Questions tagged [genetics]
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics.
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Post-Translational Modification in insulin production
When searching "How is insulin produced commercially" on Google, most results simply say something along the lines of "The insulin gene is inserted into a bacteria, which then express ...
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What backbone to use for Helper dependent adenovirus (HDAd)
I have been trying to design a plasmid for a helper dependent adenovirus but while looking i wasn't able to see a backbone specifically for HDAds so I was wondering if a general adenovirus backbone ...
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How to model the relationship between environments based on environmental covariates in a genomic prediction context
I have a dataset with different wheat lines in multiple environments. For each line various traits are measured (e.g. grain yield). I am trying to set up various genomic prediction models (linear ...
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Is it possible to improve metabolic rate through quorum sensing?
I am building a microbial fuel cell unit using mint plant and soil microbes. My goal is to power a LED light using the electricity but the electrify that microbes are so little so I am thinking of ...
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How to understand restriction mapping a quarter of a century later?
Today, biology is virtually all based on massively parallel sequencing, long-strand sequencing, and metagenomic; looking back at old restriction mapping is not straightforward (at least for me).
For ...
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Mechanism of random assortment of chromosomes
How does the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis occur?
I am a mathematician, not a biologist, and I am surprised that it is difficult to find an answer to this question online (AI ...
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About tomatoes pigments, why red tomatoes rather than yellow ones
How the first tomatoes (yellow) that arrived in Europe turned from yellow to red ?
I know the yellow pigment is xantophylle and the red one is lycopene, but my question is, was it an adaptation of the ...
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What has caused my oxeye daisies to mutate?
Some oxeye daisies (Leucanthemum vulgare) in my garden are showing strange mutations. I have a few oxeye daisy plants around my garden in different areas, but only one plant's flowers are showing ...
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Can phenotype change without change in genotype?
If a person with lighter skin is to live in areas close to the equator for a long amount of time, their skin would get darker, and hence their phenotype gets 'altered'.
If I'm to look at their gene ...
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What is a reference strain in DNA-DNA hybridization DNA groups?
Results
DNA groups identified:
All intra-group relatedness values are shown in
Table I.
By means of reference strains, most of the DNA groups could be identified as groups described by Bouvet & ...
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How would you find out which gene is causing a specific phenotype in Drosophila through crosses only?
I'd recently attended an interview and was asked a question I've been trying to get to the bottom of. The question was that there is a mutation in which some smaller drosophila are only attracted to ...
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identification of most Active gene/protein isoform
I am investigating a gene, and on ensemble, it has multiple variants. How can i know which gene or protein isoform is most active?
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Limma - Voom function for microarray data
I am wondering if anyone can have a look at the voom plot I got below and let me know if this is indicative of an issue with my design?
I understand that it should be more of a J-shape rather than a ...
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Are there any completely, or 'true', Mendelian traits that do not display any polygeny at all?
Recently, I learned about polygenic traits and it got me wondering, are there any truly Mendelian traits where the trait displayed exists in a total binary?
I have looked at some questions on the ...
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How to separate two plasmids from E coli with the same backbone?
I'm using transformation-associated recombination (TAR) in yeast to capture a biosynthetic gene cluster (32 kb) by transforming gDNA and a capture vector (11 kb) with homology arms. I identified a ...
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Knock-Out (KO) Mice
We have generated an induced KO mice line for a specific gene. However when i perform IF staining I can still see substantial levels of the protein for this specific gene produced, even though the ...
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How are genetic hallmarks of aging somehow “reset” at conception?
I’m a layman and genuinely curious about this, so forgive me if I use the wrong terminology or obviously don’t know what I’m talking about. Regardless of whether parents have a child at 18 or at 40, ...
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Probability of an $AABbCC$ offspring given the cross $AaBbCc\times AaBbCc$, is my solution correct?
So I have been working through the drills in the 26th edition of AP Biology Prep by The Princeton Review for fun when I came across this question in the Chapter 12 drill that I'm not really sure about ...
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What does it mean when observed genotype frequency is different from expected genotype frequency in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
As I understand it, if a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then the genotype frequencies should be $$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1,$$ given the allele frequencies of $p$ and $q$, which you can figure ...
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In the context of GWAS we have an alternate allele and a reference allele. Why do we only have one possible alternate instead of three?
I recently started analyzing a GWAS summary dataset. It has a column for the reference allele in which it mentions the base in the reference genome.
There is another column for the alternate allele (...
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If you want to understand evolution from a genetics standpoint what are some must reads be it books or textbooks? [closed]
The question basically sums it up. I'm looking for books/textbooks that explain evolution from a genetic perspective.
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Interpretation of narrow-sense heritability over one (using R/S = h^2)
Here is my data:
Mean height score of the total parental population: 5.2
Mean height score of selected parents (those chosen for breeding due to their higher height): 6.4
Mean height score of the ...
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What is important in the Luria-Latarjet effect?
In the seminal paper
Luria, S.E. and Latarjet, R. (1964) “Ultraviolet irradiation of
bacteriophage during intracellular growth”. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States ...
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Evolution of the human Y chromosome
This recent news article suggests the number of genes in human male Y chromosome has steadily been reducing in the Y chromosome for a long time and is in danger of dying out all together.
What I want ...
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Is there a program that demonstrates overall fitness will increase in a population overtime?
Of course this will not always be the case with environmental factors, but generally speaking. I'm searching for a program that shows evolution works from a statistical standpoint.
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What is the word for a small (under 50 bp) structural variant?
What is the word for a small (under 50 bp) SV? Perhaps it is MNV (multi-nucleotide variant)? Something like microindel? I do not like SNV as "single nucleotide" is not really correct and I ...
