Cyber Risks in Hong Kong

Digital Authoritarianism, Asian Techno-Geopolitics and Technology Fragmentation Talk at Rikkyo University, Tokyo Apr 3 2023

This document provides an overview and analysis of the Digital Security Act 2018 in Bangladesh. It discusses the purpose of the act to address cybersecurity issues, the controversies around limitations to civil liberties, and an evaluation of the act's constitutionality and viability based on international guidelines. The document examines specific sections of the act that are controversial and violate constitutional rights. It provides recommendations to address these issues in both the short and long term through legislative amendments and capacity building.

Charles Mok is a Legislative Councillor in Hong Kong representing the information technology sector. This document provides an overview of internet usage and censorship in China and Hong Kong. It notes that while Hong Kong has no censorship, certain laws like the Computer Crime Ordinance govern internet use. The document calls for more transparency around government requests for user data and content removal to ISPs to protect civil liberties. It also discusses China's increasing censorship and strategies to evade restrictions, as well as the balance Chinese authorities aim to strike between control and economic growth online.

Charles Mok discusses China's repressive digital practices, including the Great Firewall that censors the internet, massive government surveillance through tools like facial recognition, and the social credit system. He notes that China is exporting this model of digital control through projects like the Digital Silk Road and by providing technologies to other countries. However, China faces pushback in some Western nations and its efforts to influence global technology standards have met resistance from organizations like IETF and IEEE. Overall, China is actively working to spread its model of internet governance and fragment the global internet while facing challenges to its vision from advocates of multistakeholder governance.

This document provides an overview of cyber law and cyber crime in India. It begins with definitions of cyber law and cyber space. It then discusses the need for cyber law in India due to increasing internet usage and cyber crimes. The document outlines the history and key provisions of the Information Technology Act 2000 and its 2008 amendment. It discusses rules notified under the IT Act and other laws amended by it like the IPC and Evidence Act. It also classifies and provides examples of different types of cyber crimes and offenders. Finally, it discusses some important case laws related to cyber crimes in India.

Ppt on technology law and jurisprudence

The Supreme Court invalidated Section 66A of the IT Act 2000 finding it violated freedom of expression protections. The new IT Rules 2021 now regulate online content and require social media and streaming platforms to appoint grievance officers and publish compliance reports. However, several high courts have issued interim orders noting concerns that the new rules' broad content restrictions could violate constitutional freedoms. The courts will further examine whether the IT Rules 2021 overreach in regulating online speech.

The document discusses cyber crime and cyber laws in India. It defines cyber crime and categorizes it into computer as target and computer as weapon. It then defines cyber law and discusses the importance of cyber law in protecting individuals. It explains key concepts like cyber jurisprudence, Information Technology Act 2000, roles of certifying authorities, controller of certifying authority, and adjudicating officer. It also summarizes some key sections of the IT Act and offenses covered under the Indian Penal Code relating to cyber crimes.

The document analyzes internet freedom in Tunisia and finds that reforms are needed to protect freedom of expression online. While internet censorship has decreased since President Ben Ali was ousted, repressive laws from his government remain on the books, posing a threat to free speech. These laws impose liability on internet service providers for third-party content and require monitoring and removing content deemed contrary to public order or morals. Reforms are recommended to remove these problematic provisions and bring internet regulation in line with international standards.

The document discusses cyber jurisdiction and international conventions on cybercrime. It notes that determining jurisdiction in cybercrime cases is challenging as the internet crosses borders. The key international agreements discussed are the Budapest Convention, which harmonizes laws against cybercrime, and a new Russian-led UN resolution to establish another convention. India has concerns about signing the Budapest Convention due to issues of sovereignty but supported the Russian resolution.

The document discusses key aspects of information technology and telecommunications law in India. It provides an overview of the Information Technology Act 2000 and the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act 1997. The IT Act aims to provide a legal framework for e-commerce and digital transactions. TRAI was established to regulate the telecom sector and ensure consumer interests are protected. The document outlines important sections of the IT Act regarding cybercrimes and data privacy. It also explains the purpose and functions of TRAI in regulating tariffs and resolving disputes in the telecom industry.

