Security is a major concern for organizations and individuals as information has become more valuable. The need for security has existed since information first became important. While firewalls and antivirus software provide some protection, they do not make an organization fully secure. Security involves processes for prevention, detection, reaction, and forensics. It is difficult to implement security perfectly due to costs, user resistance, evolving threats, and time/budget constraints for security teams. Hackers use various techniques like information gathering, password cracking, viruses, denial of service attacks, sniffing, and system exploits to compromise targets. Organizations implement defenses like firewalls, intrusion detection, honeypots, anti-sniffing measures, antivirus software, security awareness
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS attacks, describes different types of DoS attacks like SYN flooding and Smurf attacks. It also explains how botnets and tools are used to launch DDoS attacks, and discusses some common DDoS countermeasures like detection, mitigation and traceback.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacking. It covers types of computer crimes over the years from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. It also summarizes different hacking techniques such as spoofing, session hijacking, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and ways to improve security including password hashing and network security.
Hackers attack websites and networks for various reasons such as financial gain, espionage, activism, or terrorism. Common attack methods include denial of service attacks to crash systems, spoofing identities to gain unauthorized access, hijacking sessions, exploiting software vulnerabilities like buffer overflows, and cracking passwords. To prevent attacks, network administrators must secure systems from intrusion, monitor for suspicious activity, and keep software updated by patching known vulnerabilities.
This document summarizes information about computer security and hacking. It discusses how the internet has grown rapidly while security has lagged behind, allowing legions of hackers to emerge. It covers various types of computer crimes throughout history from the 1980s to 2000. It also describes different modes of hacker attacks like spoofing, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and others. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of the key issues around computer security and how hackers have threatened systems over time.
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS attacks as attempts to render a system unusable or slow it down for legitimate users by overloading its resources. DDoS attacks multiply the effectiveness of DoS by using multiple compromised computers to launch attacks simultaneously. Common DoS attack types like SYN floods, Smurf attacks, and ping of death are described. The rise of botnets, which are networks of compromised computers controlled remotely, enabled more powerful DDoS attacks. Mitigation strategies include load balancing, throttling traffic, and using honeypots to gather attacker information.
Denial of Service attacks – Definitions, related surveys
Traceback of DDoS Attacks – Proposed method, advantages, future work
Detection methods with Shannon and Renyi cross entropy – Previous works, proposed method, dataset and results
The added value of entropy detection methods
References
This document provides an overview of hacking, including definitions, a brief history, famous hackers, the hacker attitude, basic hacking skills, and common hacking methods and attacks. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It discusses port scanning and ICMP scanning techniques used to gather target system information. Common attacks mentioned include denial-of-service attacks, threats from sniffers and key loggers, trojan attacks, and IP spoofing. The document provides details on specific attacks like ping of death and smurf attacks. It also discusses tools used and countermeasures to protect against hacking.
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, as well as man-in-the-middle attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS, noting that a DDoS involves multiple hosts attacking at once. Common DoS attack types like penetration, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle, and flooding are described. Symptoms of attacks and preventative measures are outlined. The document then explains how man-in-the-middle attacks work using techniques like ARP poisoning to intercept communications. Defenses against man-in-the-middle attacks through encryption and detection methods are also presented.
Understanding computer attacks and attackers - Eric Vanderburg - JURINNOV
There are several categories of attackers, including hackers, crackers, script kiddies, spies, employees, and cyberterrorists. Common attacks include password guessing, which attempts to learn a user's password through various means, and denial of service attacks, which flood a server or device with requests to make it unavailable. Malicious software, or malware, consists of computer programs intentionally created to harm systems and includes viruses, worms, logic bombs, Trojan horses, and back doors.
Computer Security Cyber Security DOS_DDOS Attacks By: Professor Lili Saghafi
DOS / DDOS introduction
How Easy it is to get information
Real Life Examples MyDoom , GitHub , Dyn , Windows Server and Windows 10 servers running Internet Information Services (IIS) are vulnerable to denial of service (DOS) attacks
Base of Attacks
Types of DOS / DDOS
Attack Tools , LOIC, XOIC, Stacheldracht
DOS/DDOS Weaknesses
Category of OS/ DDOS
What to defend?
Botnets and Botnets mitigations
Michael Calce, a.k.a. MafiaBoy
Point of entrance / OSI Model ( If time permit)
This is a presentation i made about Denial of Service or a Distributed Denial of Service (DoS / DDoS) and the latest methods used to crash anything online and the future of such attacks which can disrupt the whole internet . Such attacks which are in TB's and can be launched from just single computer. And, there is not much that can be done to prevent them.
A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the concerted efforts of a person or people to prevent an Internet site or service from functioning efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root name servers. The term is generally used with regards to computer networks, but is not limited to this field, for example, it is also used in reference to CPU resource management. There are two general forms of Dos attacks: those that crash services and those that flood services.
One common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable. In general terms, DoS attacks are implemented by either forcing the targeted computer to reset, or consuming its resources so that it can no longer provide its intended service or obstructing the communication media between the intended users and the victim so that they can no longer communicate adequately.
This presentation is intended to increase awareness of Extension Agents to the threats of scams and malware on the Internet. In addition it covers some ways to stay protected from such threats.
Slides for a college course at City College San Francisco. Based on "Hands-On Ethical Hacking and Network Defense, Third Edition" by Michael T. Simpson, Kent Backman, and James Corley -- ISBN: 9781285454610.
Instructor: Sam Bowne
Class website: https://samsclass.info/123/123_S17.shtml
Este artículo surge en el marco de la investigación “Tránsito digital en el ámbito educativo”, que se lleva a cabo dentro del Centro de Investigaciones Educativas TEBAS-UCV. A la luz de esta línea se desarrolló un informe en el cual se plantean problemas que van de los epistémico a lo interpretativo a través de la investigación y la producción de conocimiento y su constatación en la realidad con el apoyo de entrevistas y encuestas que han acompañado esta investigación. Este artículo toma uno de sus capítulos, el cual es de carácter inédito.
