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Charles Mok | Global Digital Policy Incubator | Cyber Policy Center | Stanford University | 3.10.2023
Technology4Democracy
The Potential of Web3 and Blockchain for Democracy
What is Web3?
It’s the Blockchain
• Related buzzwords: NFT (non-fungible tokens), cryptocurrency (Bitcoin etc)
• Blockchain — Distributed ledger technology (DLT): a large, distributed, database
(spreadsheet) hosted by a network of computers instead of centralized servers.
Information saved on a blockchain is visibly and permanently saved to all computers
in the network
• Blockchains are:
• Immutable, transparent, decentralized
• Permissionless or trustless (zero trust)
• Eliminate the intermediaries
But wait a minute!
Backing up a bit
• The Internet? The Web?
• Web 1.0 — The World-Wide Web was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in
1989 while working at CERN
• Hypertext; HTML — the read-only web? “Content is king”
• Web 2.0 (~1999) — User-created content or user-generated content; the
social web — blogs, then social networks
• Centralization on platforms: Think Facebook, Gmail, iCloud, etc. — the
read/write web?
Then comes Web3
Or Web 3.0?
• Web 3.0 — Aka the Semantic Web, as an evolutionary concept from Web 2.0,
it focuses on making data more relatable, better linked and more easily reused
across the Internet
• Replaced by Web3 — More about using Blockchain technologies,
decentralization and removing intermediaries and directly connecting content
creators and content consumers
• The read/write/own web?

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During my summer internship at BECO Capital, a technology-focused Venture Capital firm based in Dubai, I put together this primer on blockchain that demystifies this hyped up technology, covers key investment trends in the space both globally and regionally within the GCC*, and highlights both the barriers and enablers for wider blockchain adoption in the region. *The GCC is the Gulf Cooperation Council - comprised of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman.

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This is a quick overview to Blockchains and the Hooked model of technology product engagement. I speak on Product Management, Digital Marketing and Technology topics. This is a presentation I delivered at the Jamia Milia Islamia University in Delhi.

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Decentralization
Paul Beran, 1964 described the three different kinds of networks
說明
Is Web3 the Democratic Web?
Privacy, direct participation, no manipulation
• You, the user, can own your data (finally!)
• Platforms are no longer the gatekeepers or gating factors
• Enable immutable and secure voting for everyone to participate in any
decision making — the ultimate democratic platform?
• Better privacy through your own blockchain-based digital ID: “allowing us more
control of our digital identities and information, while adding a layer of
accountability to help stop bad actors” (Tomicah Tilleman, investor)
Not all are believers
Moxie Marlinspike, entrepreneur, cryptographer, and computer security researcher
說明
• Reality check:
• People don’t want t run their own servers,
and they never will
• A protocol moves much more slowly than a
platform
• Instead:
• Accept that people will not run their own
servers by designing systems that can
distribute trust without having to distribute
infrastructure
• Reduce the burden of building software
Is Web3 just a hype?
Here’s what some people say….
• Sir Tim Berners-Lee:
• Supports Web 3.0 but not Web3
• “Blockchain may be good for some things
but…they’re too slow, too expensive and
too public.”
• Jack Dorsey:
• “Web3 will ultimately end up being owned
by venture capitalists”
• Elon Musk:
• “Marketing buzzword”
說明
說明

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This document discusses blockchain technology and its implications. It begins with definitions of blockchain and how it differs from bitcoin. Blockchain uses distributed ledgers, smart contracts, consensus algorithms and cryptography to allow for decentralized, transparent and secure transactions without a central authority. The document explores how blockchain could disrupt industries by changing how trust is established and information is shared. Examples are given of how blockchain might transform social media, learning platforms and healthcare. Behavioral changes are discussed, such as moving from hierarchical to emergent leadership and from limited to unlimited information sharing. Design thinking is presented as a framework to explore problems and design blockchain solutions.

