The document discusses static and dynamic testing methods. Static testing involves analyzing code or documentation without executing the software, while dynamic testing executes the software. Both methods find different types of defects. Key aspects of static testing include review processes, which can be informal or formal. Formal reviews involve several phases: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. The review meeting itself includes logging defects, discussing them, and deciding on next steps. Roles in the review include moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Different review types are described.
This document provides a quality management checklist template with sections on quality planning, checkpoints and reviews, testing, documentation reviews, and production readiness. It includes example questions to consider for each checkpoint and review. The full checklist contains over 20 sections with descriptions of quality tasks and considerations for an effective quality management process.
The document discusses project health checks and how they can be used to improve project performance. It notes that many projects fail or face challenges. It then discusses how health checks can help project teams assess their performance by evaluating key criteria like efficiency, customer orientation, and stakeholder management. The document provides examples of criteria that could be used in health checks and emphasizes that health checks should assess management skills and capabilities rather than just projects. It concludes by noting that health checks need to be designed carefully and ask the right questions to provide an accurate view of performance and avoid biases.
This document provides a detailed checklist to review the health of a project. It contains over 100 questions across various categories including project planning, management, quality, resources, users, and development approach. The questions assess the relevance and strength of different project attributes such as having a formal project plan, adequate risk management, proper quality assurance processes, sufficient resourcing and user involvement, and use of a recognized development methodology. The checklist is intended to assist project managers in auditing and improving their project.
At this time of the year it becomes important to understand how your projects are doing. Doing a health check will give you a great and instant view on what is going right and what needs to be improved and more importantly is the project still a viable option and will bring in the benefits
The document summarizes a good practice guide for requirements engineering. It outlines 66 guidelines for best practices in areas like requirements elicitation, analysis, validation and management. It recommends implementing basic practices first before moving to more intermediate and advanced practices. The guide provides examples of guidelines on using validation checklists and gives advice on planning incremental process improvements by addressing problems, setting goals and managing introductions of new practices.
Static testing involves inspecting work products like requirements, design documents, and code without executing the code. It aims to find defects early when rework costs are lower. The document discusses static testing techniques like unit testing, integration testing, and reviews. Reviews include inspections - moderated meetings where defects are discussed - and technical and informal reviews with subject matter experts. The goal is early defect detection to improve quality and productivity.
Formal reviews follow a six step process: 1) Planning, 2) Kick-off, 3) Preparation where reviewers identify defects individually, 4) Review meeting where defects are logged and discussed, 5) Rework by the author to address defects, and 6) Follow-up by the moderator to ensure defects were addressed. Key roles include the moderator who leads the process, author of the document, reviewers who identify defects, and scribe who logs defects discussed.
Testing throughout the software life cycle & statistic techniques
CATEGORIES OF TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Recall reasons that both specification-based (black-box) and structure-based (white-box) approaches to test case design are useful, and list the common techniques for each. (K1)
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
Static testing techniques like reviews can improve both the quality and productivity of software development. The objectives of static testing are to improve software quality by helping engineers find and fix defects early. While static testing won't solve all problems, it is very effective at finding certain types of defects without executing the software. Organizations should consider using reviews of requirements, design, code, testing and maintenance work products to gain these benefits.
Dynamic testing involves executing software with input values and examining the output, allowing defects to be detected in code. Static testing analyzes software work products like documentation without executing the code. Formal reviews have defined phases including planning, preparation where reviewers check materials, a review meeting, and follow-up on rework. The main review types are walkthroughs where the author guides discussion, technical reviews where experts focus on technical content, and inspections with more formal defect identification. Critical success factors for implementing reviews include designating a champion, focusing on important items, explicit planning and tracking, training participants, managing people issues, and continuously improving.
This document discusses software inspections as a way to improve quality. It describes the benefits of inspections in finding defects early. Inspections typically involve a moderator, author, reader, recorder and inspectors reviewing requirements, design or code documents. Key aspects of inspections include planning, overview, preparation, meeting, analysis and rework. Guiding principles are to critique products not people and find problems, not fix them, during reviews. Record keeping of found defects is important for process improvement. Providing training and building inspections into schedules can help make them most effective.