Dicha línea de investigación y sus aportes al conocimiento han servido de base al desarrollo de los Programas docentes que a lo largo de estos dos últimos años vengo adelantando en el post-grado de la UNEFA Núcleo Los Teques. A partir del cual se han elaborados contenidos digitales y se han dotado herramientas teóricas y prácticas que redundan en sendos beneficios a la práctica docente en Venezuela a través del uso de las Tics.
La compañía cree en la colaboración en grupo para el éxito de la sociedad. Logra su misión de colaboración a través de la práctica interna, asociaciones con clientes y proveedores, y servicios de consultoría y facilitación de grupos. La compañía ofrece servicios de distribución, facilitación de grupos y consultoría en diseño de eventos.
Dropbox es una herramienta de almacenamiento en la nube que permite sincronizar y compartir archivos entre dispositivos a través de una carpeta especial en el sistema. Los archivos guardados en esta carpeta se almacenan automáticamente en los servidores de Dropbox para proveer copias de seguridad y acceso desde cualquier lugar a través de Internet.
Mass tourism in historic cities, the role of civil organizations in the case ...
Malaga is the administrative capital of the Costa del Sol, however, it has remained out of the mass tourism
until the last decade. Coinciding with the obsolescence of the port facilities, the city has found an
opportunity in cruise tourism, becoming the second largest Spanish destination in this sector. The main
attractive of Malaga is being the birthplace of one of the most revolutionary painters, Pablo Picasso;
developing a large program for museums and hotels openings, cultural events and urban projects over the
last few years in order to create an atmosphere suitable for all visitors’ tastes. On the other hand, this
process is also creating monofunctional sectors, gentrification and theming of the principal Historic Site
areas. This implies to focus on restoration plans and on projecting an image according to the one that
tourists expect to see. In this context, several civil organizations have been formed to denounce heritage
losses, social marginality and identity simplification through collaborative works that join web 2.0,
participative cartography and academic research. We present a selection of these works.
Este documento presenta dos cursos sobre el uso de plaguicidas de uso ganadero ofrecidos por el Centro de Formación Santa Marta. Incluye información sobre los objetivos, contenido, programación y precios de los cursos de nivel básico y cualificado. También proporciona datos sobre la empresa como su dirección, NIF y epígrafe de actividad, así como indicaciones generales sobre los cursos.
Este poema explora temas como la muerte, la soledad y la búsqueda de la verdad interior. A través de 14 poemas cortos, el autor describe escenas de dolor, pérdida y anhelo, así como reflexiones sobre la fragilidad de la vida y lo efímero de la existencia humana. Los poemas utilizan imágenes de flores, vientos, labios y miradas para evocar sensaciones y sentimientos. Un mensaje principal es la dificultad de conocer el alma propia y la de los demás.
Este documento es el programa de una cena conmemorativa del 20 aniversario de una organización. Agradece a los presidentes, consejeros, servicios centrales y anfitriones de las asambleas de diferentes ciudades por su trabajo. Celebra 20 años de lealtad al estilo y sentido de cohesión de la organización. Señala que el comienzo no fue fácil pero que fue necesario explorar diferentes vías de negocio, viajar, desarrollar relaciones e implementar una buena estrategia de marketing para lograr la cobertura nacional. Agradece
This document summarizes an interview between David Wright and Bill Todd, an expert in sales, marketing, and motivation. Todd discusses five foundations for business and personal success: 1) having a positive attitude, 2) being professionally persistent, 3) injecting fun into work, 4) catching coworkers doing things right, and 5) having excellent customer service. He emphasizes the importance of having a positive attitude and embracing failure. The interview also discusses how incorporating fun into the workplace can boost productivity and success, using Southwest Airlines as an example of a company that does this well.
Este documento describe la descentralización y el buen gobierno local en América Latina desde 1980 hasta la actualidad. Se ha avanzado en la descentralización política, administrativa y fiscal, con más municipios eligiendo autoridades de manera democrática y mayor gasto local. Sin embargo, los gobiernos locales siguen subordinados a los niveles centrales y enfrentan limitaciones como capacidad financiera limitada. El buen gobierno local se caracteriza por ser más participativo, horizontal y enfocado en alianzas, en contraste con las administraciones municipales tradicional
Iker Casillas es un arquero español que actualmente juega para el Real Madrid. Es considerado uno de los mejores arqueros de la historia, habiendo desarrollado toda su carrera en el Real Madrid, donde ganó numerosos títulos nacionales e internacionales. También jugó para la selección española, con la que ganó la Copa del Mundo en 2010.
Create - Day 1 - 17:00 - "Buy Buttons: Shortening the Path to Conversion"
Shortening the path to conversion has been an increasingly common trend within large media channels. Social media has been the most notable, with ‘Buy Now’ buttons cutting out the middle ground for social shoppers.
This form of streamlining can be great for the advertiser and great for the consumer, but NMP’s head of strategy Damien Bennett will delve into the pros and cons advertisers should be aware of when approaching these methods of acquisition.
Join Bennett for a session on the next wave of e-commerce and find out how it can keep a brand relevant while generating results
The document provides an overview of new products, services, and enhancements from Rockwell Automation related to maintenance. Some highlights include:
- New Ethernet Diagnostic Module and XM vibration modules to monitor equipment health.
- Enhancements to intelligent motor control solutions to simplify maintenance.
- RSMACC change management software adding verification for Rockwell Automation drives.
- Acquisition of GEPA to expand connectivity to third-party devices.
- New training courses and workstations on topics like RSLogix 5000 motion and EtherNet/IP.
Este documento resume las claves de la argumentación según Anthony Weston. Weston sostiene que los estudiantes deben aprender por sí mismos, formar sus propias ideas y opiniones, e indagar, explicar y defender sus propias conclusiones en sus ensayos basados en argumentos. Según Weston, existen diferentes tipos de argumentos como los argumentos por analogía, de autoridad y deductivos. Estos se componen de premisas, que son afirmaciones sustentadas mediante razones o ejemplos.
Este documento describe la cianita, un mineral silicato de aluminio con fórmula química Al2SiO5. La cianita se presenta en varios colores como blanco, azul o negro y tiene una dureza de 6.5 a lo largo del prisma y 4.5 perpendicular. Se utiliza principalmente en cerámica, como piedra ornamental y como aislante eléctrico.
