Version Control with Git for Beginners
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This document provides instructions on installing and using basic version control functionality with Git. It covers downloading and verifying Git installation, initializing and committing to a Git repository, viewing commit history and file status, staging and unstaging files, reverting and resetting commits, and tagging commits. The key points are initializing a Git repository, making commits to track changes over time, and various commands to move between commits, view history, and recover from mistakes.
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Version Control with Git for Beginners
- 2. Installation Windows: http://msysgit.github.io/ Mac: http://code.google.com/p/git-osx-installer Linux (Debian/Ubuntu): apt-get install git-core gitk Linux (Fedora): yum install git gitk
- 3. Verify installation Windows: Open "Git Bash" Mac/Linux: Open your terminal To verify, run: $ git --version
- 4. Yes, we are going to use the command line today Feel free to use graphical interfaces after you learn the basics.
- 5. Initial Setup $ git config --global user.name "Your Name" $ git config --global user.email "your_email@whatever.com" Windows: $ git config --global core.autocrlf true $ git config --global core.safecrlf true Linux/Mac: $ git config --global core.autocrlf input $ git config --global core.safecrlf true
- 7. Version Control aka Revision Control
- 8. Version Control aka Revision Control aka How we do things in the Real World
- 9. Sharing Code
- 10. Working as a Team
- 12. Version Control
- 17. Wait a minute...
- 21. Enough talk. Let's begin...
- 22. Create your first repository $ mkdir devcon-git101 $ cd devcon-git101 $ git init
- 23. Create your first repository $ mkdir devcon-git101 $ cd devcon-git101 $ git init
- 24. Create your first repository $ mkdir devcon-git101 $ cd devcon-git101 $ git init Here we create a project folder
- 25. Create your first repository $ mkdir devcon-git101 $ cd devcon-git101 … Then we initialize it as a git repository. $ git init
- 26. Create your first repository $ mkdir devcon-git101 $ cd devcon-git101 … Then we initialize it as a git repository. $ git init Git can now track the changes inside our project folder.
- 27. Create your first commit First create a file "hello.txt" containing: Hello Then run the following commands: $ git add hello.txt $ git commit -m "Initial Commit"
- 28. View the repository history $ git log (press q to exit)
- 29. View the pretty repo history $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline (press q to exit)
- 30. Ah, what the hell... Windows/Linux: $ gitk Mac: $ gitx
- 31. Create your second commit Modify "hello.txt" to add "world": Hello World! Then run the following commands: $ git add hello.txt $ git commit -m "Make hello.txt more exciting"
- 32. View the updated history Windows/Linux: $ gitk Mac: $ gitx
- 37. 6fba518 Initial Commit object name ● �� aka object id, commit hash SHA-1 hash / checksum for verifying the integrity of the contents of the commit Calculated based on file contents and metadata like last updated date i.e. yours will be different
- 38. e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 39. e642771 No, this is not a mistake; commits refer to their parent(s), not the other way around. Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 40. Commit multiple files Create a file "names.txt" containing: Alice Bob Cindy
- 41. Commit multiple files Create a file "numbers.txt" containing: 3 9 16 12 8.2 4
- 42. Commit multiple files Run the following commands: $ git add names.txt numbers.txt $ git commit -m "Create 2 files in a single commit"
- 43. e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 44. Each commit deals with a set of files 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit 2 files created e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 1 file modified 6fba518 Initial Commit 1 file created
- 45. We've covered "Save", but before we move on to "Load"...