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Blockchain & crypto
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Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger composed of blocks that record transactions in a verifiable and permanent way. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, linking the blocks together in a chain. This ensures that data in the blockchain cannot be tampered with or altered once recorded. Bitcoin is the first cryptocurrency that uses blockchain technology to operate as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system without the need for centralized control. While it provides advantages like freedom in payments and transparency, it also faces challenges like volatility due to lack of government backing and risk of bans or other currencies becoming more popular. Blockchain has many potential applications beyond cryptocurrency, including more efficient and secure real estate transactions, voting systems, IoT device

cryptoblockchain
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Blockchain, the "distributed ledger" technology, has emerged as an object of intense interest in the tech industry and beyond. Blockchain technology offers a way of recording transactions or any digital interaction in a way that is designed to be secure, transparent, highly resistant to outages, auditable, and efficient; as such, it carries the possibility of disrupting industries and enabling new business models.

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Call it Web3 or blockchain
There are some good applications out there
• Gyeonggi-do, South Korea: community
idea generation and voting
• Hong Kong: crypto tokens to fund writers
• National Research Council of Canada
(NRC): administration of smart contracts
from government; public transparency
• E-vox (Ukraine): Ethereum-based
election platform; local referendums as
well as legislatures at various levels
說明
DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization)
• A decentralized autonomous corporation (DAC) is an organization constructed
by rules encoded as a computer program that is often transparent, controlled
by the organization's members and not influenced by a central board or
management.
• Make decisions by voting; decisions executed by specifically coded rules
• E.g. raise funds by issuing crypto tokens for specific purposes with
decisions made via voting by all participants
• Exercising of investor/stakeholder rights?
Examples of DAO
Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization
Caution
Not all “blockchains” are permissionless!
• There are permissioned
blockchains too!
• China’s officially endorsed “Blockchain-based
Service Network” (BSN)
• “Permissionless blockchains — also known as
trustless or public blockchains — allow anyone
to join and potentially make changes to the
blockchain, so long as they are running a
particular software or a device."
• “In contrast, permissioned blockchains are
usually private and only allow certain participants
to be involved in their use.”
• “Put your trust in the government’s control”
說明

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Chapter 7 Other Emerging Technologies.pptx
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This document discusses several emerging technologies including nanotechnology, biotechnology, blockchain technology, cloud and quantum computing, autonomic computing, computer vision, embedded systems, and cybersecurity. It provides details on each technology such as definitions, applications, and how they work at a high level.

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This document discusses the technology of blockchain and its potential future applications. It begins by explaining how blockchain works as a distributed database where transactions are grouped into blocks and linked via cryptography. Examples are given of how blockchain could be used for applications like global payments by providing benefits like reduced costs, faster transactions, and increased security and transparency. However, challenges like scalability, regulatory uncertainty, and technical limitations still need to be addressed before blockchain sees widespread adoption.

Other potential use cases
• Countering corruption through transparency and accountability
• Elections, referendums and other political processes
• New forms of social or commercial organizations, e.g. DAO etc.
• Protecting human rights? (How?)
• Rule of law and access to justice? (How?)
All about governance
Setting up the rules of the game
• “Governance” (such as those executed by blockchain-based ‘smart contracts’)
is defined by software rules
• Current research activities at universities, think tanks and research institutes
• Slowly developing….
Some brainstorming questions
Avoiding the Web’s previous mistakes
• How much is Web3 or blockchain discussed or understood in your country? Any development projects?
• Do you know of any useful application for blockchain or Web3 in your country?
• As our current capacity to understand and mitigate online harm is based on centralized structures, how do
we deal with Web3 applications?
• Do you think intermediaries can really be eliminated?
• The “people don’t want to run their own servers” argument again
• Does Web3 present any threats and risks for democracy?
• Who will hold the power?
• Is there a Web3 divide in democratic innovation?
• Global south? Gender? (Those who are not even on Web 1.0 or 2.0!)

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Technology4democracy: The Potential of Web3 and Blockchain for Democracy

