Electronic commerce(E- Commerce) is the trading or facilitation of trading in products or services
using computer networks, such as the Internet. It comes under a part of Data Mining which takes large amount
of data and extracts them. The paper uses the information about the techniques and methods used in the
shopping cart for prediction of product that the customer wants to buy or will buy and shows the relevant
products according to the cost of the product. The paper also summarizes the descriptive methods with
examples. For predicting the frequent pattern of itemset, many prediction algorithms, rule mining techniques
and various methods have already been designed for use of retail market. This paper examines literature
analysis on several techniques for mining frequent itemsets.The survey comprises various tree formations like
Partial tree, IT tree and algorithms with its advantages and its limitations.
presentation on recent data mining Techniques ,and future directions of research from the recent research papers made in Pre-master ,in Cairo University under supervision of Dr. Rabie
A classification of methods for frequent pattern mining
This document discusses and compares several algorithms for frequent pattern mining. It analyzes algorithms such as CBT-fi, Index-BitTableFI, hierarchical partitioning, matrix-based data structure, bitwise AND, two-fold cross-validation, and binary-based semi-Apriori. Each algorithm is described and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The document concludes that CBT-fi outperforms other algorithms by clustering similar transactions to reduce memory usage and database scans while hierarchical partitioning and matrix-based approaches improve efficiency for large databases.
Research trends in data warehousing and data mining
This document discusses classification and prediction in data analysis. It defines classification as predicting categorical class labels, such as predicting if a loan applicant is risky or safe. Prediction predicts continuous numeric values, such as predicting how much a customer will spend. The document provides examples of classification, including a bank predicting loan risk and a company predicting computer purchases. It also provides an example of prediction, where a company predicts customer spending. It then discusses how classification works, including building a classifier model from training data and using the model to classify new data. Finally, it discusses decision tree induction for classification and the k-means algorithm.
One of the most important problems in modern finance is finding efficient ways to summarize and visualize
the stock market data to give individuals or institutions useful information about the market behavior for
investment decisions Therefore, Investment can be considered as one of the fundamental pillars of national
economy. So, at the present time many investors look to find criterion to compare stocks together and
selecting the best and also investors choose strategies that maximize the earning value of the investment
process. Therefore the enormous amount of valuable data generated by the stock market has attracted
researchers to explore this problem domain using different methodologies. Therefore research in data
mining has gained a high attraction due to the importance of its applications and the increasing generation
information. So, Data mining tools such as association rule, rule induction method and Apriori algorithm
techniques are used to find association between different scripts of stock market, and also much of the
research and development has taken place regarding the reasons for fluctuating Indian stock exchange.
But, now days there are two important factors such as gold prices and US Dollar Prices are more
dominating on Indian Stock Market and to find out the correlation between gold prices, dollar prices and
BSE index statistical correlation is used and this helps the activities of stock operators, brokers, investors
and jobbers. They are based on the forecasting the fluctuation of index share prices, gold prices, dollar
prices and transactions of customers. Hence researcher has considered these problems as a topic for
research.
GeneticMax: An Efficient Approach to Mining Maximal Frequent Itemsets Based o...
This paper presents a new approach based on genetic algorithms (GAs) to generate maximal frequent itemsets (MFIs) from large datasets. This new algorithm, GeneticMax, is heuristic which mimics natural selection approaches for finding MFIs in an efficient way. The search strategy of this algorithm uses a lexicographic tree that avoids level by level searching which reduces the time required to mine the MFIs in a linear way. Our implementation of the search strategy includes bitmap representation of the nodes in a lexicographic tree and identifying frequent itemsets (FIs) from superset-subset relationships of nodes. This new algorithm uses the principles of GAs to perform global searches. The time complexity is less than many of the other algorithms since it uses a non-deterministic approach. We separate the effect of each step of this algorithm by experimental analysis on real datasets such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Zoo, and a 10000×8 dataset. Our experimental results showed that this approach is efficient and scalable for different sizes of itemsets. It accesses a major dataset to calculate a support value for fewer number of nodes to find the FIs even when the search space is very large, dramatically reducing the search time. The proposed algorithm shows how evolutionary method can be used on real datasets to find all the MFIs in an efficient way.
The document defines data mining as extracting useful information from large datasets. It discusses two main types of data mining tasks: descriptive tasks like frequent pattern mining and classification/prediction tasks like decision trees. Several data mining techniques are covered, including association, classification, clustering, prediction, sequential patterns, and decision trees. Real-world applications of data mining are also outlined, such as market basket analysis, fraud detection, healthcare, education, and CRM.
Introduction to feature subset selection methodIJSRD
Data Mining is a computational progression to ascertain patterns in hefty data sets. It has various important techniques and one of them is Classification which is receiving great attention recently in the database community. Classification technique can solve several problems in different fields like medicine, industry, business, science. PSO is based on social behaviour for optimization problem. Feature Selection (FS) is a solution that involves finding a subset of prominent features to improve predictive accuracy and to remove the redundant features. Rough Set Theory (RST) is a mathematical tool which deals with the uncertainty and vagueness of the decision systems.