A good test engineer has qualities like finding problems, paying attention to detail, communicating well, and understanding development. For QA engineers, these qualities are also important along with understanding the whole development process. QA/test managers should maintain team morale, promote cooperation, withstand pressures, and communicate with technical and non-technical people. Documentation, requirements, test plans, cases, and configuration management are critical parts of QA. Risk analysis helps determine testing focus when time is limited or requirements are changing.
The document discusses static and dynamic testing methods. Static testing involves analyzing code or documentation without executing the software, while dynamic testing executes the software. Both methods find different types of defects. Key aspects of static testing include review processes, which can be informal or formal. Formal reviews involve several phases: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. The review meeting itself includes logging defects, discussing them, and deciding on next steps. Roles in the review include moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Different review types are described.
This document provides a quality management checklist template with sections on quality planning, checkpoints and reviews, testing, documentation reviews, and production readiness. It includes example questions to consider for each checkpoint and review. The full checklist contains over 20 sections with descriptions of quality tasks and considerations for an effective quality management process.
The document discusses project health checks and how they can be used to improve project performance. It notes that many projects fail or face challenges. It then discusses how health checks can help project teams assess their performance by evaluating key criteria like efficiency, customer orientation, and stakeholder management. The document provides examples of criteria that could be used in health checks and emphasizes that health checks should assess management skills and capabilities rather than just projects. It concludes by noting that health checks need to be designed carefully and ask the right questions to provide an accurate view of performance and avoid biases.
This document provides a detailed checklist to review the health of a project. It contains over 100 questions across various categories including project planning, management, quality, resources, users, and development approach. The questions assess the relevance and strength of different project attributes such as having a formal project plan, adequate risk management, proper quality assurance processes, sufficient resourcing and user involvement, and use of a recognized development methodology. The checklist is intended to assist project managers in auditing and improving their project.
At this time of the year it becomes important to understand how your projects are doing. Doing a health check will give you a great and instant view on what is going right and what needs to be improved and more importantly is the project still a viable option and will bring in the benefits
Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice GuideIan Sommerville
The document summarizes a good practice guide for requirements engineering. It outlines 66 guidelines for best practices in areas like requirements elicitation, analysis, validation and management. It recommends implementing basic practices first before moving to more intermediate and advanced practices. The guide provides examples of guidelines on using validation checklists and gives advice on planning incremental process improvements by addressing problems, setting goals and managing introductions of new practices.
Static testing involves inspecting work products like requirements, design documents, and code without executing the code. It aims to find defects early when rework costs are lower. The document discusses static testing techniques like unit testing, integration testing, and reviews. Reviews include inspections - moderated meetings where defects are discussed - and technical and informal reviews with subject matter experts. The goal is early defect detection to improve quality and productivity.
Formal reviews follow a six step process: 1) Planning, 2) Kick-off, 3) Preparation where reviewers identify defects individually, 4) Review meeting where defects are logged and discussed, 5) Rework by the author to address defects, and 6) Follow-up by the moderator to ensure defects were addressed. Key roles include the moderator who leads the process, author of the document, reviewers who identify defects, and scribe who logs defects discussed.
Testing throughout the software life cycle & statistic techniquesNovika Damai Yanti
CATEGORIES OF TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Recall reasons that both specification-based (black-box) and structure-based (white-box) approaches to test case design are useful, and list the common techniques for each. (K1)
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
Static testing techniques like reviews can improve both the quality and productivity of software development. The objectives of static testing are to improve software quality by helping engineers find and fix defects early. While static testing won't solve all problems, it is very effective at finding certain types of defects without executing the software. Organizations should consider using reviews of requirements, design, code, testing and maintenance work products to gain these benefits.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Certified Tester Foundation Level in Software Testing. It covers the fundamentals of testing including why testing is necessary, what testing is, general testing principles, and the fundamental test process. It also discusses testing throughout the software life cycle including different development models, test levels, types, and maintenance testing. Additional topics covered include static techniques, test design techniques, test management, tool support for testing, and references/appendices. The overall goal is to provide learning objectives and structure for the certification examination.