  • 1. Charles Mok | Global Digital Policy Incubator | Cyber Policy Center | Stanford University | 3.10.2023 Technology4Democracy The Potential of Web3 and Blockchain for Democracy
  • 2. What is Web3? It’s the Blockchain • Related buzzwords: NFT (non-fungible tokens), cryptocurrency (Bitcoin etc) • Blockchain — Distributed ledger technology (DLT): a large, distributed, database (spreadsheet) hosted by a network of computers instead of centralized servers. Information saved on a blockchain is visibly and permanently saved to all computers in the network • Blockchains are: • Immutable, transparent, decentralized • Permissionless or trustless (zero trust) • Eliminate the intermediaries
  • 3. But wait a minute! Backing up a bit • The Internet? The Web? • Web 1.0 — The World-Wide Web was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while working at CERN • Hypertext; HTML — the read-only web? “Content is king” • Web 2.0 (~1999) — User-created content or user-generated content; the social web — blogs, then social networks • Centralization on platforms: Think Facebook, Gmail, iCloud, etc. — the read/write web?
  • 4. Then comes Web3 Or Web 3.0? • Web 3.0 — Aka the Semantic Web, as an evolutionary concept from Web 2.0, it focuses on making data more relatable, better linked and more easily reused across the Internet • Replaced by Web3 — More about using Blockchain technologies, decentralization and removing intermediaries and directly connecting content creators and content consumers • The read/write/own web?
  • 5. Decentralization Paul Beran, 1964 described the three different kinds of networks 說明
  • 6. Is Web3 the Democratic Web? Privacy, direct participation, no manipulation • You, the user, can own your data (finally!) • Platforms are no longer the gatekeepers or gating factors • Enable immutable and secure voting for everyone to participate in any decision making — the ultimate democratic platform? • Better privacy through your own blockchain-based digital ID: “allowing us more control of our digital identities and information, while adding a layer of accountability to help stop bad actors” (Tomicah Tilleman, investor)
  • 7. Not all are believers Moxie Marlinspike, entrepreneur, cryptographer, and computer security researcher 說明 • Reality check: • People don’t want t run their own servers, and they never will • A protocol moves much more slowly than a platform • Instead: • Accept that people will not run their own servers by designing systems that can distribute trust without having to distribute infrastructure • Reduce the burden of building software
  • 8. Is Web3 just a hype? Here’s what some people say…. • Sir Tim Berners-Lee: • Supports Web 3.0 but not Web3 • “Blockchain may be good for some things but…they’re too slow, too expensive and too public.” • Jack Dorsey: • “Web3 will ultimately end up being owned by venture capitalists” • Elon Musk: • “Marketing buzzword” 說明 說明
  • 9. Call it Web3 or blockchain There are some good applications out there • Gyeonggi-do, South Korea: community idea generation and voting • Hong Kong: crypto tokens to fund writers • National Research Council of Canada (NRC): administration of smart contracts from government; public transparency • E-vox (Ukraine): Ethereum-based election platform; local referendums as well as legislatures at various levels 說明
  • 10. DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) • A decentralized autonomous corporation (DAC) is an organization constructed by rules encoded as a computer program that is often transparent, controlled by the organization's members and not influenced by a central board or management. • Make decisions by voting; decisions executed by specifically coded rules • E.g. raise funds by issuing crypto tokens for specific purposes with decisions made via voting by all participants • Exercising of investor/stakeholder rights?
  • 11. Examples of DAO Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization
  • 12. Caution Not all “blockchains” are permissionless! • There are permissioned blockchains too! • China’s officially endorsed “Blockchain-based Service Network” (BSN) • “Permissionless blockchains — also known as trustless or public blockchains — allow anyone to join and potentially make changes to the blockchain, so long as they are running a particular software or a device." • “In contrast, permissioned blockchains are usually private and only allow certain participants to be involved in their use.” • “Put your trust in the government’s control” 說明
  • 13. Other potential use cases • Countering corruption through transparency and accountability • Elections, referendums and other political processes • New forms of social or commercial organizations, e.g. DAO etc. • Protecting human rights? (How?) • Rule of law and access to justice? (How?)
  • 14. All about governance Setting up the rules of the game • “Governance” (such as those executed by blockchain-based ‘smart contracts’) is defined by software rules • Current research activities at universities, think tanks and research institutes • Slowly developing….
  • 15. Some brainstorming questions Avoiding the Web’s previous mistakes • How much is Web3 or blockchain discussed or understood in your country? Any development projects? • Do you know of any useful application for blockchain or Web3 in your country? • As our current capacity to understand and mitigate online harm is based on centralized structures, how do we deal with Web3 applications? • Do you think intermediaries can really be eliminated? • The “people don’t want to run their own servers” argument again • Does Web3 present any threats and risks for democracy? • Who will hold the power? • Is there a Web3 divide in democratic innovation? • Global south? Gender? (Those who are not even on Web 1.0 or 2.0!)