- 47. File Status (all unmodified) $ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean
- 48. File Status (untracked) Create a file "animals.txt" containing: Dogs Cats Mice
- 49. File Status (untracked) $ git status # On branch master # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # animals.txt nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
- 50. File Status (untracked and modified) Modify "names.txt" to add "Janet": Alice Bob Janet Cindy
- 51. File Status (untracked and modified) $ git status # On branch master # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: names.txt # # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # animals.txt no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
- 52. File Status (untracked and staged) $ git add names.txt $ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # modified: names.txt # # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # animals.txt
- 53. File Status (commit staged) $ git commit -m "Add Janet" [master 5e545ed] Add Janet 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) $ git status # On branch master # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # animals.txt
- 54. Shortcuts
- 55. Stage a folder Modify "names.txt" to add "Ramon": Alice Ramon Bob Janet Cindy
- 56. Stage a folder $ $ # # # # # # # git add . git status On branch master Changes to be committed: (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) new file: modified: animals.txt names.txt
- 57. Unstage a file $ git reset HEAD names.txt Unstaged changes after reset: M names.txt $ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: animals.txt # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: names.txt #
- 58. Unmodify a file $ git checkout -- names.txt $ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: animals.txt #
- 59. do it again... Modify "names.txt" to add "Ramon": Alice Ramon Bob Janet Cindy
- 60. Stage and commit EVERYTHING (except untracked files) $ git commit -a -m "Commit unrelated changes.. DON'T DO THIS" [master 61f1cd8] Commit unrelated changes.. DON'T DO THIS 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+) create mode 100644 animals.txt $ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean Note: using "-a" will also stage moved and renamed files.
- 61. Amend last commit $ git commit -m "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" --amend [master 3a0eac3] Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+) create mode 100644 animals.txt
- 62. On to "Load"...
- 63. 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 64. HEAD 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 65. Create a reverting commit $ git revert HEAD --no-edit [master 2a1b52e] Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 2 files changed, 4 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 animals.txt
- 66. HEAD 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 67. HEAD 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 68. Move HEAD to a commit discarding changes $ git reset --hard 7c57165 HEAD is now at 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit (You can use the first few characters of the object ID instead of the 40 characters)
- 69. HEAD 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 70. 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting HEAD
- 71. View history $ * * * git log 7c57165 e642771 6fba518 --graph --pretty=format:'%h %s%d' --all Create 2 files in a single commit (HEAD, master) Make hello.txt more exciting Initial Commit or $ gitk --all
- 72. HEAD 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 73. Move HEAD to a commit $ git reset --hard 2a1b52e HEAD is now at 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS"
- 74. HEAD 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 75. 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting HEAD
- 76. HEAD 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 77. Unreferenced commits will not show up in the history. Coincidentally, we can use Tags to refer to a commit.
- 78. Tagging $ git tag tagging-demo
- 79. HEAD 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 80. tagging-demo HEAD 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting
- 81. Going back... $ git reset --hard 7c57165 HEAD is now at 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit
- 82. tagging-demo 2a1b52e Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" 3a0eac3 Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS 5e545ed Add Janet 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting HEAD
- 83. View history $ * * * * * * git log 2a1b52e 3a0eac3 5e545ed 7c57165 e642771 6fba518 --graph --pretty=format:'%h %s%d' --all Revert "Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS" (tagging-demo) Commit unrelated changes... DON'T DO THIS Add Janet Create 2 files in a single commit (HEAD, master) Make hello.txt more exciting Initial Commit or $ gitk --all
- 84. Wrapping up, tag current... $ git tag end-part1
- 85. ...and unreference PDAF $ git tag -d tagging-demo Deleted tag 'tagging-demo' (was 2a1b52e)
- 86. end-part1 HEAD 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 87. Best Practices
- 88. Write good commit messages You should be able to get an idea what changed and why just by looking at the commit messages
- 89. Commit related changes This would make it easier to roll back changes
- 90. Commit often
- 91. Do not commit generated files E.g. compiled bytecode or executables, log files, temporary files, etc.
- 92. Do not commit sensitive information E.g. passwords, settings. You can, however, commit templates.
- 93. Helpful Stuff that we will not explain in detail...
- 95. git stash
- 96. git blame
- 97. Summary of Commands git init - initialize repository git add - add files/folders to staging git commit - commit files in staging git status - view status of repository git log / gitk - view history of repository git revert - unstage files git reset - move HEAD to another commit git tag - tag a commit
- 98. Summary of Command Variations git commit -a - auto-stage all deleted, moved, modified gitk --all / git log --all - include all branches, tags git tag -d - delete tag
- 100. Reason #2: Backup
- 101. Reason #2: Backup
- 103. If we were pressed for time... Register at GitHub ● Learn git clone ● Learn git push / git pull ● Learn how to fix merge conflicts ●
- 104. ...but we're not, so let's first discuss something that will help us later on.
