This enhances security by requiring both factors for access. Attribute-based management also allows the cloud server to limit access based on user attributes while preserving privacy, as the server only knows if a user satisfies an access predicate, not their identity. The paper introduces an object-sensitive role-based access control model called ORBAC that can parameterize roles based on object properties. It also aims to formally validate programs against ORBAC policies using a dependent type system for Java.
IRJET - Study Paper on Various Security Mechanism of Cloud ComputingIRJET Journal
The document discusses various security mechanisms for cloud computing including encryption, hashing, digital signatures, public key infrastructure, identity and access management, single sign-on, cloud-based security groups, hardened security server images, user behavior profiling, and decoy technology. It focuses on how user behavior profiling and decoy technology can play an important role in detecting unauthorized access by monitoring a user's behavior and sending fake data to verify genuine user information. The document concludes that while most security mechanisms provide a level of protection, user behavior profiling and decoy technology are particularly effective for enhancing cloud computing security.
Running Head NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITIES1NETWORK .docxtoltonkendal
The document discusses network infrastructure vulnerabilities and provides a comprehensive security policy. It identifies some common network vulnerabilities like improper system configuration, poor firewall deployment, and weak password implementation. It also describes the CIA model of information security which focuses on confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. The document proposes planning, conducting vulnerability tests, and taking corrective action based on the results to address network security issues.
Discuss how a successful organization should have the followin.docxcuddietheresa
Discuss how a successful organization should have the following layers of security in place for the protection of its operations: information security management, data security, and network security.
Multiple Layers of Security
Marlowe Rooks posted Mar 13, 2020 9:54 AM
Looking at Vacca”s book chapter 1, “Information security management as a field is ever increasing in demand and responsibility because most organizations spend increasingly larger percentages of their IT budgets in attempting to manage risk and mitigate intrusions, not to mention the trend in many enterprises of moving all IT operations to an Internet-connected infrastructure, known as enterprise cloud computing (John R. Vacca, 2014)”. It is the organization responsibility to protect its business and its client information at all times. With that said I’m going to break down why companies need to have multiple layers of security and what types they should implement below.
The first layer is Information security management which can be from Physical Security, or Personnel Security. Physical Security can range from physical items, objects, or areas from unauthorized access and misuse. Personnel Security is to protect the individual or group of individuals who are authorized to access the organization and its operations. Some of the reason to implement Information Security is as follow:
· Decrease in downtime of IT systems
· Decrease in security related incidents
· Increase in meeting an organization's compliance requirements and standards
· Increase in customer satisfaction, demonstrating that security issues are tackled in the most appropriate manner
· Increase in quality of service
· Process approach adoption, which helps account for all legal and regulatory requirements
· More easily identifiable and managed risks
· Also covers information security (IS) (in addition to IT information security)
· Provides a competitive edge to an organization with the help of tackling risks and managing resources/processes
The second layer would be Data Security which can be refers to the process of protecting data from unauthorized access and data corruption throughout its lifecycle. Data security includes data encryption, tokenization, and key management practices that protect data across all applications and platforms. Some of the reason to implement Data Security is as follow:
· Cloud access security – Protection platform that allows you to move to the cloud securely while protecting data in cloud applications.
· Data encryption – Data-centric and tokenization security solutions that protect data across enterprise, cloud, mobile and big data environments.
· Web Browser Security - Protects sensitive data captured at the browser, from the point the customer enters cardholder or personal data, and keeps it protected through the ecosystem to the trusted host destination.
· Mobile App Security - Protecting sensitive data in native mobile apps while safeguarding the data end-to-end.
· eMai ...
Discuss how a successful organization should have the followin.docxsalmonpybus
Discuss how a successful organization should have the following layers of security in place for the protection of its operations: information security management, data security, and network security.
Multiple Layers of Security
Marlowe Rooks posted Mar 13, 2020 9:54 AM
Looking at Vacca”s book chapter 1, “Information security management as a field is ever increasing in demand and responsibility because most organizations spend increasingly larger percentages of their IT budgets in attempting to manage risk and mitigate intrusions, not to mention the trend in many enterprises of moving all IT operations to an Internet-connected infrastructure, known as enterprise cloud computing (John R. Vacca, 2014)”. It is the organization responsibility to protect its business and its client information at all times. With that said I’m going to break down why companies need to have multiple layers of security and what types they should implement below.
The first layer is Information security management which can be from Physical Security, or Personnel Security. Physical Security can range from physical items, objects, or areas from unauthorized access and misuse. Personnel Security is to protect the individual or group of individuals who are authorized to access the organization and its operations. Some of the reason to implement Information Security is as follow:
· Decrease in downtime of IT systems
· Decrease in security related incidents
· Increase in meeting an organization's compliance requirements and standards
· Increase in customer satisfaction, demonstrating that security issues are tackled in the most appropriate manner
· Increase in quality of service
· Process approach adoption, which helps account for all legal and regulatory requirements
· More easily identifiable and managed risks
· Also covers information security (IS) (in addition to IT information security)
· Provides a competitive edge to an organization with the help of tackling risks and managing resources/processes
The second layer would be Data Security which can be refers to the process of protecting data from unauthorized access and data corruption throughout its lifecycle. Data security includes data encryption, tokenization, and key management practices that protect data across all applications and platforms. Some of the reason to implement Data Security is as follow:
· Cloud access security – Protection platform that allows you to move to the cloud securely while protecting data in cloud applications.
