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Making sense of microservices,
service mesh, and serverless
@christianposta
Christian Posta
Chief Architect, cloud application development
Twitter: @christianposta
Blog: http://blog.christianposta.com
Email: christian@redhat.com
Slides: http://slideshare.net/ceposta
• Author “Microservices for Java developers”
and “Introducing Istio Service Mesh”
• Committer/contributor lots of open-source projects
• Blogger, speaker, mentor, leader
Microservice
A highly distracting word that serves to confuse developers, architects,
and IT leaders into believing that we can actually have a utopian application
architecture.
@christianposta
Microservice
A highly distracting word that serves to confuse developers, architects,
and IT leaders into believing that we can actually have a utopian application
architecture.
An architecture optimization that treats the modules of an application
as independently owned and deployed services for the purposes of
increasing an organization’s velocity
@christianposta

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Microservices is about optimizing for speed.
@christianposta
Why would one implement a system
as microservices?
@christianposta
Pain we may feel…
• Making changes in one place negatively affects
unrelated areas
• Low confidence making changes that don’t break
things
• Spend lots of time trying to coordinate work between
team members
• Structure in the application has eroded or is non-
existant
• We have no way to quantify how long code merges will@christianposta
• Development time is slow simply because the project is
so big (IDE bogs down, running tests is slow, slow
bootstrap time, etc)
• Changes to one module force changes across other
modules
• Difficult to sunset outdated technology
• We’ve built our new applications around old premises
like batch processing
• Application steps on itself at runtime managing
resources, allocations, computations
Pain we may feel…

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Is our application architecture the bottleneck
for being able to go faster?
@christianposta
“No”, “Not really”, “Not yet”… then stop
Go find out what is. Improve that. Then come back.
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http://blog.gardeviance.org/2012/06/pioneers-settlers-and-town-planners.html
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MVP tests,
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small apps
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you have to
write an app),
leverage
serverless?
possibly…
Product
development,
initial scale
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perfectly okay!!
Microservices?
possibly…)
Starting to feel
the weight of
maintenance,
need to shoot for
efficiencies,
integrate new
approaches to
increase revenue
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land)
http://blog.gardeviance.org/2012/06/pioneers-settlers-and-town-planners.html
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hypothesis
• You’re building a CRUD application
• Your application is simple
• Your system doesn’t have > 10 people all trying to
coordinate to work on it
• Your application doesn’t need to scale
• You deliver packaged software
• You’re building HPC systems
https://www.infoq.com/articles/cloud-native-panel
"Cloud native” describes applications, architectures,
platforms/infrastructure, and processes, that together
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and reduce uncertainty.
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New challenges in a cloudy, services world
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• Timeouts
• Load balancing
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…continued
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• Deadlines
• Back pressure
• Outlier detection
• Health checking
• Traffic shaping
• Request shadowing
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…continued
• Edge/DMZ routing
• Surgical / fine / per-request routing
• A/B rollout
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• Fault injection
• Stats, metric, collection
• Logging
• Tracing

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• A single language doesn’t fit for all use cases
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● Don’t adopt all functionality of a service mesh all at once
● Service mesh will impact a lot of areas in your organization;
slowly introduce capabilities based on biggest wins
● Start by introducing gateways/proxies to collect metrics and
go from there
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more releases before putting it into production
Guidelines
Demo?
http://bit.ly/istio-tutorial
@christianposta
Another option?
Serverless: outsourcing core infrastructure services to
cloud providers and stitching it all together through APIs
(and functions) to deliver business value
Service Full?
https://www.slideshare.net/jedi4ever/from-serverless-to-service-full-how-the-role-of-devops-is-evolving

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This document introduces Microsoft Flow and Azure Functions. It provides an overview of each tool, including how Flow allows non-developers to create workflows across various services, while Azure Functions allows developers to write pieces of code that can be triggered to run in the cloud. The document also demonstrates how to build a workflow in Flow and create a function in Azure. It discusses best practices for integrating Flow and Functions together through webhooks or APIs.