The document provides an overview of software testing methods and concepts. It defines software testing as verifying and validating software to check for errors and ensure it meets requirements. The document discusses different testing methods like static testing (reviews, inspections) and dynamic testing (executing code with test cases). It also defines key terms like verification, validation, defects, bugs, and differences between quality assurance (planning processes) and quality control (product verification).
This document discusses process and product quality assurance (PPQA) in IT organizations. It describes the objectives of PPQA as objectively evaluating processes, work products, and services to provide management with insights into strengths and weaknesses for continual improvement. The document outlines the key activities of PPQA, including evaluating processes and work products against standards, identifying noncompliance issues, providing feedback, and ensuring issues are addressed. It also discusses how objectivity is important and can be achieved through independence and criteria. PPQA supports delivering high-quality products and services by providing visibility and feedback throughout a project's life.
Best Practices For Business Analyst - Part 3Moutasm Tamimi
The document outlines best practices for business analysts in 2017. It discusses the benefits of having dedicated business analysts on projects and their roles. It provides tips on the relationships between business analysts and project managers, as well as consistency in requirements elicitation. The presentation was given by Moutasm Tamimi and provides an introduction to business analysis practices.
Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code
This document discusses static testing techniques, including reviews. It describes the review process, roles in reviews, types of reviews, and static analysis using tools. Reviews are a formal process typically involving planning, preparation, a review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Roles include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Types of reviews serve different purposes at different stages. Static analysis tools can check coding standards and metrics, as well as code structure.
The document discusses various techniques for static testing of software, including reviews. It describes the advantages of static testing such as early detection of defects, lower rework costs, and improved productivity. The document outlines the review process and roles involved, including moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Different types of reviews are described like informal reviews, formal reviews with six phases (planning, kick-off, preparation, meeting, rework, follow-up), and specific review types including walkthroughs. Walkthroughs aim to establish common understanding through explanation of documents to diverse stakeholders.
The document discusses static techniques for software testing, including static analysis and reviews. It describes static testing as examining software work products like code manually or with tools without executing it. Reviews can range from informal to formal, with formal reviews involving planning, preparation by reviewers finding defects, a review meeting, rework by the author, and follow-up. The roles of moderator, author, scribe and reviewer in formal reviews are also outlined. Types of reviews like walkthroughs, technical reviews and inspections are also described. Finally, the document discusses how static analysis tools can find defects in code, standards, metrics and structure.
The document discusses static techniques for testing software work products like code, requirements, and design specifications. Static techniques like reviews and static analysis aim to find defects early before testing to improve productivity and reduce costs. Reviews involve examining documentation for defects, while static analysis checks code complexity, errors, and other issues without executing the code. Formal reviews follow steps like planning, kickoff meetings, preparation, review meetings, reworking defects, and follow up. Roles include managers, moderators, authors, reviewers, and scribes.
Static techniques such as reviews can improve both quality and productivity in software development. Static testing examines software work products like requirements and design documents manually or with tools before execution, finding defects early. Dynamic testing executes software with test cases. The two techniques are complementary, as static testing finds defects like missing requirements or design flaws while dynamic testing finds failures from execution. Using static testing from early in the development lifecycle provides advantages like early feedback, low rework costs, increased productivity, and greater awareness of quality issues.
abdurrahimradhin Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Referensi ke Graham et.al (2006)
The document discusses static testing techniques, which involve examining software work products like requirements and design documents manually or with tools, without executing the software. Some key benefits of static testing mentioned are that it allows early feedback on quality issues, defects can be detected and fixed early at lower cost, and development productivity may increase as rework effort is reduced. Various types of static testing techniques are described, including reviews, inspections, coding standard checks, and code metrics analysis. Formal reviews follow defined processes with roles like moderator, author, and reviewers. Success factors for effective reviews include training participants, explicit planning, and continuous process improvement.