· Data encryption – Data-centric and tokenization security solutions that protect data across enterprise, cloud, mobile and big data environments.
· Web Browser Security - Protects sensitive data captured at the browser, from the point the customer enters cardholder or personal data, and keeps it protected through the ecosystem to the trusted host destination.
· Mobile App Security - Protecting sensitive data in native mobile apps while safeguarding the data end-to-end.
· eMai.
Security is not an area newly arisen in the wake of the 9/11 tragedy. There have always been reasons to be concerned:
conflicting priorities, business environmental factors, information sensitivity, lack of controls on the Internet, ethical lapses,
criminal activity, carelessness, and higher levels of connectivity and vulnerability. It’s a tradeoff between limiting danger
versus affecting productivity: 100 percent security equals 0 percent productivity, but 0 percent security doesn’t equal 100
percent productivity.
The document discusses 10 unique security problems faced by IT organizations. It covers issues such as conflicting priorities between security and productivity, system penetration threats from poorly secured systems, realities of the open Internet including lack of inherent protections, security challenges from portable devices and media, risks of centralized and decentralized systems, and issues around employee turnover. The document provides examples and recommendations for addressing each security problem.
Implementing an improved security for collin’s database and telecommutersRishabh Gupta
1) COLLINS is a state agency that stores confidential information and needs improved security for its database and telecommuters.
2) The proposal aims to implement the best security measures to protect data in the database and ensure security for telecommuters.
3) Methods like installing firewalls, encrypting sensitive data, and using digital signatures are proposed to provide database and network security.
1. Original Post by Catherine JohnsonCryptographic MethodsCSantosConleyha
1. Original Post by Catherine Johnson
Cryptographic Methods:
Cryptography is the science of concealing information or encrypting information. Computers use complex cryptographic algorithms to enable data protection, data hiding, integrity checks, nonrepudiation services, policy enforcement, key management, and exchange, and many more (Conklin, 2018). Cryptography is classified into three types symmetric cryptography, asymmetric cryptography, and hash functions
Symmetric cryptography is also known as secret-key cryptography. It uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt data making it the simplest type of cryptography. A plain text with the key produces the same cipher similarly, the ciphertext with the key produces the plain text. "Symmetric encryption is useful for protecting data between parties with an established shared key and is also frequently used to store confidential data" (Burnett & Foster, 2004). This type of cryptography is suited for bulk encryption as it is fast and easy.
Asymmetric cryptography is also known as public-key cryptography. In this method, two keys are used to encrypt data. One for encoding and the other for decoding. One of the two keys stays private while the other is shared. The algorithms are based on integer factorization and discrete logarithmic problems. This encryption method is used for authentication and confidentiality.
The hash function is a special mathematical function. It performs a one-way function, which means that once the algorithm is processed, there is no feasible way to use the ciphertext to retrieve the plaintext that was used to generate it (Conklin, 2018). Hashes provide confidentiality but not integrity because even though we cannot determine the original text, we can ascertain the modified text. These are utilized in programs, text messages, and operating systems files.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI):
It is an infrastructure that enables users to communicate securely. PKI uses the asymmetric method; one private key and one public key. The public key can only decrypt the file encrypted by the private key, which affirms the receiver and the sender's information is secure during a transaction. The challenges PKI face is the storage and protection of the keys. The encryption keys can be stolen or unrecoverable based on the measures taken to store them. Additionally, failure to issue and renew certificates can cause large-scale connectivity issues.
Physical Security:
Physical security needs to be maintained to prevent attackers from gaining access to steal data. Physical security is essential in an organization to prevent unauthorized individuals from causing harm to the business. If systems and devices are physically accessed, all files, data, information, and networks can be compromised. Granting limited access to employees to computer rooms or server rooms can prevent theft and help with intentional and unintentional damages. Perimeter security is also important, especially for sites ...
1. Original Post by Catherine JohnsonCryptographic MethodsCAbbyWhyte974
1. Original Post by Catherine Johnson
Cryptographic Methods:
Cryptography is the science of concealing information or encrypting information. Computers use complex cryptographic algorithms to enable data protection, data hiding, integrity checks, nonrepudiation services, policy enforcement, key management, and exchange, and many more (Conklin, 2018). Cryptography is classified into three types symmetric cryptography, asymmetric cryptography, and hash functions
Symmetric cryptography is also known as secret-key cryptography. It uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt data making it the simplest type of cryptography. A plain text with the key produces the same cipher similarly, the ciphertext with the key produces the plain text. "Symmetric encryption is useful for protecting data between parties with an established shared key and is also frequently used to store confidential data" (Burnett & Foster, 2004). This type of cryptography is suited for bulk encryption as it is fast and easy.
Asymmetric cryptography is also known as public-key cryptography. In this method, two keys are used to encrypt data. One for encoding and the other for decoding. One of the two keys stays private while the other is shared. The algorithms are based on integer factorization and discrete logarithmic problems. This encryption method is used for authentication and confidentiality.