La pintura Still life #35 del artista Tom Wesselmann representa los productos y estilos de vida populares de la década de 1960, como bebidas gaseosas y aviones. La obra critica el consumismo y la publicidad excesiva que definieron la era. Muestra objetos cotidianos de una manera llamativa y de cómic para representar la cultura pop estadounidense de la época.
This document summarizes Herbalife products and nutrition programs. It discusses Herbalife's growth and compliance with regulations. It notes that Australian/NZ diets are typically low in nutrients compared to Herbalife products. The document lists Herbalife shakes, supplements, and outer nutrition products like skin and hair care. It concludes with contact information for Eirene Hofstetter to learn more.
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS as an attempt to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users. A DDoS attack involves using multiple compromised systems to launch a DoS attack on a single target. Types of DDoS attacks include bandwidth attacks, SYN flood attacks, and program/application attacks. The document also discusses botnets, common DDoS attack tools like Hulk, symptoms of a DoS attack, and various countermeasures organizations can implement such as IDS/IPS, firewalls, ingress/egress filtering, and load balancing to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
Event - Internet Thailand - Total Security PerimetersSomyos U.
This document summarizes Symantec's enterprise security solutions, including vulnerability management, firewalls, intrusion detection, virus protection, and managed security services. It discusses why security is important for businesses, common security threats, and how Symantec's layered approach addresses these threats through technologies like firewalls, VPNs, antivirus software, and vulnerability scanning.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security including hackers, cyber attacks, and modes of security. It provides examples of early computer crimes from the 1980s-2000s involving viruses, hacking of sites like NASA and the CIA, and financial theft. Different types of attacks are described such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, session hijacking, and buffer overflows. The document emphasizes that as internet usage has grown, security has lagged behind, enabling legions of hackers to more easily conduct cyber attacks and crimes.
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS attacks, describes different types of DoS attacks like SYN flooding and Smurf attacks. It also explains how botnets and tools are used to launch DDoS attacks, and discusses some common DDoS countermeasures like detection, mitigation and traceback.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacking. It covers types of computer crimes over the years from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. It also summarizes different hacking techniques such as spoofing, session hijacking, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and ways to improve security including password hashing and network security.
Ethical Hacking : Why Do Hackers Attack And How ?HBServices7
Hackers attack websites and networks for various reasons such as financial gain, espionage, activism, or terrorism. Common attack methods include denial of service attacks to crash systems, spoofing identities to gain unauthorized access, hijacking sessions, exploiting software vulnerabilities like buffer overflows, and cracking passwords. To prevent attacks, network administrators must secure systems from intrusion, monitor for suspicious activity, and keep software updated by patching known vulnerabilities.
This document summarizes information about computer security and hacking. It discusses how the internet has grown rapidly while security has lagged behind, allowing legions of hackers to emerge. It covers various types of computer crimes throughout history from the 1980s to 2000. It also describes different modes of hacker attacks like spoofing, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and others. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of the key issues around computer security and how hackers have threatened systems over time.
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS attacks as attempts to render a system unusable or slow it down for legitimate users by overloading its resources. DDoS attacks multiply the effectiveness of DoS by using multiple compromised computers to launch attacks simultaneously. Common DoS attack types like SYN floods, Smurf attacks, and ping of death are described. The rise of botnets, which are networks of compromised computers controlled remotely, enabled more powerful DDoS attacks. Mitigation strategies include load balancing, throttling traffic, and using honeypots to gather attacker information.
Denial of Service attacks – Definitions, related surveys
Traceback of DDoS Attacks – Proposed method, advantages, future work
Detection methods with Shannon and Renyi cross entropy – Previous works, proposed method, dataset and results
The added value of entropy detection methods
References
This document provides an overview of hacking, including definitions, a brief history, famous hackers, the hacker attitude, basic hacking skills, and common hacking methods and attacks. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It discusses port scanning and ICMP scanning techniques used to gather target system information. Common attacks mentioned include denial-of-service attacks, threats from sniffers and key loggers, trojan attacks, and IP spoofing. The document provides details on specific attacks like ping of death and smurf attacks. It also discusses tools used and countermeasures to protect against hacking.
Dos & Ddos Attack. Man in The Middle Attackmarada0033
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, as well as man-in-the-middle attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS, noting that a DDoS involves multiple hosts attacking at once. Common DoS attack types like penetration, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle, and flooding are described. Symptoms of attacks and preventative measures are outlined. The document then explains how man-in-the-middle attacks work using techniques like ARP poisoning to intercept communications. Defenses against man-in-the-middle attacks through encryption and detection methods are also presented.
Understanding computer attacks and attackers - Eric Vanderburg - JURINNOVEric Vanderburg
There are several categories of attackers, including hackers, crackers, script kiddies, spies, employees, and cyberterrorists. Common attacks include password guessing, which attempts to learn a user's password through various means, and denial of service attacks, which flood a server or device with requests to make it unavailable. Malicious software, or malware, consists of computer programs intentionally created to harm systems and includes viruses, worms, logic bombs, Trojan horses, and back doors.
DOS / DDOS introduction
How Easy it is to get information
Real Life Examples MyDoom , GitHub , Dyn , Windows Server and Windows 10 servers running Internet Information Services (IIS) are vulnerable to denial of service (DOS) attacks
Base of Attacks
Types of DOS / DDOS
Attack Tools , LOIC, XOIC, Stacheldracht
DOS/DDOS Weaknesses
Category of OS/ DDOS
What to defend?
Botnets and Botnets mitigations
Michael Calce, a.k.a. MafiaBoy
Point of entrance / OSI Model ( If time permit)
This is a presentation i made about Denial of Service or a Distributed Denial of Service (DoS / DDoS) and the latest methods used to crash anything online and the future of such attacks which can disrupt the whole internet . Such attacks which are in TB's and can be launched from just single computer. And, there is not much that can be done to prevent them.
A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the concerted efforts of a person or people to prevent an Internet site or service from functioning efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root name servers. The term is generally used with regards to computer networks, but is not limited to this field, for example, it is also used in reference to CPU resource management. There are two general forms of Dos attacks: those that crash services and those that flood services.