Static techniques such as reviews and static analysis tools can improve software quality and productivity. Static testing finds defects without executing code, unlike dynamic testing. Reviews examine requirements, design, code, and more. Formal reviews follow steps like planning, meetings, and follow-up, while informal reviews involve fewer people. Roles in reviews include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Static analysis tools automatically check code for defects like deviations from standards and design issues. When used with dynamic testing, static techniques provide complementary benefits to improve software.
The document discusses static testing techniques, specifically reviews. It describes the review process, which typically involves 6 phases: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Key roles in a review include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. The moderator leads the process, while the author's goal is to improve the document. Reviews can find defects early and improve quality and productivity.
The document summarizes the review process for documents. It discusses the phases of a formal review process including planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of those involved in the review including the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Finally, it outlines different types of reviews including walkthroughs and technical reviews.
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development. This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing is to improve the quality of software work products by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the software development process. While static testing techniques will not solve all the problems, they are enormously effective. Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code.
Static techniques involve examining software work products like requirements, design, and code manually or with tools without executing the software. Some key advantages of static techniques include finding defects early when costs are low, increasing development productivity by reducing rework, and improving quality awareness. Static techniques can be informal reviews or more formal processes like inspections. Formal reviews follow steps like planning, preparation, review meetings, rework, and follow-up. Ensuring coding standards are followed, measuring code metrics, and having success factors like training and continuous improvement can help static techniques be effective.
Static techniques involve manually examining software work products like documentation without executing the code. This includes roles like a moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. There are different types of reviews - walkthroughs where the author guides discussion, and inspections where reviewers thoroughly check documentation against sources before meeting to log defects. Key factors for successful reviews are designating a champion, focusing on important items, explicit planning, training, and managing people.
Static testing methods examine software work products like requirements and design documents without executing the software. This allows defects to be found early. Some advantages of static testing include early feedback on quality, low rework costs from finding defects early, and increased development productivity. Formal reviews follow a defined process with roles like moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Reviews can find defects, improve quality, and create common understanding. Static analysis tools can check for adherence to coding standards and metrics.
This document discusses the formal review process and types of reviews. It provides details on the typical phases of a formal review process: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. It also describes different types of reviews - walkthroughs, inspections, and their key characteristics. Finally, it lists some critical success factors for implementing formal reviews, such as finding a champion, training participants, and continuously improving the review process.
This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overviewof how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing is to improve the quality of softwarework products by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the softwaredevelopment process. While static testing techniques will not solve all the problems, they areenormously effective. Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors.Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but allsoftware organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work includingrequirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implementautomated checks, e.g. on code
YAHDI SANDRA
11453104752
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in the History of Earth.pdfEnterprise Wired
Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME).
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Data Privacy Trends: A Mid-Year Check-InTrustArc
Six months into 2024, and it is clear the privacy ecosystem takes no days off!! Regulators continue to implement and enforce new regulations, businesses strive to meet requirements, and technology advances like AI have privacy professionals scratching their heads about managing risk.
What can we learn about the first six months of data privacy trends and events in 2024? How should this inform your privacy program management for the rest of the year?
Join TrustArc, Goodwin, and Snyk privacy experts as they discuss the changes we’ve seen in the first half of 2024 and gain insight into the concrete, actionable steps you can take to up-level your privacy program in the second half of the year.
This webinar will review:
- Key changes to privacy regulations in 2024
- Key themes in privacy and data governance in 2024
- How to maximize your privacy program in the second half of 2024
Are you interested in dipping your toes in the cloud native observability waters, but as an engineer you are not sure where to get started with tracing problems through your microservices and application landscapes on Kubernetes? Then this is the session for you, where we take you on your first steps in an active open-source project that offers a buffet of languages, challenges, and opportunities for getting started with telemetry data.
The project is called openTelemetry, but before diving into the specifics, we’ll start with de-mystifying key concepts and terms such as observability, telemetry, instrumentation, cardinality, percentile to lay a foundation. After understanding the nuts and bolts of observability and distributed traces, we’ll explore the openTelemetry community; its Special Interest Groups (SIGs), repositories, and how to become not only an end-user, but possibly a contributor.We will wrap up with an overview of the components in this project, such as the Collector, the OpenTelemetry protocol (OTLP), its APIs, and its SDKs.