The hash function is a special mathematical function. It performs a one-way function, which means that once the algorithm is processed, there is no feasible way to use the ciphertext to retrieve the plaintext that was used to generate it (Conklin, 2018). Hashes provide confidentiality but not integrity because even though we cannot determine the original text, we can ascertain the modified text. These are utilized in programs, text messages, and operating systems files.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI):
It is an infrastructure that enables users to communicate securely. PKI uses the asymmetric method; one private key and one public key. The public key can only decrypt the file encrypted by the private key, which affirms the receiver and the sender's information is secure during a transaction. The challenges PKI face is the storage and protection of the keys. The encryption keys can be stolen or unrecoverable based on the measures taken to store them. Additionally, failure to issue and renew certificates can cause large-scale connectivity issues.
Physical Security:
Physical security needs to be maintained to prevent attackers from gaining access to steal data. Physical security is essential in an organization to prevent unauthorized individuals from causing harm to the business. If systems and devices are physically accessed, all files, data, information, and networks can be compromised. Granting limited access to employees to computer rooms or server rooms can prevent theft and help with intentional and unintentional damages. Perimeter security is also important, especially for sites ...
Types of Networks Week7 Part4-IS RevisionSu2013 .docxwillcoxjanay
Types of Networks
Week7 Part4-IS
RevisionSu2013
Types of Networks
There are different types of networks. Each type has different characteristics and
therefore different security needs. Some of the fundamental differentiating attributes of
the various types of networks are:
the physical distance the network spans
the topology of the network nodes
the types of media used for communication between nodes in the network
the different devices supported on the network
the different applications supported on the network
the different groups of users permitted on the network
the different protocols supported on each network
Depending on the type of network there may be different information security
requirements requiring that various protocols, security services, security mechanisms are
used in a fashion to support that type of network.
While each network environment has some characteristics and security needs unique to
that environment, there are many security techniques that should be universally applied to
all environments. For example; sound policies and procedures, risk assessment of the
assets, user awareness training, encryption technology, authentication technology, sound
credential (password) selection and protection, malware protection, firewalls are a few
security techniques that need to be applied in all of the networks albeit in configurations
that best suits a particular environment.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN network covers a small geographic area that takes advantage of high speed data
transfers usually implemented through Ethernet or fiber. A LAN could be a home, office,
group of building with local proximity (university, business). LANs typically share
resources such as file servers and printers.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN covers a large geographic area that may require connection through satellite,
high speed dedicated lines and other means. The internet is a WAN. WANs can connect
LANs together into a larger organizational structure that can be used to share resources
such as file, email, dns servers to name a few. Resources can be shared using slower
connections on geographically separated areas across the WAN.
Wireless Networks and Mobile Networks
The movement to laptop systems at home and workplaces accelerated the mobility of
computing.
As employees traveled between offices, client sites, home and various other remote
locations they could remain connected to company servers as long as the remote site had
connectivity to the companies’ intranet. Initially this connectivity was provided by
having Ethernet cabling available for remote users to physically plug their laptops into.
Eventually, companies started installing wireless hotspots that could be automatically
detected by systems that had wireless cards.
The proliferation of wireless connectivity and internet use spread from the workplace to
genera ...
The document discusses securing SSL VPNs with RSA SecurID two-factor authentication. It summarizes that SSL VPNs combined with strong two-factor authentication allows organizations of all sizes to securely enable remote access while protecting the corporate network. The RSA SecurID two-factor authentication solution requires both a personal identification number and a constantly changing token code to verify a user's identity before granting access. This provides a secure solution for remote access through SSL VPNs that addresses issues with passwords alone such as vulnerability to theft or sharing.
The document summarizes the components, purpose, and strategies of a security policy for T.Z.A.S.P. Mandal's Pragati College. It discusses the need for security policies to protect data, networks, and computing resources. The key components outlined include access policies, privacy policies, and guidelines for acceptable use, purchasing, authentication, availability, and violation reporting. Strategies discussed are host security, user authentication, password protection, firewalls, demilitarized zones, and encryption. The purpose is to inform users of security requirements and provide a baseline for compliance.
Running head NETWORK INFRASTRUTCTURE AND SECURITYNETWORK INFR.docxtoltonkendal
Knight Inc. is growing and requires an updated network infrastructure that is robust, reliable, and secure. The document outlines plans for the physical and logical network topology, including using a star topology for physical layout and bus topology for logical layout. It also discusses necessary network components like firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and securing access from mobile devices. The security policy will follow the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Ethical practices like strong passwords and employee confidentiality agreements are also covered to protect the network.
The document discusses building a smarter, simpler network architecture using intelligent access and application monitoring. It argues that next generation networks need high scalability, availability, and self-healing capabilities to handle growing traffic and complexity. The author advocates for an approach where network access and security/monitoring tools work intelligently together as a cohesive system, with the access providing context about network traffic to help tools like firewalls and intrusion detection systems operate optimally. Automating functions like load balancing and "heartbeat" packets that check tool health are presented as ways to proactively monitor the network and optimize tool performance.
Final Project – Incident Response Exercise SAMPLE.docxlmelaine
Final Project – Incident Response Exercise
SAMPLE
1. Contact Information for the Incident Reporter and Handler
– Mruga Patel
– Cyber Incident Response Team Lead
– Organizational Information - Sifers-Grayson Corporation (Blue Team), Information Technology Department
– [email protected]
– 410-923-9221
– Location - 100 Fairway Ave, Suite 101, Catonsville, MD 21228
2. Incident Details
– The attack occurred during off-hours at 22:00 EST. Incident was discovered when the system became unusable due to high volume traffic from an unauthorized IP Address. The incident ended at approximately 22:45 EST.