- 105. Branching
- 106. File Status (all unmodified) $ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean
- 107. File Status (all unmodified) $ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean
- 108. end-part1 HEAD 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 109. HEAD end-part1 master 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 110. HEAD end-part1 master in other version control systems, master is called trunk 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 111. Create a branch $ git branch testing
- 112. HEAD end-part1 master 7c57165 Create 2 files in a single commit e642771 Make hello.txt more exciting 6fba518 Initial Commit
- 114. Switch to branch $ git checkout testing Switched to branch 'testing' $ git status # On branch testing nothing to commit, working directory clean
- 117. Commit to new branch Modify "names.txt" to add "Eve": Alice Bob Cindy Eve
- 118. Commit to new branch $ git commit -am "Add Eve" [testing cdd47c2] Add Eve 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) $ gitk
- 122. Switch back to master $ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master'
- 125. Difference between log --all vs normal log $ gitk
- 127. Difference between log --all vs normal log $ gitk --all
- 129. Commit to master Modify "names.txt" to add "Billy": Alice Billy Bob Cindy $ git commit -am "Add Billy" [master cc3044c] Add Billy 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- 132. Shortcut: create and switch $ git checkout -b testing2 Switched to branch 'testing2'
- 135. Commit to testing2 Modify "names.txt" to add "Dave": Alice Billy Bob Cindy Dave $ git commit -am "Add Dave" [testing2 80414cf] Add Dave 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- 138. yay, mukha nang puno
- 139. Go back to master $ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' $ gitk --all
- 141. Merge another branch $ git merge testing Auto-merging names.txt Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. names.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- 144. Merge Conflict $ git merge testing2 Auto-merging names.txt CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in names.txt Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
- 145. Merge Conflict Open names.txt: Alice Billy Bob Cindy <<<<<<< HEAD Eve ======= Dave >>>>>>> testing2
- 146. Merge Conflict Open names.txt: Alice Billy Bob Cindy <<<<<<< HEAD Eve ======= Dave >>>>>>> testing2 version from HEAD i.e master
- 147. Merge Conflict Open names.txt: Alice Billy Bob Cindy <<<<<<< HEAD Eve ======= Dave >>>>>>> testing2 version from testing2
- 148. Resolving Merge Conflict Edit names.txt removing the markers: Alice Billy Bob Cindy Dave Eve
- 149. Resolving Merge Conflict Commit the resolved merge conflict $ git commit -am "Merge branch 'testing2' and fix conflict" [master 07e83b3] Merge branch 'testing2' and fix conflict
- 151. master HEAD 07e83b3 Merge branch 'testing2' and fix conflict f56f4fa Merge branch 'testing' testing2 80414cf cc3044c 7c57165 e642771 cdd47c2 end-part1 testing
- 152. Another way to merge: Rebasing
- 153. Working on two branches $ git checkout -b merging-demo Switched to a new branch 'merging-demo'
- 154. Commit to merging-demo Modify "names.txt" to remove "Alice": Billy Bob Cindy Dave Eve $ git commit -am "Remove Alice" [merging-demo 00b26cb] Remove Alice 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
- 155. Commit to merging-demo Modify "names.txt" to remove "Cindy": Billy Bob Dave Eve $ git commit -am "Remove Cindy" [merging-demo b115e79] Remove Cindy 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
- 156. Switch back to master $ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master'
- 157. Commit to master Modify "numbers.txt" to remove "8.2": 3 9 16 12 4 $ git commit -am "Remove 8.2" [master 0c1f192] Remove 8.2 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
- 158. Commit to master Modify "numbers.txt" to remove "9": 3 16 12 4 $ git commit -am "Remove 9" [master bc3583d] Remove 9 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
- 161. Rebasing $ git rebase merging-demo First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: Remove 8.2 Applying: Remove 9
- 166. Later na lang yung merge vs rebase
- 167. Malapit na tayo mag-Github, but first...