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Pedigree Analysis
I was doing some pedigree work and couldn't figure out why my answer is wrong. This chart is supposed to be an autosomal Dominant method of inheritance, but I am finding an autosomal recessive pattern ...
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Why do we choose to use agar instead of agarose in various microbial applications?
When performing gel-electrophoresis we always use agarose. Is there a reason we can't perform it using Agar?
And in microbial culture Agar is commonly used as solidifying agent, could this be replaced ...
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Preserving a sample for mtDNA and nuclear DNA analysis
Imagine a person in the early half of the 20th century (1900 to 1950) took some kind of sample(s) from a living human body using any technology of the era. They then stored it using any technology ...
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With CRISPR-mediated gene editing, can the PAM for the guide RNA also be site of the desired edit?
I'm hoping to use CRISPR-Cas9 in yeast to change a single nucleotide in a gene of interest. While there are a couple potential guide RNA sequences I could use, the best option's PAM sequence (TGG) it ...
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Patterns of craniofacial topology
There are animals which are not directly related but have similar craniofacial topology.
For example: koala, donkey, mouse, turtle, parrot all have features seemingly belonging to same topology, ...
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Reading genotype aloud
For this genotype, P2ry12$^{+/+}$ I read it "P2ry12 wild type." For animals with the GFP being expressed under one Cx3cr1 promoter, Cx3cr1$^{+/GFP}$, how do I read that aloud?
What about for:...
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How to resolve the contradiction between the time required for the fixation of neutral mutations and the time available according to the fossil record
More than thirty thousand synonymous single-nucleotide-substitutions have occurred in protein-coding genes in the human genome since the human lineage diverged from the chimp lineage ~7 million years ...
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Why is the expected time to coalesce the same as the ploidy times inbreeding effective population size?
The expected time to coalesce, in generations, is the same as the ploidy (e.g., 2 for humans) times Nef, the inbreeding effective population size, under coalescent
theory. Why?
Both ploidy * Nef and ...
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Have there ever been "half-twins" who were halfway between siblings and twins?
Have there ever been two human siblings who were 75% or more genetically related?
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Has perturbation theory been applied to mutation process frameworks?
For example, imagine this Feynman diagram:
This is analogous to mutational homoplasy.
When comparing haplotypes, there are many possible tree topologies. Under maximum parsimony, we ignore suboptimal ...
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How exactly are the eye color genes related?
How exactly are the gey (maybe aka EYCL1?), bey(2?) (aka EYCL3?), HERC2, and OCA2 genes related to each other? There are numerous sources that explain eye color in terms of OCA2's role in the creation ...
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What are the chances that two children of the same couple will have the same genes without being identical twins?
If I randomly select half the chromosomes of the male and female eventually I will select the same exact half for both a second time. How often does this occur? Is this considered a twin if it is born ...
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How did the Zinder-Lederberg experiment on Transduction work?
In the paper that introduced TRANSDUCTION (J Bacteriol. 1952 Nov;64(5):679-699), Lederberg and his student Zinder reported that S. typhimurium
"LT-22 is lysogenic for a virus active on LT-2. ...
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Bacteria genetic screen for mutants
Is there a simple screen for bacterial mutants with increased mutation rates? For example, detection of some loss-of-function mutation that causes increased mutation rates.
Any screen I can think of (...
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Change of DNA concentration due to restriction digest?
Assume that you perform a restriction digest in a molecular biology lab: you combine genomic DNA, a restriction endonuclease (e.g., EcoRI), and the optimal buffer for that endonuclease and are about ...
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Coefficient of fraternity between grandparent and grandchild from full-sib parents
I have the following pedigree and I would like to calculate the coefficient of fraternity between individual 1 and 5. R/AGHmatrix::Amatrix gives a coefficient of 0 for this pair. Shouldn't it be non-...
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Gene Mapping - Please explain in Lay terms
Taking an AP bio course, and for some reason I cannot comprehend the mechanism of how one determines the location of alleles on a chromosome. The math is simple and I can memorize it, but its bugging ...
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What software can be used for simulating human meiosis, taking linkage and recombination into account?
I want to study the nature of genetic variation in offspring from the same set of human parents. To this end, I would like to take two (male and female) complete genomes, generate gametes from them, ...
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Is there any objective way to describe ethnicity?
Is there any objective way to describe ethnicity that does not rely on arbitrary sociocultural concepts like referring to racial constructs, modern nations like “Spanish”, or even continents like “...
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Is there a convention regarding the use of forward vs reverse DNA strand to represent DNA sequence?
I see in this paper the notation IL-1A C[-889]T which suggests that for this gene, the reference allele is C and the variant is T.
However, when I look up the same gene on dbSNP, it says the alleles ...
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How to calculate df in the chi-square test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? [closed]
We often use df=1 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when there are only two alleles. Some people say that it's because we've used the frequency of two alleles when calculating the expectated values, while ...
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Why is the maximum propotion of MII 2/3 in the ordered tetrad analysis? How is it different from normal recombination?
My textbook says that the maximum propotion of MII gametes in the ordered tetrad analysis is 2/3, and if we put it into the formula RF(recombination frequency)=MII/2(MI+MII), we can find out that the ...
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Are Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assessment for two alleles on one loci or two locus?
Are Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assessment for two alleles on one loci or two locus? For instance, when the video says BB Bb bb https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-selection/hardy-...
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Is there potential to modify GM crops to inhibit their reproduction with non-GM crops?
I've been reading on terminator gene sequences and was wondering whether the same technology could be applied to GM crops to prevent transgene flow. Turns out Monsanto had developed the technology but ...