– Catonsville, MD
– Attack has ended
– The attack occurred from an IP address of 11.125.22.198 with no host name. The cause of the incident has yet to be determined.
– The attack was discovered when the system became unusable due to high levels of latency. It was detected using logging information from a server from the Task Manager.
– The system remains unaffected. Only data was stolen from our company. The server which was extracted from the Employee server. IP address- 192.168.1.0, hotname SifersHouston.com.
– N/A
– The system resumed to normal function after attacked occurred.
– Data stolen was from the server containing employee information.
– Network was turned off once attack was discovered. The system logged all necessary information for forensic evidence.
– N/A
3. Cause of Incident was from an unsecured network which was uses to steal company information.
4. The cost of the incident has yet to be determined. PII stolen has no calculated price. However, estimated person hours are about 200. It would cost around $100 per hour for IT staff to perform “clean-up” activities. As of now it would cost around $20,000.00.
5. The impact of the incident is significant. The necessary measures to combat this problem has yet to be determined.
6. General Comments- Our network poses a lot of security risks. Going forward, we need to implement certain security measures from further incidents from taking place.
Background
The Sifers-Grayson company has hired an outside organization to penetrate our network and report on vulnerabilities found within the network. Upon penetration testing and weeks of trying to exploit our system, the red team (testing team) has been successful. Holding a government contract, the Department of Defense (DoD) requires additional security requirements for the R&D and SCADA lab operations. Both of which hold classified and secret information and happen to be where the red team was able to exploit.
The company is now required to use the NIST publications for protection controlled unclassified information in Nonfederal information systems and organizations. Failure to comply can result in fines and even contract termination. The (DFARS) Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations also outlines the safeguarding of Cyber Security Incident Reporting. Fortunately, identifying these risks before hacke ...
Threats have never been more relevant than they are today. Nation states, adversaries, corporate and government espionage, hackers, etc. are all on the hunt for valuable information. The information they seek includes enterprise and individual details. Networks are only as secure as their weakest components. With the hyper-growth in connected devices including smart phones, tablets, wearables and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, networks are very vulnerable.
This document proposes a scheme to enhance security in cloud computing. It discusses how a user's data stored with a cloud provider could be at risk if the provider's internal staff can access the encrypted data. The proposed scheme aims to avoid unauthorized access of user data by sending a message to the user's mobile number when a transaction starts. It also displays fake information if login is unsuccessful to avoid further intrusion attempts. Common security methods for user data protection include encryption before storage, user authentication, and secure transmission channels. Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources over the Internet and allows users to access services without knowledge of the infrastructure.
This document proposes a scheme to enhance security in cloud computing. It discusses how a user's data stored with a cloud provider could be at risk if the provider's internal staff can access the encrypted data. The proposed scheme aims to avoid unauthorized access of user data by sending a message to the user's mobile number when a transaction starts and displaying fake information for unsuccessful login attempts to avoid further trials. It also provides background on cloud computing and common security methods like encryption, authentication, and secure channels. The introduction describes the proposed system's process of requesting access to protected data, authenticating the user, and conditionally providing a fake database in the case of hacking attempts.
With their ubiquitous presence in everyday transactions, credit card payment solution not only facilitate seamless payments but also shape global economic landscapes and consumer behaviors. Visit us at: https://webpays.com/credit-card-payment-solution.html
ConvertKit: Best Email Marketing Tool for 2024Rakesh Jalan
Front Slide
ConvertKit: Best Email Marketing Tool for 2024
Next Slide
What is Email Marketing?
Email marketing involves promoting products or services via email to potential customers. Tools like ConvertKit enhance the effectiveness of email marketing by helping you reach your target audience and elevate your business.
Next Slide
What is ConvertKit?
ConvertKit is a top email marketing tool, favored by content creators and small businesses. It offers features like automation, landing pages, sequencing, and broadcasting, making it ideal for generating and converting leads efficiently.
Next Slide
Key Features of ConvertKit
1. Landing Pages: Easily create customizable landing pages.
2. Forms: Embed forms on your website to generate leads.
3. Automation: Automate email responses with pre-built templates.
4. Broadcasting: Send personalized emails to thousands of subscribers.
Next Slide
Key Features of ConvertKit
5. Sequencing: Automate email series to convert leads into customers.
6. Integration: Integrate with platforms like affiliate sites and e-commerce.
7. Commerce: Start an e-commerce business without a website.
8. Creator Pro: Advanced features for selling high-cost products.
Next Slide
How ConvertKit Can Help Your Business Grow
1. Convert Casual Visitors: Turn social media followers into subscribers.
2. Build Relationships: Customize emails to build strong audience relationships.
3. Source of Earnings: Use trust to convert subscribers into sales.
Next Slide
Join ConvertKit Affiliate Program
ConvertKit's affiliate program offers free training, premium tools, and a 30% commission for referrals.
Next Slide
ConvertKit Pricing Plans
ConvertKit has Monthly and Yearly plans with Free, Creator, and Creator Pro tiers. Start with the free plan and upgrade as needed.