microsoft flowazure functionsserverless
How do we drive tech changes
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This slide is translated version. Originally it was written in Korean. (http://www.slideshare.net/saltynut/how-do-we-drive-tech-changes ) It describes how do we drive technical changes onto our organizations had used old-fashioned java combinations(Java 1.6+Spring 3.x+MyBatis) and monolithic architecture. Key point is what we need to do to drive changes, and I'll discuss what we did during Phase1 and what we are doing at Phase 2 for architecture, frontend, backend, methodologies/process. Phase1 - Architecture : Frontend / Backend Separation - Frontend : Angular.js, Grunt, Bower - Backend : Java 1.7/Spring4, ORM - Methodology/Process : Scrum, Git Phase2 - Architecture : Micro-Service Architecture(MSA) - Frontend : Content Router, E2E Test - Backend : Polyglot, Multi-Framework - Methodology/Process : Scrum+JIRA, Git Branch Policy, Pair Programming, Code Workshop

architecturemicroservice architecturemsa
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This document summarizes Tim Hobson's experiences using Spring Boot to develop QuickBooks Self-Employed. Some key points: - Spring Boot allowed for rapid prototyping and helped establish patterns early in development. The product launched on time with continuous new feature releases. - The lack of XML configuration, auto-configuration features, and starter dependencies significantly improved developer productivity. - Customizations were required for security, batch processing, testing mocks, and DevOps/monitoring but Spring Boot provided capabilities to support these needs. - Overall the experience with Spring Boot was very positive and enabled the QuickBooks Self-Employed product to successfully launch and scale.

spring boot
● Pay only for usage without
regard for topology
(Serverless)
● Event driven by nature
● On demand
● Write only code, heavy lifting is
handled for you
● High parallelization
● High utilization
Functions as a Service (FaaS)
● Usually not well understood
● MVPs are throwaway
● Usage patterns unknown
● Adoption unpredictable
Exploratory use cases
● Low number of hours/minutes of use
● Event-driven, spikey utilization
● Lots of compute for very short period of time
● Latency/startup time okay
Under-utilization use cases
● Webhook callbacks
● Scheduled tasks
● File processing
● Reacting to database changes
● Limited stream processing
Limited integration use cases

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Developer's time is the most crucial resource in an enterprise IT organization. Too much time is spent on undifferentiated heavy lifting and in the world of APIs and microservices much of that is spent on non-functional, cross-cutting networking requirements like security, observability, and resilience. As organizations reconcile their DevOps practices into Platform Engineering, tools like Istio help alleviate developer pain. In this talk we dig into what that pain looks like, how much it costs, and how Istio has solved these concerns by examining three real-life use cases. As this space continues to emerge, and innovation has not slowed, we will also discuss the recently announced Istio sidecar-less mode which significantly reduces the hurdles to adopt Istio within Kubernetes or outside Kubernetes.

platform engineeringistiokubernetes
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ciliumistiokubernetes
● Improve automation and ability to deploy software quickly
● Leverage cloud platforms
● Use microservices when your application architecture has
become a bottleneck
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● Use monoliths/start simple when exploring new problem
domains
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integration
Recommendations
Thanks!
BTW: Hand drawn diagrams made with Paper by FiftyThree.com 
Twitter: @christianposta
Blog: http://blog.christianposta.com
Email: christian@redhat.com
Slides: http://slideshare.net/cepostaFollow up links:
• http://launch.openshift.io
• http://istio.io
• http://envoyproxy.io
• http://developers.redhat.com/blog
• http://blog.christianposta.com/istio-workshop/slides/
• http://blog.openshift.com
• https://www.redhat.com/en/open-innovation-labs

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Making sense of microservices, service mesh, and serverless