South Africa has strong constitutional protections for privacy and personal data. The Protection of Personal Information Act (POPI) provides extensive privacy rights and obligations similar to the EU GDPR, though it has not yet fully come into force. Sectoral laws also regulate privacy in areas like electronic communications, financial services, health, and children. Recent developments include the appointment of an Information Regulator in 2016 to oversee POPI compliance and the publication of draft POPI regulations in 2017 and 2018. Once POPI is fully enacted, it will repeal the interim Electronic Communications and Transactions Act and require businesses to comply within 12 months.

The document provides an overview of cyber crime laws in Pakistan. It discusses the Electronic Transaction Ordinance of 2002, which was the first legislation to recognize electronic documentation and provide legal protections for online transactions. It also discusses the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill of 2007 and the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act of 2016, both of which expanded the scope of cyber crimes and penalties. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act established new cyber crime offenses and granted new investigative powers to law enforcement agencies.

APNIC General Counsel Craig Ng discusses legal cooperation to overcome jurisdictional and territorial limits in cybercrime investigations at the 33rd TWNIC IP OPM in Taipei, Taiwan, on 5 December 2019.

This document discusses issues related to the transition to IP networks and net neutrality rules. Regarding the IP transition, it notes that the public telephone network is being replaced by an IP-based network, which could impact services, reliability, and regulatory obligations. On net neutrality, it explains the debate around whether and how to regulate broadband providers to prevent blocking or discrimination of internet traffic. Local governments should be concerned with how these changes could impact services, public safety networks, and economic development. The FCC is considering new rules around an "open internet" and prohibiting blocking of lawful content.

The document provides an overview of cyber law in India. It discusses: 1) Cyber law is a vast study that includes many acts like the IT Act, Evidence Act, IPC, and CrPC. Understanding cyber issues like http and https is challenging for lawyers. 2) The IT Act aims to provide legal recognition for electronic transactions and commerce. It has administrative, civil, and criminal provisions to regulate cyber issues. 3) Other laws like the IPC, Evidence Act, and CrPC also apply to cyber crimes in areas like hacking, identity theft, and online fraud. The Evidence Act has provisions for digital evidence admissibility. 4) Investigating cyber crimes is difficult due to the

Ukraine has one of the lowest levels of internet penetration in Europe at 25%. The .ua domain needs to be redelegated as the organization listed with IANA no longer exists and a private company now administers it. State authorities sometimes seize servers without court orders, mixing up addresses, under the guise of fighting cybercrime. Proposed legislation to fight child pornography called the "404 Law" was criticized for being technically illiterate and enabling excessive government control over internet users and ISPs. While amended, it still poses risks by requiring ISPs to store user connection data without defined procedures.

Charles Mok discusses various threats facing the internet, including digital repression, surveillance, misinformation, internet shutdowns, and data/cyber sovereignty. He notes that data, standards, infrastructure, and values are fragmenting. Regulatory fragmentation is also occurring as democracies seek backdoors, while authoritarians view cybersecurity as a means of regime security and push for more government control over internet governance through conferences like the World Internet Conference. Overall, Mok argues the vision of "One World, One Internet" is under threat from increasing fragmentation across many areas.

This document discusses the trend of governments using access restrictions as a policy tool for compliance. It notes that censorship has existed as long as the internet, through methods like the Great Firewall of China. The document examines perspectives from 2011 that viewed access restrictions as minor inconveniences rather than censorship. It analyzes how the UK uses a protective DNS service to block malware while maintaining it is not censorship. Examples from Hong Kong and predictions for other Asian countries show how access restrictions have become mandated under national security laws. The document raises the question of whether similar trends could occur in other countries like the US and Taiwan.

全球數位威權趨勢及對台灣的挑戰和機遇 Digital Authoritarianism: Global Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Taiwan Keynote for Open Culture Foundation April 8 2023 Taipei, Taiwan

- Web3 aims to decentralize the internet using blockchain technology, removing centralized intermediaries and allowing users to own their own data. This could enable new forms of direct participation like immutable voting. However, others are skeptical that people want to manage their own servers or infrastructure. There are also concerns that Web3 platforms could become controlled by venture capitalists like previous iterations. Some countries and organizations are experimenting with blockchain applications for areas like elections, funding, and transparency. Ensuring governance models are inclusive and address potential threats will be important as Web3 develops.