Next Slide
ConvertKit Alternatives
1. Mailchimp: All-in-one marketing platform.
2. GetResponse: Focus on landing pages and email lists.
3. ActiveCampaign: Advanced follow-up sequences.
4. AWeber: Building mailing lists and designing newsletters.
Next Slide
ConvertKit vs. Mailchimp
- Automation: ConvertKit offers advanced options.
- Landing Pages: ConvertKit has more templates.
- Customer Support: ConvertKit offers 24/7 support in all plans.
- Email Sending Limit: ConvertKit allows unlimited emails.
- Migration: ConvertKit offers free migration services.
Next Slide
ConvertKit vs. GetResponse
- Simplicity: ConvertKit is user-friendly for small businesses.
- Sequencing: Easier to use in ConvertKit.
- WordPress Plugin: Available in ConvertKit.
- Charges: No charges for duplicate signups in ConvertKit.
Next Slide
Conclusion
Email marketing is an excellent method to showcase your business and sell high-value products. ConvertKit is a robust tool to help you reach your target audience and start earning.
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Analyze the idea behind Binance KYC Bypass and compare it to the KYC policies of other cryptocurrency exchanges. Find out about the dangers of trying to bypass KYC and the verification procedure.
Guide to Obtaining a Money Changer License in SingaporeEnterslice
Obtaining a Money Changer License in Singapore involves thorough preparation and adherence to regulatory guidelines. Applicants must submit a detailed business plan, demonstrate financial stability, and fulfill stringent anti-money laundering requirements. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) carefully evaluates each application to ensure compliance with regulatory standards before granting the license.
More Information:- https://enterslice.com/sg/money-changer-license-in-singapore
TPH Global Solutions Overview: Successful Strategies for Selling to Mass Merc...David Schmidt
TPH Global Solutions makes it easy to get your products to market, through the maze of retailer requirements and complex supply chain challenges that include missed deliveries, packaging errors, and shipping damage.
From pitch to profits, TPH delivers successful retail merchandising campaigns with custom point of purchase (POP) displays and custom packaging that meet the toughest demands of retailer buyers and customers at Costco, Sam’s Club, BJ’s, Walmart, Home Depot, Lowe’s, Walgreens, CVS, Kroger, Meijer, Petco, and more.
If you’re an established brand needing to take the pain out of your supply chain, TPH ensures global, on-time and on-budget delivery so you can focus on making great products instead of dealing with headaches.
If you’re an emerging brand needing to convert new retail opportunities, TPH will help you land and pass the test order – we know all major retailer requirements and provides you with total cost visibility, so you will negotiate with confidence and fly through the toughest approval process.
With deep expertise in retailer requirements and global supply chain management, we deliver confidence for brand managers – since 1965.
Shocking Revelations: The JD Euroway and Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz) Financial Debacle
In an astonishing series of events, Finance JD Euroway Inc. and its CEO Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz) find themselves embroiled in a high-stakes legal battle, accused of orchestrating a fraudulent investment scheme. The allegations, which have not yet been proven in court, detail a complex web of deceit and financial misconduct that has left investors in turmoil.
A Complex Financial Web
Finance JD Euroway Inc. (JDE), under the leadership of Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz), has been accused of luring investors into a fraudulent scheme involving Standby Letters of Credit (SBLCs). According to the plaintiffs, JDE promised extraordinary returns on investments, convincing them to deposit substantial funds into JDE-controlled accounts under false pretenses.
Promises of High Returns
The case details how investors were enticed by Zephir's promises of high returns and secure investments. In one instance, an investor forwarded USD $1.2 million to JDE, assured by Zephir of a guaranteed 10% monthly return. Similarly, another investor was persuaded to deposit USD $10 million in escrow for what was purported to be a lucrative investment opportunity.
The Alleged Fraud
The plaintiffs assert that these investments were never intended to generate returns. Instead, they claim that JD Euroway and Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz) used these funds for unauthorized purposes. Zephir is accused of providing fraudulent SWIFT receipts and false insurance documents to create an illusion of legitimacy. For example, the insurance for one investor's escrow funds was supposedly backed by Timber Creek Surety Inc., which later confirmed the insurance certificate was fraudulent.
Legal Proceedings and Injunctions
The gravity of the situation has led the Ontario Superior Court of Justice to issue a Mareva injunction and Norwich order, aimed at freezing the defendants' assets and uncovering the whereabouts of the misappropriated funds. Justice John Callaghan, in his endorsement, highlighted the plaintiffs' strong prima facie case of fraud and the necessity to prevent further dissipation of assets.
A Tale of Unfulfilled Promises
Despite repeated assurances from Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz), the promised returns never materialized. Investors experienced continuous delays and excuses, with Zephir often citing issues such as pending bank confirmations and internal reviews. By May 2024, it became clear that the funds were not forthcoming, prompting the plaintiffs to take legal action.
Staffan Canback - The 18 Rays of Project ManagementTellusant, Inc.
A while back I created this training material for project managers in 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. I am now sharing it widely since it is useful to a broader audience.
A central theme is that project management is much more than putting together presentations. It covers all kinds of high-level cognitive efforts, which is why it is exciting (at first).