  • 1. Making sense of microservices, service mesh, and serverless @christianposta
  • 2. Christian Posta Chief Architect, cloud application development Twitter: @christianposta Blog: http://blog.christianposta.com Email: christian@redhat.com Slides: http://slideshare.net/ceposta • Author “Microservices for Java developers” and “Introducing Istio Service Mesh” • Committer/contributor lots of open-source projects • Blogger, speaker, mentor, leader
  • 3. Microservice A highly distracting word that serves to confuse developers, architects, and IT leaders into believing that we can actually have a utopian application architecture. @christianposta
  • 4. Microservice A highly distracting word that serves to confuse developers, architects, and IT leaders into believing that we can actually have a utopian application architecture. An architecture optimization that treats the modules of an application as independently owned and deployed services for the purposes of increasing an organization’s velocity @christianposta
  • 5. Microservices is about optimizing for speed. @christianposta
  • 6. Why would one implement a system as microservices? @christianposta
  • 7. Pain we may feel… • Making changes in one place negatively affects unrelated areas • Low confidence making changes that don’t break things • Spend lots of time trying to coordinate work between team members • Structure in the application has eroded or is non- existant • We have no way to quantify how long code merges will@christianposta
  • 8. • Development time is slow simply because the project is so big (IDE bogs down, running tests is slow, slow bootstrap time, etc) • Changes to one module force changes across other modules • Difficult to sunset outdated technology • We’ve built our new applications around old premises like batch processing • Application steps on itself at runtime managing resources, allocations, computations Pain we may feel…
  • 9. Ask a very honest, and critical, question: Is our application architecture the bottleneck for being able to go faster? @christianposta
  • 10. “No”, “Not really”, “Not yet”… then stop Go find out what is. Improve that. Then come back.
  • 11. @christianposta Pioneers, Settlers, Town Planners http://blog.gardeviance.org/2012/06/pioneers-settlers-and-town-planners.html
  • 14. MVP tests, experiments, small apps (co-locate if you have to write an app), leverage serverless? possibly… Product development, initial scale (co-locate perfectly okay!! Microservices? possibly…) Starting to feel the weight of maintenance, need to shoot for efficiencies, integrate new approaches to increase revenue (microservices land) http://blog.gardeviance.org/2012/06/pioneers-settlers-and-town-planners.html
  • 15. DON’T optimize for microservices if… • You’re building a Minimum Viable Product (MVP), testing a hypothesis • You’re building a CRUD application • Your application is simple • Your system doesn’t have > 10 people all trying to coordinate to work on it • Your application doesn’t need to scale • You deliver packaged software • You’re building HPC systems
  • 16. https://www.infoq.com/articles/cloud-native-panel "Cloud native” describes applications, architectures, platforms/infrastructure, and processes, that together make it economical to work in small batches to learn and reduce uncertainty. @christianposta
  • 18. @christianposta Come on… how hard can it be!?
  • 21. As we move to services architectures, we push the complexity to the space between our services. @christianposta
  • 22. New challenges in a cloudy, services world • Service discovery • Retries • Timeouts • Load balancing • Rate limiting • Thread bulk heading • Circuit breaking @christianposta
  • 23. …continued • Routing between services (adaptive, zone-aware) • Deadlines • Back pressure • Outlier detection • Health checking • Traffic shaping • Request shadowing @christianposta
  • 24. …continued • Edge/DMZ routing • Surgical / fine / per-request routing • A/B rollout • Internal releases / dark launches • Fault injection • Stats, metric, collection • Logging • Tracing
  • 26. • Netflix Hystrix (circuit breaking / bulk heading) • Netflix Zuul (edge router) • Netflix Ribbon (client-side service discovery / load balance) • Netflix Eureka (service discovery registry) • Brave / Zipkin (tracing) • Netflix spectator / atlas (metrics) “Microservices” patterns @christianposta