- 168. Remote Repositories
- 169. Clone into another folder $ cd .. $ git clone devcon-git101 git101 Cloning into 'git101'... done.
- 170. Check the clone repo $ cd git101 $ gitk
- 173. Show remote repos $ git remote origin
- 174. "origin" remote repo (default repo referring to the repo's origin) $ git remote show origin * remote origin Fetch URL: c:/Users/user/devcon-git101 Push URL: c:/Users/user/devcon-git101 HEAD branch: master Remote branches: master tracked merging-demo tracked testing tracked testing2 tracked Local branch configured for 'git pull': master merges with remote master Local ref configured for 'git push': master pushes to master (up to date)
- 177. Fetching demo Go back to /devcon-git101 (either open a new terminal/Git Bash window) and modify "names.txt" to add Greg: Billy Bob Dave Eve Greg $ git commit -am "Add Greg" [master cf5f902] Add Greg 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- 180. Fetching demo Go back to git101 and fetch the changes: $ cd ../git101 $ git fetch remote: Counting objects: 5, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done. From c:/Users/user/devcon-git101 73dd819..cf5f902 master -> origin/master
- 183. Merge the fetched branch $ git merge origin/master Updating 73dd819..cf5f902 Fast-forward names.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- 185. A fast-forward occurs when you merge a branch which has HEAD as an ancestor. In this case, only the references are affected. remotes/origin/ master HEAD master master /devcon-git101 /git101 HEAD
- 186. Shortcut $ git fetch $ git merge origin/master is equivalent to $ git pull if you're in master branch. We'll discuss more of this later.
- 187. Now that we understand the basic idea behind remote repos, let's proceed to Github... Sign-up at https://github.com
- 188. There are multiple ways to authenticate users in Git. We'll discuss the most secure one: via SSH keys.
- 191. Authentication via Password username + password Client sends credentials Server verifies password DB
- 192. Authentication via Password username + password Client sends credentials can be intercepted e.g. FTP Server verifies password DB
- 193. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) Client has 2 "keys" private key public key Server
- 194. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) Client has 2 "keys" private key public key Server has a list of authorized keys
- 195. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) First, the public key must be sent to the server securely beforehand. Client has 2 "keys" private key public key Server has a list of authorized keys
- 196. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) Using the private key, client can create a package that can only be unlocked by the corresponding public key and only that public key. Client private key public key Server has a list of authorized keys
- 197. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) Using the private key, client can create a package that can only be unlocked by the corresponding public key and only that public key. Client private key public key Server has a list of authorized keys
- 198. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) Using the private key, client can create a package that can only be unlocked by the corresponding public key and only that public key. Client private key public key Server has a list of authorized keys
- 199. Authentication via SSH Key (oversimplified) Using the private key, client can create a package that can only be unlocked by the corresponding public key and only that public key. Client private key public key doesn't matter if intercepted since they still need to crack it. Server has a list of authorized keys
- 200. How to generate your SSH Keys: https://help.github.com/articles/generating-ssh-keys Also, follow the steps to add your public key to Github.
- 201. If you want to be secure, use a passphrase. However, if you're using Windows, you will need to enter it every time you run a git command that connects to Github.
- 202. Fortunately, there is a workaround that will only require you to enter it once per session. http://stackoverflow.com/a/9011152
- 203. Create a repo in Github for devcon-git101 https://github.com/new
- 204. Pushing devcon-git101 Go back to devcon-git101 and push it to your new repo (use SSH url) $ git remote add origin git@github.com:user/devcon-git101.git $ git push -u origin master Warning: Permanently added the RSA host key for IP address '192.30.252.130' to the list of known hosts. Enter passphrase for key '/c/Users/user/.ssh/id_rsa': Counting objects: 40, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (24/24), done. Writing objects: 100% (40/40), 3.41 KiB, done. Total 40 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0) To git@github.com:user/devcon-git101.git * [new branch] master -> master Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin.