It is also important to note that you do not improvise your way into project management. It is a well-developed craft that is far down its experience curve.
I started my career at McKinsey & Company in 1984 and was an Engagement Manager between 1986 and 1989. I then became a partner. So my project management days are long gone, but I have interacted with and trained countless young consultants since.
The document is not a manual. If you follow it 100% you would not have time to do your project management job. But I trust there is always an idea or two that is useful on any project.
To me, the most difficult part of this document was to create the 18 rays with the grey contours. It involves some trigonometry. Getting this right was fun.
PROVIDING THE WORLD WITH EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT LIGHTING SOLUTIONS SINCE 1976PYROTECH GROUP
Simple Ways to Make Your Commercial Space More Energy Efficient
In today's world, being energy efficient isn't just good for the planet—it's also good for your wallet. Whether you run a small shop or a large office building, there are plenty of simple steps you can take to reduce your energy consumption and save money on utility bills. Let's dive in!
1. Upgrade Your Lighting: One of the easiest ways to save energy is by switching to energy-efficient lighting options like LED bulbs. LEDs use significantly less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs and last much longer, so you'll save money on both energy and replacement costs in the long run.
2. Install Motion Sensors: Do you have areas in your commercial space that aren't always in use, like storage rooms or bathrooms? Consider installing motion sensors that automatically turn lights off when no one is around. This simple addition can lead to significant energy savings over time.
3. Optimize Heating and Cooling: Heating and cooling can account for a big portion of your energy bills, especially in larger commercial spaces. To save energy, make sure your HVAC system is properly maintained and consider investing in a programmable thermostat. You can also encourage employees to dress in layers to reduce the need for excessive heating or cooling.
4. Seal Leaks and Insulate: A well-insulated building is more energy efficient because it retains heat in the winter and keeps cool air in during the summer. Check for drafts around windows and doors and seal them with weather stripping or caulking. Adding insulation to walls, floors, and ceilings can also make a big difference in your energy consumption.
5. Use Energy-Efficient Equipment: When it's time to replace old appliances or equipment in your commercial space, opt for energy-efficient models. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which indicates that the product meets strict energy efficiency guidelines set by the Environmental Protection Agency.
6. Encourage Energy-Saving Habits: Sometimes, the simplest changes can have the biggest impact. Encourage employees to turn off lights and electronics when they're not in use, unplug chargers and other devices when they're fully charged, and use natural light whenever possible.
7. Conduct an Energy Audit: If you're serious about improving energy efficiency in your commercial space, consider hiring a professional to conduct an energy audit. They'll assess your energy usage and identify areas where you can make improvements, ultimately helping you save even more money in the long run.
8. Educate and Involve Employees: Finally, don't forget to involve your employees in your energy-saving efforts. Educate them about the importance of energy efficiency and encourage them to come up with their own ideas for saving energy in the workplace. When everyone is on board, you'll see even greater results.
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Travel Tech Pitch Deck | ByeByeCity,com - Short Breaks Discovery & Booking Pl...Rajesh Math
ByeByeCity.com is a platform where users can discover and book short breaks by using the only web booking engine in India which uses advanced algorithms to sell Non-Standardised Travel Inventories. It is aggregating a fragmented market to build the long tail of the Travel Market.
Family/Indoor Entertainment Centers Market: Regulation and Compliance UpdatesAishwaryaDoiphode3
The global family/indoor entertainment centers market is valued at US$ 41 Bn in 2022 and is projected to exhibit growth at a CAGR of 12.2% and reach US$ 130 Bn by the end of 2032.
2. Introduction
Technology has changed the nature of the enterprise and how enterprises protect themselves from
threats and manage risk. Assets once were things that could be “secured” with walls, alarms, keys and
guards. Security systems were purchased and operated by a security department, monitored after hours
by a contract central station and very localized.
Today, an organization’s most valuable assets may be invisible – data and information about its
customers, technology, business plans and financial assets. And instead of locking these assets away, we
now make them accessible to our staff, customers and business partners from their desktops, laptops
and mobile devices, often far away from the walls of protection we have built, and sometimes in
locations where network access is offered as a marketing convenience to accompany a refreshing cup of
coffee.
And while the nature of business demands that we make data accessible everywhere all the time,
government imposed regulatory environments have increased, and the cost in time, money and damage
to brand as a result of a security breach or data hack is, at best, expensive, and may be fatal.
Organizations now realize that security is no longer a department, but an integral component of the
management of the enterprise. It is not something that is purchased or bolted on, but something that
must be woven into the very fabric of the business. Effective security and risk management now touches
and must include human resource policies, identity management, physical security, cyber security,
network security, credentialing, logical access, surveillance, compliance initiatives, reporting and
forensics.
Connecting the dots across all of those disciplines has been the challenge. This whitepaper discusses a
standards-based enterprise solution that allows disparate systems to share unstructured data across
unstructured relationships and to act upon this information in accordance with organizational policies,
providing a cohesive security management framework that ties it all together.
The Physical/Cyber Security Gap
In most enterprises, physical security and cyber security efforts are distinct disciplines, with distinct
missions, departments and management structures. Therein lies the problem. Between those silos lie
gaps in process, policy and practices that may be exploited by attackers inside and outside the
organization.