Attendees will leave with an understanding of key observability concepts, become grounded in distributed tracing terminology, be aware of the components of openTelemetry, and know how to take their first steps to an open-source contribution!
Key Takeaways: Open source, vendor neutral instrumentation is an exciting new reality as the industry standardizes on openTelemetry for observability. OpenTelemetry is on a mission to enable effective observability by making high-quality, portable telemetry ubiquitous. The world of observability and monitoring today has a steep learning curve and in order to achieve ubiquity, the project would benefit from growing our contributor community.
Fluttercon 2024: Showing that you care about security - OpenSSF Scorecards fo...Chris Swan
Have you noticed the OpenSSF Scorecard badges on the official Dart and Flutter repos? It's Google's way of showing that they care about security. Practices such as pinning dependencies, branch protection, required reviews, continuous integration tests etc. are measured to provide a score and accompanying badge.
You can do the same for your projects, and this presentation will show you how, with an emphasis on the unique challenges that come up when working with Dart and Flutter.
The session will provide a walkthrough of the steps involved in securing a first repository, and then what it takes to repeat that process across an organization with multiple repos. It will also look at the ongoing maintenance involved once scorecards have been implemented, and how aspects of that maintenance can be better automated to minimize toil.
Understanding Insider Security Threats: Types, Examples, Effects, and Mitigat...Bert Blevins
Today’s digitally connected world presents a wide range of security challenges for enterprises. Insider security threats are particularly noteworthy because they have the potential to cause significant harm. Unlike external threats, insider risks originate from within the company, making them more subtle and challenging to identify. This blog aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of insider security threats, including their types, examples, effects, and mitigation techniques.
Measuring the Impact of Network Latency at TwitterScyllaDB
Widya Salim and Victor Ma will outline the causal impact analysis, framework, and key learnings used to quantify the impact of reducing Twitter's network latency.
Transcript: Details of description part II: Describing images in practice - T...BookNet Canada
This presentation explores the practical application of image description techniques. Familiar guidelines will be demonstrated in practice, and descriptions will be developed “live”! If you have learned a lot about the theory of image description techniques but want to feel more confident putting them into practice, this is the presentation for you. There will be useful, actionable information for everyone, whether you are working with authors, colleagues, alone, or leveraging AI as a collaborator.
Link to presentation recording and slides: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/details-of-description-part-ii-describing-images-in-practice/
Presented by BookNet Canada on June 25, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kief Morris rethinks the infrastructure code delivery lifecycle, advocating for a shift towards composable infrastructure systems. We should shift to designing around deployable components rather than code modules, use more useful levels of abstraction, and drive design and deployment from applications rather than bottom-up, monolithic architecture and delivery.
How Social Media Hackers Help You to See Your Wife's Message.pdfHackersList
In the modern digital era, social media platforms have become integral to our daily lives. These platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Snapchat, offer countless ways to connect, share, and communicate.
An invited talk given by Mark Billinghurst on Research Directions for Cross Reality Interfaces. This was given on July 2nd 2024 as part of the 2024 Summer School on Cross Reality in Hagenberg, Austria (July 1st - 7th)
Choose our Linux Web Hosting for a seamless and successful online presencerajancomputerfbd
Our Linux Web Hosting plans offer unbeatable performance, security, and scalability, ensuring your website runs smoothly and efficiently.
Visit- https://onliveserver.com/linux-web-hosting/
2. STATIC TECHNIQUES
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality
and productivity of software development. This chapter describes
static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of
how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing
is to improve the quality of software work products by assisting
engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the software
development process. While static testing techniques will not solve all
the problems, they are enormously effective. Static techniques can
improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static
testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement
for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider
using reviews in all major aspects of their work including
requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.
Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code.