- 205. git push Note that "git push" only pushes a single branch. If you want to push all branches you can use: $ git push REMOTE --all If you want to push all tags you can use: $ git push REMOTE --tags
- 206. Clone into another folder $ cd .. $ git clone git@github.com:user/devcon-git101.git github-git101 Cloning into 'github-git101'... remote: Counting objects: 40, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (21/21), done. remote: Total 40 (delta 3), reused 40 (delta 3) Receiving objects: 100% (40/40), done. Resolving deltas: 100% (3/3), done. done.
- 207. play time With the cloned folder, you can now play around with certain collaboration scenarios. For example: 1. Make some changes in /devcon-git101 2. Commit it via "git commit" 3. Push it to the repo at Github via "git push" 4. Go to /github-git101 and pull the changes via "git pull"
- 208. Want to let someone else push to your repo? Go to the repo Settings → Collaborators and add your friends.
- 209. Push/Pull You'll quickly notice that git push only allows fast-forward changes to be pushed. In simpler terms, you cannot push until you pull the latest changes from the remote.
- 210. pull + rebase Want to get rid of the distracting merge commits whenever you pull when you have pending commits? Tell git to rebase instead of merging: $ git pull --rebase origin master
- 211. Best Practices
- 212. merge vs rebase The problem with rebase is that you can overwrite commits already on the remote repository and this can affect your team. That said, people generally use rebase when working together on a single branch (e.g. git pull --rebase origin master) and merge when merging branches.
- 213. Project Workflow Here's the most basic workflow for working with with others through version control systems: 1. Double check if the project work e.g. compiles, pages load, etc. 2. Stage and commit your changes. 3. Before pushing, pull changes from the remote project repo. If there are no changes, skip to step 5. 4. Resolve conflicts, if any, then go back to step 1. 5. Push your changes.
- 214. Communicate! Version control systems aims to improve communication between team members, not replace it. Always consult with the other person whenever you encounter a merge conflict.
- 215. Broken Builds To repeat step 1: 1. Double check if the project work e.g. compiles, pages load, etc. Broken builds are what we call published commits that have obvious critical, show-stopping bugs. That said, it's better to delay pushing your commits to spend more time making sure that the project works rather than waste everyone's time.
- 216. Work in Progress Avoid publishing half-done work as it can lead to broken builds. If you need to push those changes (e.g. you want a backup), put them in a branch then push that branch. Or consider using git stash.
- 217. Helpful Stuff that we will still not explain in detail...
- 218. Graphical Git Tools
- 219. Client - Server VCS vs Distributed VCS
- 221. Backups
- 222. GitHub as a Project Management Tool
- 223. GitHub as a Project Management Tool for Open Source Projects
- 224. GitHub as a Portfolio
- 225. Branches + Workflow
- 226. Tagging + Deployment
- 227. Free Private Repos Since Github is only free for public repos, you might want to look into the following to keep your source code private: Assembla (https://www.assembla.com) - 1 private repo, limited to 3 collaborators BitBucket (https://bitbucket.org/) - Unlimited private repos, limited to 5 collaborators Github Educational Accounts (https://github.com/edu) - free accounts for students and teachers
- 228. Summary of Commands git branch - list, create, or delete branches git checkout - checkout a branch or a path git merge - merge two or more branches git rebase - move commits to the end of a branch git clone - make a local copy of a repository git remote - list, create, or delete remote repos git fetch - retrieve objects/changes from a repository git pull - fetch + merge or rebase git push - publish local commits to a remote
- 229. Summary of Command Variations git checkout -b - create and checkout branch git remote add - add a new remote repository to track git remote rm - remove remote repository git pull --rebase - rebase instead of merge when pulling
- 230. Commands that I use everyday git pull --rebase git add git commit -am "blah blah" gitk / git log / git status / git diff git push
- 231. Commands that I use less often git clone git remote add git remote -v git checkout <branch> git rebase <branch> / git merge <branch> git checkout -- <path> git reset --hard <hash> git revert
- 232. Thank You For Listening!