Most organizations have deployed some type of physical access control system that
requires the use of access cards, PIN numbers and/or biometric verification to enter
buildings and specific areas within those buildings. Most have also implemented
some type of network access control environment, and the majority of those rely on
3. user name password for network authentication and access. And since each of those systems is
generally under the control of a different department with a different mission, almost none have
integrated the two. Each system seems to fulfill its individual mission, which can create a false sense of
security, or worse, create conditions that may lead to serious security breaches.
As an example, consider the following company, whose physical security and IT security departments
have established the following rules:
All employees must use their access card at all building entry points
All employees must use network passwords that contain at least 8 characters, which must
include at least one capital letter, one number and one other special character. Passwords
cannot be a dictionary word. Passwords are case sensitive, must be changed every 60 days, and
may not be reused
Both are good, strong security policies. But in the real world, what will happen?
Employees will hold the door open for their co-workers who arrive together
While strong passwords provide additional protection against password hack
attempts (the most common password in unrestricted environments is My password:
xYhwpn57*b
“password”), strong password policies almost guarantee that the employee will
write down his new secure password and keep it in his desk drawer
So let’s see what can happen when an employee travels to visit a company site in another city. He
arrives at the remote site, and uses his access card to enter the door, and his access is recorded as a
normal event in that site’s access control system.
Back at HQ, someone has found the sticky note on which the employee has written his very strong
password, and has logged onto the system under that employee’s name and has been granted access to
all the traveling employee can see, and all activity will be logged to the traveler’s IT account. The
network access control system validated the user name, password – even the status of the virus
protection of the computer logging onto the network, and all conditions were successfully met.
In this case, both systems did what they were supposed to do. No physical security alarm was
generated, no network anomaly reported. But a serious breach occurred.
In an integrated world, a person’s presence in a building or specific area would be one of the factors the
network security system considers before it allows access to critical network resources. This would not
only enhance network access security, but improve physical security, as employees would be less likely
to tailgate in behind each other, even if the door is held open by another polite, but security policy
violating person.
Once the technical aspects of physical/network access control integration are in place, additional
policies may evolve. Readers may be placed at physical points of egress from the building, and
employees would need to use their access credential to leave the building, which disables their local
4. access privileges, and enables remote and VPN network access. Doing so provides a more accurate
accounting of who is in the building or area at any given time.
IT Meets Physical Security
For several years, the buzz in the physical security world has been the convergence of physical and cyber
security. The problem was that “convergence” meant different things to different physical security
system and device vendors. To some, it simply meant adding a terminal server in front of a serial device
and connecting it to an IP network pipe. To others, it meant developing custom integrations through
API’s, SNMP, syslog, etc. And to many in the IT space, convergence with physical security was not even
on their radar screen.
The security threat that organizations face, however, is very much converged. Organizations must have
strong physical and cyber security environments, as weaknesses in either will be exploited by enemies
who don’t care how they get in. To truly meet the challenge and vision of convergence, cyber and
physical security efforts, systems, policies and data must be coordinated and interoperable.
Standards and Trust
To obtain interoperability between disparate systems, two elements are necessary – a standard way to
communicate, and trust between the parties and systems doing the communicating so that each party
can validate the identity of the other with a very high level of assurance.
While the IT community has long embraced standards, the physical security industry has been slow to
follow suit. Some standards are emerging in physical security but, when it comes to securing data at
rest and in transit, the IT industry has already tackled the challenge. In particular the 100+ member
Trusted Computing Group has developed an open architecture and suite of protocols designed to allow
high levels of interoperability, yet increase the security of data and protect the operational integrity of
the devices that are connected to the IP network. The architecture is referred to as the Trusted
Network Connect (TNC). Among its protocols, the IF-MAP (interface for Metadata Access Point) provides
a secure, open and flexible approach for communicating or sharing data between trusted applications,
devices and systems.
IF-MAP has several components that provide both standards-based interoperability and high degrees of
trust, all of which are widely embraced by the IT industry. Specifically, this protocol suite includes:
• Mutual Certificate-Based Authentication - establishes trust between devices / systems
that share information
• Encrypted Communications (protects data while in transit)
• Simple Object Access Protocol Bindings - SOAP is a protocol specification for
exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer
networks. In other words, it provides a basic messaging framework upon which web
5. services can be built. It relies on eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as its message
format
• XML Metadata Exchange - a widely used and endorsed schema for communicating
data between devices and applications in a common manner. XML based protocol
consists of three parts: an envelope - which defines what is in the message and how to
process it - a set of encoding rules for expressing instances of application-defined
datatypes, and a convention for representing procedure calls and responses
More specifically, IF-MAP defines a protocol and associated database used by applications and systems
to publish information, subscribe to changes in information and interest, and search for relevant data.
This publish, subscribe and search model allows compliant devices to seamlessly share information
without requiring individual, custom integration efforts. All compliant devices publish events and status
to the Metadata server, and other compliant devices can choose which information and systems they
wish to subscribe to. This is very much like social media for networks. In essence, we go from a
complex, brittle and expensive myriad of point to point custom integrations that ends up looking
something like this:
To a more streamlined, efficient and effective network environment that allows various network
components to share date with others, even though those relationships and data may be unstructured.