One common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable. In general terms, DoS attacks are implemented by either forcing the targeted computer to reset, or consuming its resources so that it can no longer provide its intended service or obstructing the communication media between the intended users and the victim so that they can no longer communicate adequately.
This presentation is intended to increase awareness of Extension Agents to the threats of scams and malware on the Internet. In addition it covers some ways to stay protected from such threats.
Slides for a college course at City College San Francisco. Based on "Hands-On Ethical Hacking and Network Defense, Third Edition" by Michael T. Simpson, Kent Backman, and James Corley -- ISBN: 9781285454610.
Instructor: Sam Bowne
Class website: https://samsclass.info/123/123_S17.shtml
Este artículo surge en el marco de la investigación “Tránsito digital en el ámbito educativo”, que se lleva a cabo dentro del Centro de Investigaciones Educativas TEBAS-UCV. A la luz de esta línea se desarrolló un informe en el cual se plantean problemas que van de los epistémico a lo interpretativo a través de la investigación y la producción de conocimiento y su constatación en la realidad con el apoyo de entrevistas y encuestas que han acompañado esta investigación. Este artículo toma uno de sus capítulos, el cual es de carácter inédito.
Dicha línea de investigación y sus aportes al conocimiento han servido de base al desarrollo de los Programas docentes que a lo largo de estos dos últimos años vengo adelantando en el post-grado de la UNEFA Núcleo Los Teques. A partir del cual se han elaborados contenidos digitales y se han dotado herramientas teóricas y prácticas que redundan en sendos beneficios a la práctica docente en Venezuela a través del uso de las Tics.
La compañía cree en la colaboración en grupo para el éxito de la sociedad. Logra su misión de colaboración a través de la práctica interna, asociaciones con clientes y proveedores, y servicios de consultoría y facilitación de grupos. La compañía ofrece servicios de distribución, facilitación de grupos y consultoría en diseño de eventos.
Dropbox es una herramienta de almacenamiento en la nube que permite sincronizar y compartir archivos entre dispositivos a través de una carpeta especial en el sistema. Los archivos guardados en esta carpeta se almacenan automáticamente en los servidores de Dropbox para proveer copias de seguridad y acceso desde cualquier lugar a través de Internet.
Mass tourism in historic cities, the role of civil organizations in the case ...Bunt Arquitectura
Malaga is the administrative capital of the Costa del Sol, however, it has remained out of the mass tourism
until the last decade. Coinciding with the obsolescence of the port facilities, the city has found an
opportunity in cruise tourism, becoming the second largest Spanish destination in this sector. The main
attractive of Malaga is being the birthplace of one of the most revolutionary painters, Pablo Picasso;
developing a large program for museums and hotels openings, cultural events and urban projects over the
last few years in order to create an atmosphere suitable for all visitors’ tastes. On the other hand, this
process is also creating monofunctional sectors, gentrification and theming of the principal Historic Site
areas. This implies to focus on restoration plans and on projecting an image according to the one that
tourists expect to see. In this context, several civil organizations have been formed to denounce heritage
losses, social marginality and identity simplification through collaborative works that join web 2.0,
participative cartography and academic research. We present a selection of these works.
Este documento presenta dos cursos sobre el uso de plaguicidas de uso ganadero ofrecidos por el Centro de Formación Santa Marta. Incluye información sobre los objetivos, contenido, programación y precios de los cursos de nivel básico y cualificado. También proporciona datos sobre la empresa como su dirección, NIF y epígrafe de actividad, así como indicaciones generales sobre los cursos.
Este poema explora temas como la muerte, la soledad y la búsqueda de la verdad interior. A través de 14 poemas cortos, el autor describe escenas de dolor, pérdida y anhelo, así como reflexiones sobre la fragilidad de la vida y lo efímero de la existencia humana. Los poemas utilizan imágenes de flores, vientos, labios y miradas para evocar sensaciones y sentimientos. Un mensaje principal es la dificultad de conocer el alma propia y la de los demás.
Este documento es el programa de una cena conmemorativa del 20 aniversario de una organización. Agradece a los presidentes, consejeros, servicios centrales y anfitriones de las asambleas de diferentes ciudades por su trabajo. Celebra 20 años de lealtad al estilo y sentido de cohesión de la organización. Señala que el comienzo no fue fácil pero que fue necesario explorar diferentes vías de negocio, viajar, desarrollar relaciones e implementar una buena estrategia de marketing para lograr la cobertura nacional. Agradece
This document summarizes an interview between David Wright and Bill Todd, an expert in sales, marketing, and motivation. Todd discusses five foundations for business and personal success: 1) having a positive attitude, 2) being professionally persistent, 3) injecting fun into work, 4) catching coworkers doing things right, and 5) having excellent customer service. He emphasizes the importance of having a positive attitude and embracing failure. The interview also discusses how incorporating fun into the workplace can boost productivity and success, using Southwest Airlines as an example of a company that does this well.
Este documento describe la descentralización y el buen gobierno local en América Latina desde 1980 hasta la actualidad. Se ha avanzado en la descentralización política, administrativa y fiscal, con más municipios eligiendo autoridades de manera democrática y mayor gasto local. Sin embargo, los gobiernos locales siguen subordinados a los niveles centrales y enfrentan limitaciones como capacidad financiera limitada. El buen gobierno local se caracteriza por ser más participativo, horizontal y enfocado en alianzas, en contraste con las administraciones municipales tradicional
Iker Casillas es un arquero español que actualmente juega para el Real Madrid. Es considerado uno de los mejores arqueros de la historia, habiendo desarrollado toda su carrera en el Real Madrid, donde ganó numerosos títulos nacionales e internacionales. También jugó para la selección española, con la que ganó la Copa del Mundo en 2010.
Create - Day 1 - 17:00 - "Buy Buttons: Shortening the Path to Conversion"PerformanceIN
Shortening the path to conversion has been an increasingly common trend within large media channels. Social media has been the most notable, with ‘Buy Now’ buttons cutting out the middle ground for social shoppers.