  • 27. But I’m using Spring! • spring-cloud-netflix-hystrix • spring-cloud-netflix-zuul • spring-cloud-netflix-eureka-client • spring-cloud-netflix-ribbon • spring-cloud-netflix-atlas • spring-cloud-netflix-spectator • spring-cloud-netflix-hystrix-stream • ….. • ...... • @Enable....150differentThings
  • 28. But I’m using Vert.x! • vertx-circuit-breaker • vertx-service-discovery • vertx-dropwizard-metrics • vertx-zipkin? • ….. • ...... @christianposta
  • 29. Screw Java - I’m using NodeJS! JavaScript is for rookies, I use Go! But python is so pretty! I prefer unreadability… Perl for me! @christianposta
  • 30. • Require specific language to bring in new services • A single language doesn’t fit for all use cases • How do you patch/upgrade/manage lifecycle? • Need strict control over application library choices • Inconsistent implementations • Incorrect implementations Some drawbacks to this approach? @christianposta
  • 31. What if we could push these concerns to the cloud platform / infrastructure? @christianposta
  • 33. Meet Istio.io http://istio.io A service mesh for cloud-native applications
  • 34. A service mesh is decentralized application- networking infrastructure between your services that provides resiliency, security, observability, and routing control. A service mesh is comprised of a data plane and control plane. @christianposta Time for definitions:
  • 35. “mesh” part of service mesh
  • 38. What does Istio do for you? • App Resilience • Request-level control • Graduated deployment and release • Service observability • Cluster reliability • Chaos testing • Policy enforcement
  • 39. Resilience with timeouts, retries, budgets, circuit breakers, service discovery, etc @christianposta
  • 40. Zone aware, sophisticated client-side load balancing @christianposta
  • 41. Fine-grained traffic control and routing @christianposta
  • 43. Secure transport with mTLS @christianposta
  • 44. Metrics, logs, distributed tracing out of the box http://bit.ly/application-networking
  • 45. ● Don’t adopt all functionality of a service mesh all at once ● Service mesh will impact a lot of areas in your organization; slowly introduce capabilities based on biggest wins ● Start by introducing gateways/proxies to collect metrics and go from there ● Install and manage Istio in lower environments, wait a few more releases before putting it into production Guidelines
  • 47. @christianposta Another option? Serverless: outsourcing core infrastructure services to cloud providers and stitching it all together through APIs (and functions) to deliver business value
  • 49. ● Pay only for usage without regard for topology (Serverless) ● Event driven by nature ● On demand ● Write only code, heavy lifting is handled for you ● High parallelization ● High utilization Functions as a Service (FaaS)
  • 50. ● Usually not well understood ● MVPs are throwaway ● Usage patterns unknown ● Adoption unpredictable Exploratory use cases
  • 51. ● Low number of hours/minutes of use ● Event-driven, spikey utilization ● Lots of compute for very short period of time ● Latency/startup time okay Under-utilization use cases
  • 52. ● Webhook callbacks ● Scheduled tasks ● File processing ● Reacting to database changes ● Limited stream processing Limited integration use cases
  • 53. ● Improve automation and ability to deploy software quickly ● Leverage cloud platforms ● Use microservices when your application architecture has become a bottleneck ● Take a piece by piece approach to adopting service mesh ● Use monoliths/start simple when exploring new problem domains ● Use serverless for exploration, spikey, and service- integration Recommendations
  • 54. Thanks! BTW: Hand drawn diagrams made with Paper by FiftyThree.com  Twitter: @christianposta Blog: http://blog.christianposta.com Email: christian@redhat.com Slides: http://slideshare.net/cepostaFollow up links: • http://launch.openshift.io • http://istio.io • http://envoyproxy.io • http://developers.redhat.com/blog • http://blog.christianposta.com/istio-workshop/slides/ • http://blog.openshift.com • https://www.redhat.com/en/open-innovation-labs