The IF-MAP protocol provides such an environment, which looks more like this:
6. Images Courtesy of Infoblox
IF-MAP Converges Physical and Cyber Access Control
Physical access control systems like those provided by Hirsch typically control movements through
doors, parking gates, and other physical portals and barriers. Authorized personnel authenticate
themselves at those portals using a credential, which may be an access card, a PIN number, a biometric
element (finger, iris, etc), or some combination of those components. These systems protect physical
assets like buildings, equipment, personnel by insuring that only the right people access sensitive areas,
and assist with governance and compliance activities through role-based permission assignment and by
building an audit trail of all activities.
Recognizing the impact of physical security on the cyber and IT security worlds, Hirsch is a member of
the Trusted Computing Group and has adopted the IF-MAP communications protocol as an option for
their Velocity™ physical access control system. Hirsch has labeled their IF-MAP enabled communications
option the Hirsch PACE™ Gateway.
Threats to an organization include network and cyber attacks, which force organizations to implement
highly restrictive network environments and processes that make it difficult and inefficient for trusted
users to gain access to network assets that may be critical for them to complete their tasks. The Hirsch
Velocity PACE IF-MAP implementation solves this problem by giving organizations the ability to have a
dynamic and flexible network access control policy (NAC) based on “presence” in an area.
One of the initial use cases of Hirsch PACE Gateway is the linking of physical presence in an area or
facility to network access privileges. In this case, Hirsch Electronics, Infoblox and Enterasys teamed to
provide end to end physical and network access control integration. The Hirsch Velocity™ Physical
7. Access Control Ssystem (PACS)
processes access control entry and exit
transactions and publishes those events
(including person and location
metadata) to the Infoblox IF-MAP
Server. That person’s location status
becomes one of the parameters the
Enterasys Network Access Controller
considers before granting that person
access to network resources. If that
person should leave the area, local
privileges may be disabled, etc.
A similar network access control
solution is available with Juniper
Networks Universal Network Access
Control products.
The security benefits of such a convergence include:
Enhance the physical security environment
o Minimize the likelihood of physical access “tailgating” at doors. Persons who neglect to
present their credential to designated door entry readers may be denied access to all or
selected network resources
o Encourage the use of “EXIT” readers. While we cannot lock people inside of areas, it is
often desirable to know which persons are actually in which areas at any time. If all
persons badge “in” and “out” of areas or buildings, we can get an accurate accounting
of who is where, which can be helpful when arming alarm systems and in emergency
evacuation situations. With the IF-MAP network security integration, leaving an area
and using an exit reader can disable local network privileges and enable remote VPN
access privileges.
Enhance the network security environment
o Minimize the likelihood of internal password hacks. Even if a co-worker compromises a
fellow employees’ password, that password would not work if that target employee was
not physically in the area or building
o Minimize the possibility of downloads of controlled information by unauthorized
individuals
o Eliminate simultaneous network connections from multiple locations
o Enforce log-off policies. While most organizational policies require employees to log off
their desktops when they leave their area, not all do. If the employee uses his access
card at another reader or at an exit reader, the NAC controller will pick that up and auto
log off that user
8. o Increase remote access security. Persons who have badged in the building can be denied
remote, VPN or even wireless access
Enhance compliance efforts.
o This type of integration can help organizations comply with separation of duties and
desktop security requirements under Sarbanes Oxley, HIPAA privacy regulations, DCID
and ICD secure facility specifications, GLBA privacy concerns and more. More
importantly, as part of an overall policy-driven enterprise security program, measures
like this can be effective in preventing the kinds of data breaches than can ruin an
organization’s reputation and credibility
o Ensure consistent de-provisioning in network and physical security environments upon
employee separation
An especially compelling feature of this kind of integration is that it does not care what type of
credential is used to identify persons, so does not require rebadging of employees or the introduction of
a PKI infrastructure. Proximity cards, PIN codes, biometrics – whatever the organization is using now for
physical security purposes can still be used. User name and password may still be used at the desktop,
etc.
The above applications tend to rely on physical presence of an individual as becoming a policy for
network access or denial. A next-step logical expansion of this application is to have the Hirsch physical
access control system subscribe to events and perform actions based on activity published by other IF-
MAP compliant systems and devices on the network. For example, Hirsch Velocity could subscribe to
Active Directory events (disable, enable, delete, lock) and, accordingly, create/enable/disable and delete
physical credentials and privileges, insuring complete and accurate physical/logical and network access
provisioning and de-provisioning. As additional TCG members adopt the IF-MAP standard, there will be
other applications and opportunities for PACE, including integration with wireless access controllers,
SCADA and network security and event management (SIEM) systems.
Summary
As the threat organizations face becomes more sophisticated, and budgets tighten, organizations must
take creative and effective measures to protect their people, their assets and their data. The lines
between physical security, identity management, provisioning, network security and logical security are
blurring, and managing risk is now a C-Level imperative.
By adopting IF-MAP, Hirsch has placed itself squarely in the IT camp that is driving trusted, scalable,
standards-based interoperability and data sharing not just in the security space, but throughout the IT
ecosystem.
InfoBlox, Enterasys Systems, Juniper Networks and Hirsch are all members of the Trusted Computing
Group. http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org.
For more information on the Hirsch PACE Gateway, please visit http://www.hirsch-
identive.com/products-services/converged-security/pac-nac-integration.