This form of streamlining can be great for the advertiser and great for the consumer, but NMP’s head of strategy Damien Bennett will delve into the pros and cons advertisers should be aware of when approaching these methods of acquisition.
Join Bennett for a session on the next wave of e-commerce and find out how it can keep a brand relevant while generating results
The document provides an overview of new products, services, and enhancements from Rockwell Automation related to maintenance. Some highlights include:
- New Ethernet Diagnostic Module and XM vibration modules to monitor equipment health.
- Enhancements to intelligent motor control solutions to simplify maintenance.
- RSMACC change management software adding verification for Rockwell Automation drives.
- Acquisition of GEPA to expand connectivity to third-party devices.
- New training courses and workstations on topics like RSLogix 5000 motion and EtherNet/IP.
Este documento resume las claves de la argumentación según Anthony Weston. Weston sostiene que los estudiantes deben aprender por sí mismos, formar sus propias ideas y opiniones, e indagar, explicar y defender sus propias conclusiones en sus ensayos basados en argumentos. Según Weston, existen diferentes tipos de argumentos como los argumentos por analogía, de autoridad y deductivos. Estos se componen de premisas, que son afirmaciones sustentadas mediante razones o ejemplos.
Este documento describe la cianita, un mineral silicato de aluminio con fórmula química Al2SiO5. La cianita se presenta en varios colores como blanco, azul o negro y tiene una dureza de 6.5 a lo largo del prisma y 4.5 perpendicular. Se utiliza principalmente en cerámica, como piedra ornamental y como aislante eléctrico.
La pintura Still life #35 del artista Tom Wesselmann representa los productos y estilos de vida populares de la década de 1960, como bebidas gaseosas y aviones. La obra critica el consumismo y la publicidad excesiva que definieron la era. Muestra objetos cotidianos de una manera llamativa y de cómic para representar la cultura pop estadounidense de la época.
This document summarizes Herbalife products and nutrition programs. It discusses Herbalife's growth and compliance with regulations. It notes that Australian/NZ diets are typically low in nutrients compared to Herbalife products. The document lists Herbalife shakes, supplements, and outer nutrition products like skin and hair care. It concludes with contact information for Eirene Hofstetter to learn more.
Molecular hydrogen biomed-applications-888Morris Johnson
molecular hydrogen is a very simple yet never yet commercialized regenerative medicine agent.
My patent seeks to create the economic infrastructure to support a broad range of applications based upon a solid base of evidence for efficacy as an anti-aging tool.
The document provides an overview of information security concepts and threats. It discusses how security is difficult to implement due to costs, user resistance, and sophisticated criminals. The document then outlines various hacking techniques like information gathering, social engineering, sniffing, and denial of service attacks. It concludes by describing defensive security measures for organizations, including firewalls, intrusion detection, honeypots, antivirus software, user awareness training, and penetration testing.
Unauthorized access to computer systems and networks can occur through various means such as hacking tools, social engineering, or exploiting system vulnerabilities. Network scanning tools can be used for both legitimate and illegitimate purposes to identify active systems and open ports. Various attacks exist such as man-in-the-middle, ARP poisoning, and wireless network hacking. Protecting against unauthorized access requires monitoring for anomalies, using tools like firewalls, regularly backing up data, and educating users.
This document discusses network security. It covers security attacks like interruption, interception, modification and fabrication. It also discusses security services like confidentiality, integrity and availability. The document outlines common security mechanisms like encryption, software/hardware controls and firewalls. It provides examples of security attacks like denial of service, TCP hijacking and how mechanisms like firewalls, intrusion detection systems and IPSec can provide defenses.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacker attacks. It covers types of attacks like denial of service attacks, password attacks, spoofing, and buffer overflow attacks. It also explains security concepts like password security, network security, and different modes of hacker attacks over the internet, LAN, locally, and offline. The document emphasizes that as computer security improves, hackers are finding newer ways to compromise systems, so security is an ongoing challenge.
Cyber Security Module 3.pptx Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting syst...GIRISHKUMARBC1
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users via ransomware; or interrupting normal business processes.
This document discusses various security threats to computer systems, including breaches of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes different types of attacks such as masquerading, replay attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and session hijacking. It also discusses program threats like Trojan horses, viruses, worms, logic bombs, stack/buffer overflows. The document outlines measures to protect systems at the physical, human, operating system and network levels.
Ransomware- What you need to know to Safeguard your DataInderjeet Singh
Ransomware - a malicious software used by hackers to block access to a computer system until a ransom is paid. Attackers contact the user with ransom demands. Most attackers request payment in Bitcoin (the crypto-currency). Even if you pay the ransom, the attackers may not deliver the key to unencrypt files.
As ransomware attacks continue to grow in number and sophistication, individual PC users and organizations should reassess their current security strategy. There is a common misconception that adding layers of automated defence technologies will reduce the risk of falling victim to ransomware attacks. While endpoint security products and secure email gateways can offer some level of protection, sooner or later a phishing email, which is the most widely-used attack vector, will penetrate defences and user will be faced with determining whether or not an email is legitimate or part of an attack.
Entrepreneurship & Commerce in IT - 11 - Security & EncryptionSachintha Gunasena
This series in about the Entrepreneurial and E-Commerce opportunities and how to harness the power of Information Technology to improve or revolutionize business.
This session discusses about:
the types of threats that could occur to an e-commerce business, and what are the prevention methods and technologies available for such threats.
This document discusses the history of computer security breaches and issues. It mentions several high-profile hacking incidents from the 1980s to 1990s where hackers were able to gain unauthorized access to military and banking computers. The document also notes that today nearly half of companies report financial losses due to security incidents, with estimated losses totaling over $66 million. Computer security threats include financial losses, data theft, and system malfunctions.
It provides information about Operating system Security Environment, Authentication Method,Authorization Password Policy, Vulnerabilities, Antivirus and etc
CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY ppt by me.pptxNune SrinivasRao
Cryptography and network security are important topics. Cryptography involves encrypting messages to make them unintelligible during transmission and then decrypting them upon arrival. The objectives of information security are confidentiality, integrity, availability, and nonrepudiation. As technology has advanced, the need for computer and network security has increased. Modern attacks can be automated to target many systems quickly. Collecting and sharing personal data also raises privacy concerns. To address these issues, organizations use various security approaches like trusted systems and security models.
Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources.
This document provides an overview of operating system security. It discusses various security threats like program threats (e.g. viruses, Trojan horses), system and network threats (e.g. port scanning, denial of service attacks). It also covers cryptography as a security tool for encryption and authentication. Security measures need to be implemented at multiple levels - physical, human, operating system and network levels. Cryptography establishes secure communication over insecure mediums using encryption algorithms that encrypt messages using keys. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
This document discusses network security and various cyber attacks. It defines network security and lists common security devices. It outlines different types of hackers and cyber attacks such as hacking, DDoS attacks, malware, Trojan horses, spam, phishing, and packet sniffers. The document also discusses worms, viruses, botnets, and how to protect critical information infrastructure. It provides examples of security software and firewall types. Finally, it discusses challenges in network security and provides references for further information.
The document provides an introduction to hacking and cracking, describing what hacking and cracking are, different types of hackers (high-level and low-level), and the difference between hackers and crackers. It also discusses common hacking techniques like password attacks, spoofing, and sniffing. The document is intended to educate about hacking and related cybersecurity topics.
Network Security, What is security?
Why do we need security?
Who is vulnerable? Common security attacks and countermeasures, Firewalls & Intrusion Detection Systems
Denial of Service Attacks
TCP Attacks
Packet Sniffing
Social Problems
This document discusses security testing for mobile and web applications. It covers security risks for Android apps, including actions malicious apps could take like gaining ungranted permissions or spreading automatically. It also discusses Android OS security features and how mobile app permissions work. Other topics include signed apps/app stores, problems with permissions, an example attack exploiting browser vulnerabilities, and designing apps with security best practices like least privilege and input sanitization in mind. The document concludes with discussions of security for mobile apps that interface with web apps and the importance of using secure protocols like HTTPS for web traffic.
This document discusses various types of network security attacks and methods to prevent them. It covers physical access attacks, social engineering attacks, penetration attacks like scanning and malware. It also discusses attacks on the OSI and TCP/IP models like at the session, transport and network layers. Prevention methods covered include firewalls, proxies, IPSec, security policies and hardening hosts. Specific switch and router vulnerabilities are examined like ARP poisoning, SNMP, spanning tree attacks. Countermeasures for switches include BPDU guard, root guard.
The document provides an overview of web hacking, including:
1. An agenda that outlines reconnaissance, scanning, exploitation, maintaining access, and covering tracks in a web hacking process.
2. Descriptions of different types of hackers like white hat and black hat hackers, and classifications like script kiddies and hacktivists.
3. Explanations of the reconnaissance, scanning, and exploitation phases of web hacking, including common tools used in each phase like Whois, Nmap, and Nessus.
Similar to Meletis Belsis - Introduction to information security (20)
This document discusses the potential for using multimedia in enterprise security user training. It argues that traditional training methods like posters and emails are ineffective. Multimedia could provide more effective training through interactive presentations using audio, video, images and text. Examples show multimedia has been successfully used in other training domains. The document concludes that a multimedia training tool could improve security awareness if designed carefully to avoid helping adversaries understand security systems and policies.
This document proposes a system to improve how Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) store and share security incident data. Currently, CSIRTs use various data structures and methods to record incident details, limiting collaboration. The authors propose a system using CORBA that allows incident data to be stored in a central database and accessed securely via a web interface or standalone application. This would facilitate information sharing between CSIRTs and give users different views of the data based on their roles. A natural language interface is also suggested to allow complex queries without technical expertise. The system aims to address current problems around incident data management and access.
VoIP Security: An Overview discusses the security challenges of Voice over IP (VoIP) technology. It notes that VoIP inherits vulnerabilities from TCP/IP networks and uses the corporate network, making it complex to secure. Common VoIP threats include denial of service attacks, interception attacks, covert channels, and vulnerabilities in VoIP platforms. The document outlines example attacks and tools used by hackers. It recommends countermeasures like network separation, encryption of SIP and RTP, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and hardening VoIP infrastructure and devices. VoIP honeypots can also be used to detect attackers.
This document provides an overview of key topics in information security:
- It discusses the challenges of implementing information security programs and outlines the importance of processes over products.
- An Information Security Management System (ISMS) is presented as the foundation for establishing security policies, procedures, and responsibilities.
- Authentication and provisioning systems are described as ways to centrally manage user identities and access across applications.
- The importance of vulnerability assessment, policy compliance, and log monitoring tools is highlighted to help detect threats, ensure compliance, and aid auditing.
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This document discusses IMS security. It provides an overview of IMS architecture, noting its complexity due to supporting different access media and TCP/IP vulnerabilities. Threats to IMS are then outlined, including denial of service attacks, interception attacks, fraud attacks, and vulnerabilities in VoIP platforms. Hacking tools for attacking IMS are also listed. The document concludes with recommendations for IMS countermeasures such as encryption, firewalls, security gateways, antivirus software, network hardening techniques, and IDS/IPS systems.
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The advent of social media has revolutionized communication, transforming the way people connect, share, and interact globally. At the forefront of this digital revolution are visionary entrepreneurs who recognized the potential of the internet to foster social connections and create communities. This essay explores the founders of some of the most influential social media platforms, their journeys, and the lasting impact they have made on society.
Mark Zuckerberg, along with his college roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, founded Facebook in 2004. Initially created as a social networking site for Harvard University students, Facebook rapidly expanded to other universities and eventually to the general public. Zuckerberg's vision was to create an online directory that connected people through their real-life social networks.
Twitter, founded in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, brought a new dimension to social media with its microblogging platform. Dorsey envisioned a service that allowed users to share short, real-time updates, limited to 140 characters (now 280). This concise format encouraged rapid sharing of information and fostered a culture of brevity and immediacy.
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Instagram's emphasis on visual content has had a significant cultural impact. It has popularized the concept of influencers, giving rise to a new industry where individuals can monetize their popularity and reach. The platform has also revolutionized digital marketing, enabling brands to connect with consumers in more authentic and engaging ways. Acquired by Facebook in 2012, Instagram continues to be a dominant force in social media, shaping trends and cultural norms.