Editor's Notes

  1. Optimized for speed…. Speed of what?! Raw Performance? Speed of competition? Like agile? How many in this room practice agile?
  2. Open question to the audience: Looking for participation
  3. Inherently unknown….
  4. "Cloud native" is an adjective that describes the applications, architectures, platforms/infrastructure, and processes, that together make it *economical* to work in a way that allows us to improve our ability to quickly respond to change and reduce unpredictability. This includes things like services architectures, self-service infrastructure, automation, continuous integration/delivery pipelines, observability tools, freedom/responsibility to experiment, teams held to outcomes not output, etc.
  5. …… new challenge….. Let’s come back to that…..
  6. One large database! We should focus on how we design our data models so that they can be sharded and distributed…. Focus on transactions, etc not 2PC
  7. One large database! We should focus on how we design our data models so that they can be sharded and distributed…. Focus on transactions, etc not 2PC
  8. This concept of defining language, developing models to describe a domain, implementing those models, enforcing assertions, etc all happen within a certain context, and that context is vitally important in software. In common language, we are smart enough to resolve these types of language conflicts within a sentence because of its context. The computer doesn’t have this context. We have to make it explicit. And any context needs to have explicit boundaries. This model needs to be “useful” ie, it should be able to be implemented. Try to establish a model that’s both useful for discussion with the domain experts and is implementable. There are infinite ways to model/think about something. Balance both masters with the model you choose. Large complex domains may need multiple models. And really the only way to understand a language and model is within a certain context. That context should have boundaries so it doesn’t bleed or force others to bleed definitions and semantics. Bounded context: within this space, this is the context of the language. This is what it means and it’s not ambiguous. Central thing about a model is the language you create to express the prblem and solution very crisply. Need clear language and need boundaries. Anti corruption layers are translations between the different models that may exist in multiple bounded contexts. They keep an internal model consistent and pure without bleeding across the boundaries. Bounded contexts tend to be “self contained systems” themselves with a complete vertical stack of the software including UI, business logic, data models, and database. They tend to not share databases across multiple models.
  9. This concept of defining language, developing models to describe a domain, implementing those models, enforcing assertions, etc all happen within a certain context, and that context is vitally important in software. In common language, we are smart enough to resolve these types of language conflicts within a sentence because of its context. The computer doesn’t have this context. We have to make it explicit. And any context needs to have explicit boundaries. This model needs to be “useful” ie, it should be able to be implemented. Try to establish a model that’s both useful for discussion with the domain experts and is implementable. There are infinite ways to model/think about something. Balance both masters with the model you choose. Large complex domains may need multiple models. And really the only way to understand a language and model is within a certain context. That context should have boundaries so it doesn’t bleed or force others to bleed definitions and semantics. Bounded context: within this space, this is the context of the language. This is what it means and it’s not ambiguous. Central thing about a model is the language you create to express the prblem and solution very crisply. Need clear language and need boundaries. Anti corruption layers are translations between the different models that may exist in multiple bounded contexts. They keep an internal model consistent and pure without bleeding across the boundaries. Bounded contexts tend to be “self contained systems” themselves with a complete vertical stack of the software including UI, business logic, data models, and database. They tend to not share databases across multiple models.
  10. This concept of defining language, developing models to describe a domain, implementing those models, enforcing assertions, etc all happen within a certain context, and that context is vitally important in software. In common language, we are smart enough to resolve these types of language conflicts within a sentence because of its context. The computer doesn’t have this context. We have to make it explicit. And any context needs to have explicit boundaries. This model needs to be “useful” ie, it should be able to be implemented. Try to establish a model that’s both useful for discussion with the domain experts and is implementable. There are infinite ways to model/think about something. Balance both masters with the model you choose. Large complex domains may need multiple models. And really the only way to understand a language and model is within a certain context. That context should have boundaries so it doesn’t bleed or force others to bleed definitions and semantics. Bounded context: within this space, this is the context of the language. This is what it means and it’s not ambiguous. Central thing about a model is the language you create to express the prblem and solution very crisply. Need clear language and need boundaries. Anti corruption layers are translations between the different models that may exist in multiple bounded contexts. They keep an internal model consistent and pure without bleeding across the boundaries. Bounded contexts tend to be “self contained systems” themselves with a complete vertical stack of the software including UI, business logic, data models, and database. They tend to not share databases across multiple models.