3. REVIEWS AND THE TEST PROCESS
The definition of testing outlines objectives that relate to evaluation, revealing defects and
quality. As indicated in the definition two approaches can be used to achieve these
objectives, static testing and dynamic testing.
With dynamic testing methods, software is executed using a set of input values and its
output is then examined and compared to what is expected. During static testing,
software work products are examined manually, or with a set of tools, but not executed.
As a consequence, dynamic testing can only be applied to software code. Dynamic
execution is applied as a technique to detect defects and to determine quality attributes of
the code. This testing option is not applicable for the majority of the software work
products. Among the questions that arise are: How can we evaluate or analyze a
requirements document, a design document, a test plan, or a user manual? How can we
effectively pre-examine the source code before execution? One powerful technique that
can be used is static testing, e.g. reviews. In principle all software work products can be
tested using review techniques.
Dynamic testing and static testing are complementary methods, as they tend to find
different types of defects effectively and efficiently. Types of defects that are easier to find
during static testing are: deviations from standards, missing requirements, design defects,
non-maintainable code and inconsistent interface specifications. Note that in contrast to
dynamic testing, static testing finds defects rather than failures.
4. TO SUMMARIZE, THE USE OF STATIC TESTING, E.G. REVIEWS,
ON SOFTWARE WORK PRODUCTS HAS VARIOUS
ADVANTAGES:
Since static testing can start early in the life cycle, early feedback on quality issues
can be established, e.g. an early validation of user requirements and not just late in
the life cycle during acceptance testing.
By detecting defects at an early stage, rework costs are most often relatively low
and thus a relatively cheap improvement of the quality of software products can be
achieved.
Since rework effort is substantially reduced, development productivity figures are
likely to increase.
The evaluation by a team has the additional advantage that there is an exchange of
information between the participants.
Static tests contribute to an increased awareness of quality issues.
5. REVIEW PROCESS
Reviews vary from very informal to formal (i.e. well structured and
regulated). Although inspection is perhaps the most documented and
formal review technique, it is certainly not the only one. The formality
of a review process is related to factors such as the maturity of the
development process, any legal or regulatory requirements or the
need for an audit trail. In practice the informal review is perhaps the
most common type of review. Informal reviews are applied at various
times during the early stages in the life cycle of a document. A two-
person team can conduct an informal review, as the author can ask a
colleague to review a document or code. In later stages these reviews
often involve more people and a meeting. This normally involves
peers of the author, who try to find defects in the document under
review and discuss these defects in a review meeting. The goal is to
help the author and to improve the quality of the document. Informal
reviews come in various shapes and forms, but all have one
6. PHASES OF A FORMAL REVIEW
In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal
process. A typical formal review process consists of six main steps:
1. Planning
2. Kick-off
3. Preparation
4. Review meeting
5. Rework
6. Follow-up.
7. ALTHOUGH MORE AND OTHER ENTRY CRITERIA CAN BE
APPLIED, THE FOLLOWING CAN BE REGARDED AS THE
MINIMUM SET FOR PERFORMING THE ENTRY CHECK:
1. A short check of a product sample by the moderator (or expert)
does not reveal a large number of major defects. For example,
after 30 minutes of checking, no more than 3 major defects are
found on a single page or fewer than 10 major defects in total in a
set of 5 pages.
2. The document to be reviewed is available with line numbers.
3. The document has been cleaned up by running any automated
checks that apply.
4. References needed for the inspection are stable and available.
5. The document author is prepared to join the review team and feels
confident with the quality of the document.
9. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The participants in any type of formal review should have adequate
knowledge of the review process. The best, and most efficient, review
situation occurs when the participants gain some kind of advantage
for their own work during reviewing. In the case of an inspection or
technical review, participants should have been properly trained as
both types of review have proven to be far less successful without
trained participants. This indeed is perceived as being a critical
success factor.
The best formal reviews come from well-organized teams, guided by
trained moderators (or review leaders). Within a review team, four
types of participants can be distinguished: moderator, author, scribe
and reviewer. In addition management needs to play a role in the
review process.