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Meletis Belsis - Introduction to information security
1. What is
Security ?
Part I
Meletis A. Belsis
2003, Athens, Greece
Mediterranean College
Computer Crime
2. Setting the Scene
• Security is one of the oldest problem that governments
,commercial organizations and almost every person
has to face
• The need of security exists since information became a
valuable resource
• Introduction of computer systems to business has
escalated the security problem even more
• The advances in networking and specially in
distributed systems made the need for security even
greater
• The Computer Security Institute report, notes that in
year 2003 computer crime costs where increased to
more than 450 million dollars in the USA alone.
3. Profiling Adversaries
• Adversaries that target corporate system are
numerous:
• These can be general classified in the
following categories:
– Hackers
– Employees (both malicious and unintentional)
– Terrorists groups
– Governments
– Opposing Industries
4. Security
• So now we know that we need security.
BUT what is security anyway ?
• Many people fail to understand the meaning of
the word.
• Many corporations install an antivirus software,
and/or a firewall and believe they are protected.
Are they ?
5. Security through obscurity
• Consider some cases :
– An internal employee wants to revenge the company
and so publishes private corporate information on the
NET.
– The terrorist attack on the twin towers (in USA) had as
a result many corporations to close. Why ?
– An employee forgets his laptop into a café. This laptop
contains all corporate private information.
HOW CAN A FIREWALL PROTECT FROM THE
PREVIOUS ?
6. Security: easy to understand, difficult to implement
“In the real world, security involves processes. It involves
preventive technologies, but also detection and reaction
processes, and an entire forensics system to hunt down
and prosecute the guilty. Security is not a product; it
itself is a process. …. ”
Bruce Schneier
(Secrets and Lies, Wiley and Sons Inc.)
7. Security: easy to understand, difficult to implement
• Security contains a number of
tools , processes and
techniques.
• These in general cover three
main requirements:
– Confidentiality
– Integrity
– Availability
• Depending on the security
requirements a system has, one
can concentrate only on one of
the previous or all of them.
• A new requirement enforced
by the operation of e-markets
is non-repudiation.
8. Security: easy to understand, difficult to implement
• Computer Security is difficult to implement due to
the following:
– The cost of implementing a security system should not
exceed the value of the data to be secured.
– Industries pay huge amount of money for industrial
espionage.
– Users feel that security is going to take their freedom away
and so often they sabotage the security measures.
– Computer prices have fallen dramatically and the number
of hackers have been multiplied.
– Security managers work under strict money and time
schedule. Criminals do not have any time schedule and
they do not need any specialised software.
– Hackers are often cooperate with known criminals.
That is why, total security is almost infeasible.
10. Information Gathering
• The first step to hacking is to gather as much
information as possible for the target.
• This information is later used to draw a map of
the corporate network.
• This map is used to define and design an attack
methodology as well as identify the needed
attack tools.
• The extreme case of information gathering is
called dumpster diving
11. Information Gathering : Searching the
Corporate Web site
• Searching the corporate web site for
information:
– Statements like : “This site is best viewed with
Internet Explorer” could uncover that the
company uses Microsoft Web Server.
– Email Addresses. These are used to identify user
names. i.e. username@thecompany.com
– Office Locations: Companies with office locations
in different countries would probably use a VPN to
interconnect.
– Company News
12. Information Gathering : Searching the Internet
• Searching the WEB can provide valuable information
– Using the link directive. i.e. link: www.somecompany.com
provides information on the sites that link to the corporate web
site.
– Searching the greater WEB using the company’s name
• Searching public WHOIS databases :Provide information
about the domain name of the company.
• Searching the ARIN Whois Database: Provide a
database with all register IP addresses.
• Searching technical forums using either the name of the
administrator or the name of the company.
13. Information Gathering :Being Polite…..
• When the initial search has finished, it is now time to
ASK the network itself. Believe it or not most networks
are quite polite.
– DNS Interrogation. It can be performed by simple
using the nslookup program.
– Using the PING command (ICMP Echo ). Can unveil
hosts that are connected and are not protected by a
firewall.
– Using the TraceRoute command we can identify
which is the IP of the router that connects the
corporate network to the Internet.
15. Information Gathering :Identify Running
Services
• Having a map of the internet hosts that are accessible from the
internet, we must now identify the services that they offer and the
operating system that is installed on each host.
• Special programs like nmap and superscanner are used to
interrogate each port in a host.
• Detecting Services
– The Scanner tries to open a connection to each port of the target host (By
sending Syn messages) .
– The open ports that respond show the services that are running.
• Detecting the OS
– The Scanner sends specific erroneous message to the ports. OS response with
different messages.
17. Information Gathering :Scanning undetected
• Many firewalls can detect these scanning attempts.
So scanners use some alternate techniques:
– Slow Scanning
– Distributed Scanning
– Half Open Connection
– Fragmented packets
– XMAS
– FIN
– FTP Bounce
18. Password Cracking
• Adversaries use two methods to attack
passwords.
– Brute force: Try all key combination in the
password space.
– Dictionary: Use a dictionary of known words and
try each word along with their combinations.
• These attacks can be performed either locally or
remotely
20. VIRUSES
• Computer Viruses are
categorised in:
– Normal viruses
– Trojan Horses
– WORMS
• Today there are more than 2,500
virus ready to be downloaded.
• A user can get infected by:
– Running a program
– Opening an email
– Visiting a web site (evil Trojan)
– Opening a .doc file
• Today virus creation and
mutation centres can be freely
downloaded from the Internet
22. Denial of Service Attack (DoS)
• The idea behind these attacks is to make the
target system unavailable to its authorised users.
• Typical attacks include but not limited to :
– Ping O’ Death (sending packets of size greater that
65,535)
– SYN Flooding Attack (Starting Many half-open
connections)
– Smurf Attack (sending requests to broadcast address
with a spoofed IP address)
– Domain Name Server DoS (Requesting DNS quires
from multiple DNS Servers with a Spoofed IP
26. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
• Hackers have used the
distributed power
internet offers.
• Tools are now perform
DoS attack from
multiple hosts at the
same time.