  11. This concept of defining language, developing models to describe a domain, implementing those models, enforcing assertions, etc all happen within a certain context, and that context is vitally important in software. In common language, we are smart enough to resolve these types of language conflicts within a sentence because of its context. The computer doesn’t have this context. We have to make it explicit. And any context needs to have explicit boundaries. This model needs to be “useful” ie, it should be able to be implemented. Try to establish a model that’s both useful for discussion with the domain experts and is implementable. There are infinite ways to model/think about something. Balance both masters with the model you choose. Large complex domains may need multiple models. And really the only way to understand a language and model is within a certain context. That context should have boundaries so it doesn’t bleed or force others to bleed definitions and semantics. Bounded context: within this space, this is the context of the language. This is what it means and it’s not ambiguous. Central thing about a model is the language you create to express the prblem and solution very crisply. Need clear language and need boundaries. Anti corruption layers are translations between the different models that may exist in multiple bounded contexts. They keep an internal model consistent and pure without bleeding across the boundaries. Bounded contexts tend to be “self contained systems” themselves with a complete vertical stack of the software including UI, business logic, data models, and database. They tend to not share databases across multiple models.
  12. This concept of defining language, developing models to describe a domain, implementing those models, enforcing assertions, etc all happen within a certain context, and that context is vitally important in software. In common language, we are smart enough to resolve these types of language conflicts within a sentence because of its context. The computer doesn’t have this context. We have to make it explicit. And any context needs to have explicit boundaries. This model needs to be “useful” ie, it should be able to be implemented. Try to establish a model that’s both useful for discussion with the domain experts and is implementable. There are infinite ways to model/think about something. Balance both masters with the model you choose. Large complex domains may need multiple models. And really the only way to understand a language and model is within a certain context. That context should have boundaries so it doesn’t bleed or force others to bleed definitions and semantics. Bounded context: within this space, this is the context of the language. This is what it means and it’s not ambiguous. Central thing about a model is the language you create to express the prblem and solution very crisply. Need clear language and need boundaries. Anti corruption layers are translations between the different models that may exist in multiple bounded contexts. They keep an internal model consistent and pure without bleeding across the boundaries. Bounded contexts tend to be “self contained systems” themselves with a complete vertical stack of the software including UI, business logic, data models, and database. They tend to not share databases across multiple models.
  13. This concept of defining language, developing models to describe a domain, implementing those models, enforcing assertions, etc all happen within a certain context, and that context is vitally important in software. In common language, we are smart enough to resolve these types of language conflicts within a sentence because of its context. The computer doesn’t have this context. We have to make it explicit. And any context needs to have explicit boundaries. This model needs to be “useful” ie, it should be able to be implemented. Try to establish a model that’s both useful for discussion with the domain experts and is implementable. There are infinite ways to model/think about something. Balance both masters with the model you choose. Large complex domains may need multiple models. And really the only way to understand a language and model is within a certain context. That context should have boundaries so it doesn’t bleed or force others to bleed definitions and semantics. Bounded context: within this space, this is the context of the language. This is what it means and it’s not ambiguous. Central thing about a model is the language you create to express the prblem and solution very crisply. Need clear language and need boundaries. Anti corruption layers are translations between the different models that may exist in multiple bounded contexts. They keep an internal model consistent and pure without bleeding across the boundaries. Bounded contexts tend to be “self contained systems” themselves with a complete vertical stack of the software including UI, business logic, data models, and database. They tend to not share databases across multiple models.
  14. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  15. One large database! We should focus on how we design our data models so that they can be sharded and distributed…. Focus on transactions, etc not 2PC
  16. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  17. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  18. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  19. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  20. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  21. Get back to first principles. Focus on principles, patterns, methodologies. Tools will help, but you cannot start with tools.
  22. …… new challenge….. Let’s come back to that…..