10. TYPES OF REVIEW
A single document may be the subject of more than one review. If
more than one type of review is used, the order may vary. For
example, an informal review may be carried out before a technical
review, or an inspection may be carried out on a requirements
specification before a walkthrough with customers. It is apparent that
none of the following types of review is the 'winner', but the different
types serve different purposes at different stages in the life cycle of a
document.
11. SUCCESS FACTORS FOR REVIEWS
Find a 'champion'
A champion is needed, one who will lead the process on a project or organizational level. They need
expertise, enthusiasm and a practical mindset in order to guide moderators and participants. The authority
of this champion should be clear to the entire organization. Management support is also essential for
success. They should, amongst other things, incorporate adequate time for review activities in project
schedules.
Pick things that really count
Select the documents for review that are most important in a project. Reviewing highly critical, upstream
documents like requirements and architecture will most certainly show the benefits of the review process
to the project. These invested review hours will have a clear and high return on investment. In addition
make sure each review has a clear objective and the correct type of review is selected that matches the
defined objective. Don't try and review everything by inspection; fit the review to the risk associated with
the document. Some documents may only warrant an informal review and others will repay using
inspection. Of course it is also of utmost importance that the right people are involved.
Explicitly plan and track review activities
To ensure that reviews become part of the day-to-day activities, the hours to be spent should be made
visible within each project plan. The engineers involved are prompted to schedule time for preparation
and, very importantly, rework. Tracking these hours will improve planning of the next review. As stated
12. Train participants
It is important that training is provided in review techniques, especially the more formal techniques,
such as inspection. Otherwise the process is likely to be impeded by those who don't understand
the process and the reasoning behind it. Special training should be provided to the moderators to
prepare them for their critical role in the review process.
Manage people issues
Reviews are about evaluating someone's document. Some reviews tend to get too personal when
they are not well managed by the moderator. People issues and psychological aspects should be
dealt with by the moderator and should be part of the review training, thus making the review a
positive experience for the author. During the review, defects should be welcomed and expressed
objectively.
Follow the rules but keep it simple
Follow all the formal rules until you know why and how to modify them, but make the process only
as formal as the project culture or maturity level allows. Do not become too theoretical or too
detailed. Checklists and roles are recommended to increase the effectiveness of defect
identification.
Continuously improve process and tools
Continuous improvement of process and supporting tools (e.g. checklists), based upon the ideas of
participants, ensures the motivation of the engineers involved. Motivation is the key to a successful
change process. There should also be an emphasis, in addition to defect finding, on learning and
process improvement.
13. Report results
Report quantified results and benefits to all those involved as soon as
possible, and discuss the consequences of defects if they had not been found
this early. Costs should of course be tracked, but benefits, especially when
problems don't occur in the future, should be made visible by quantifying the
benefits as well as the costs.
Just do it!
The process is simple but not easy. Each step of the process is clear, but
experience is needed to execute them correctly. So, try to get experienced
people to observe and help where possible. But most importantly, start doing
reviews and start learning from every review.
14. STATIC ANALYSIS BY TOOLS
There is much to be done examining software work products without
actually running the system. For example, we saw in the previous
section that we can carefully review requirements, designs, code, test
plans and more, to find defects and fix them before we deliver a
product to a customer. In this section, we focus on a different kind of
static testing, where we carefully examine requirements, designs and
code, usually with automated assistance to ferret out additional
defects before the code is actually run. Thus, what is called static
analysis is just another form of testing.
16. STATIC ANALYSIS IS AN EXAMINATION OF REQUIREMENTS, DESIGN
AND CODE THAT DIFFERS FROM MORE TRADITIONAL DYNAMIC
TESTING IN A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT WAYS:
Static analysis is performed on requirements, design or code without actually
executing the software artifact being examined.
Static analysis is ideally performed before the types of formal review discussed
in Section 3.2.
Static analysis is unrelated to dynamic properties of the requirements, design
and code, such as test coverage.
The goal of static analysis is to find defects, whether or not they may cause
failures. As with reviews, static analysis finds defects rather than failures.