• Examples are:
– Tribal Flood Network
– TFN2K
– Stacheldraft
27. Sniffing
• Ethernet provides the ability to run a network card
in Promiscuous mode. This allows the card to
read any packet travelling on the network.
• Sniffing software are using this to read all data
transmitted in the local net.
• Sniffers can be programmed to steal information
associated only with specific protocols or
programs. i.e. read all information from http
packets only.
• Some sniffers can be even programmed to
transmit sniffed passwords back to the attacker.
• The first and most used sniffer is the TCPDump .
29. System Flaws and Exploits
• Most systems today contain bugs. These are coming either
from the system designers, implementers or the ones that
manage the system.
• Hackers can use these bugs to gain access to systems.
• Examples of such are :
– Default accounts
– Poor User Accounts
– Allowing outside anonymous Telnet connections to the Web
Server
– Allowing trusted connections
– Buffer Overflows
– Allowing Banners in services
– Allowing NetBios over TCP/IP when not needed.
• The Internet has a vast amount of software that test a given
server for a number of such exploits.
31. Social Engineering
• One of the oldest and easiest form of hacking.
<Hacker is calling the administrator >
Hallo I am <<name of an employee>>. My user name <<user name as seen
on email address>>. I am new to the company but I forgot my system
password <<be very unhappy>> but my manager ask to find him
some files. If I tell him that I forgot my password , I am afraid that
he is going to fire me. Please help <<be persuasive>>>>
<Administrator wants to help a fellow employee>
Ok. Do not cry now. That is why we are here for. I am going to
reset your password to newpassoword. Just do not forget it again.
<Hacker thanks the polite employee>
Oh thank you so much. I am going to buy the coffee when we
meet. You are a lifesaver….
(The scenario works even better is the hacker is a female and the administrator is a
male.)
32. IP Spoofing
• Hackers usually change the IP address in their datagrams.
• This happens for two reasons:
– To avoid getting caught.
– To bypass security tools, and systems that allow trusted connections.
• Changing just the IP is called a blind attack, because the
hacker never sees the response from the target.
• In order to see the response the hacker has a number of ways:
– Install a sniffer to the target network.
– Use Source Routing
– Use ICMP redirect
– If both hacker and target are located on the same network use ARP
spoofing.
– DNS cache Poisoning.
• Software programs like A4 proxy allows hackers to use a
number of anonymous servers before they attack. Thus their
real IP is almost untraceable.
33. A4 Proxy : Using multiple anonymous proxies to
hide the IP address
34. The Next Step
• So now I am in what am I doing next ?.
1. If you do not already have, try to gain root
access.
2. Find and clear Log Files.
3. Install a Root Kit to ensure that you will have
access in the future
36. Is it possible ?
• Total security is not feasible.
• Systems must be secured depending on their value.
• Security measures are applied according to the threat
level a system has.
• The first step is to understand the threats, to your
corporate systems. This can be done by a risk analysis
process.
• In this stage remember that security is a business
requirement
37. Creating a DMZ zone
• The first security measure is
to seal the internal network
from the outside world.
• This is performed by
developing a network called
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
• The DMZ contains all the
servers that must be
accessible from the outside
world
• NOTE that we must always
assume that servers in the
DMZ are going to be hacked
at some point.
38. Firewalls
• Firewalls exist into types:
– Packet filters: Are operating on the protocol level. They use
a firewalling policy to allow the packet to pass or to drop the
packet.
– Proxy Servers: They operate at the application level. They
are always located between the user requests and the servers
response. Thus allowing us to enforce policies on which
users can access the internet and on which port.
• Packet Filters are usually located on the router, while
Proxies are installed on computers
• A network may use any number of the previous
depending its size and architecture.
• Known Firewalls are Checkpoint’s Firewall-1, Cisco
PIX, Microsoft’s ISA.
39. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
• Intrusion detection systems are
used to detect attacks to the
network and inform the
administrator.
• IDS are organised into two
categories :
– Signature based : They hold a
database of known attacks and
they test packets against the data
stored in the database.
– Anomaly based: They test the
traffic against anomalies. I.e.
why does the network has so
heavy traffic at 2 in the
morning ?
• When the IDS detects an attack it
inform the administrator with a
number of ways : email, sms,
pager
40. Honey Pots
• These are the sacrificed lamps of a network.
• Honey pots are software programs that when installed on a
computer they can simulate a number of systems i.e.:
• Windows NT Server.
• Unix Server.
• Apache Server
• Microsoft Exchange Server
• These simulated systems look unprotected from the outside
world (i.e. open ports, default accounts, known exploits.
• Hackers scanning for victims detect the simulated systems and
try to hack them. The honey pots allow hackers to enter but
record all their moves and inform the administrator.
• Honey pots can be installed either in the DMZ or in the local
network.
41. Anti sniffing
• The general idea is to make the sniffing host reply to
a message that he should not be able to listen.
– For example creating a packet with a fake MAC address
but with the IP address of the sniffing host. If the host
acknowledges the packet the it is in promiscuous mode.
• Another way is to transmit unencrypted login details
for a fake (honey pot) server to the network. If
someone tries to use this account then someone is
sniffing the network.
• NOTE that using switches instead of hubs will make
a sniffers life much more difficult.
43. Antivirus
• Antivirus programs are known to most users.
• Such programs can be applied either as
– Standalone : Each copy of the program is
responsible of protecting the specific host on
which it is installed.
– Network based : Each copy of the program is
responsible of protecting the specific host, but they
are all managed by a Antivirus Server.
• Note that using an antivirus program without
updating its virus database does not provide
protection
44. Security Awareness
• No matter what security tools are going to
be used, if users do not know about security,
hacks are going to be common.
• There are many ways to educate users on the
issues of security:
– Use of seminars
– Use of posters
– Use of e-mail messages
– Enforce penalties
46. Penetration Testing and Security analyzers
• Security systems must be regularly tested for
flaws.
• These flaws are usually created from bugs in the
software programs, or from bad management (i.e.
bad passwords)
• The process of testing a system is called
penetration testing.
• The process uses a number of hacking / security
programs that test a system for a number of known
flaws and provide advice on securing these flaws