In today’s world there is a wide availability of huge amount of data and thus there is a need for turning this
data into useful information which is referred to as knowledge. This demand for knowledge discovery
process has led to the development of many algorithms used to determine the association rules. One of the
major problems faced by these algorithms is generation of candidate sets. The FP-Tree algorithm is one of
the most preferred algorithms for association rule mining because it gives association rules without
generating candidate sets. But in the process of doing so, it generates many CP-trees which decreases its
efficiency. In this research paper, an improvised FP-tree algorithm with a modified header table, along
with a spare table and the MFI algorithm for association rule mining is proposed. This algorithm generates
frequent item sets without using candidate sets and CP-trees.
presentation on recent data mining Techniques ,and future directions of research from the recent research papers made in Pre-master ,in Cairo University under supervision of Dr. Rabie
A classification of methods for frequent pattern miningIOSR Journals
This document discusses and compares several algorithms for frequent pattern mining. It analyzes algorithms such as CBT-fi, Index-BitTableFI, hierarchical partitioning, matrix-based data structure, bitwise AND, two-fold cross-validation, and binary-based semi-Apriori. Each algorithm is described and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The document concludes that CBT-fi outperforms other algorithms by clustering similar transactions to reduce memory usage and database scans while hierarchical partitioning and matrix-based approaches improve efficiency for large databases.
This document discusses classification and prediction in data analysis. It defines classification as predicting categorical class labels, such as predicting if a loan applicant is risky or safe. Prediction predicts continuous numeric values, such as predicting how much a customer will spend. The document provides examples of classification, including a bank predicting loan risk and a company predicting computer purchases. It also provides an example of prediction, where a company predicts customer spending. It then discusses how classification works, including building a classifier model from training data and using the model to classify new data. Finally, it discusses decision tree induction for classification and the k-means algorithm.
One of the most important problems in modern finance is finding efficient ways to summarize and visualize
the stock market data to give individuals or institutions useful information about the market behavior for
investment decisions Therefore, Investment can be considered as one of the fundamental pillars of national
economy. So, at the present time many investors look to find criterion to compare stocks together and
selecting the best and also investors choose strategies that maximize the earning value of the investment
process. Therefore the enormous amount of valuable data generated by the stock market has attracted
researchers to explore this problem domain using different methodologies. Therefore research in data
mining has gained a high attraction due to the importance of its applications and the increasing generation
information. So, Data mining tools such as association rule, rule induction method and Apriori algorithm
techniques are used to find association between different scripts of stock market, and also much of the
research and development has taken place regarding the reasons for fluctuating Indian stock exchange.
But, now days there are two important factors such as gold prices and US Dollar Prices are more
dominating on Indian Stock Market and to find out the correlation between gold prices, dollar prices and
BSE index statistical correlation is used and this helps the activities of stock operators, brokers, investors
and jobbers. They are based on the forecasting the fluctuation of index share prices, gold prices, dollar
prices and transactions of customers. Hence researcher has considered these problems as a topic for
research.
GeneticMax: An Efficient Approach to Mining Maximal Frequent Itemsets Based o...ITIIIndustries
This paper presents a new approach based on genetic algorithms (GAs) to generate maximal frequent itemsets (MFIs) from large datasets. This new algorithm, GeneticMax, is heuristic which mimics natural selection approaches for finding MFIs in an efficient way. The search strategy of this algorithm uses a lexicographic tree that avoids level by level searching which reduces the time required to mine the MFIs in a linear way. Our implementation of the search strategy includes bitmap representation of the nodes in a lexicographic tree and identifying frequent itemsets (FIs) from superset-subset relationships of nodes. This new algorithm uses the principles of GAs to perform global searches. The time complexity is less than many of the other algorithms since it uses a non-deterministic approach. We separate the effect of each step of this algorithm by experimental analysis on real datasets such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Zoo, and a 10000×8 dataset. Our experimental results showed that this approach is efficient and scalable for different sizes of itemsets. It accesses a major dataset to calculate a support value for fewer number of nodes to find the FIs even when the search space is very large, dramatically reducing the search time. The proposed algorithm shows how evolutionary method can be used on real datasets to find all the MFIs in an efficient way.
The document discusses frequent pattern mining and the Apriori algorithm. It introduces frequent patterns as frequently occurring sets of items in transaction data. The Apriori algorithm is described as a seminal method for mining frequent itemsets via multiple passes over the data, generating candidate itemsets and pruning those that are not frequent. Challenges with Apriori include multiple database scans and large number of candidate sets generated.
Market basket analysis examines customer purchasing patterns to determine which items are commonly bought together. This can help retailers with marketing strategies like product bundling and complementary product placement. Association rule mining is a two-step process that first finds frequent item sets that occur together above a minimum support threshold, and then generates strong association rules from these frequent item sets that satisfy minimum support and confidence. Various techniques can improve the efficiency of the Apriori algorithm for mining association rules, such as hashing, transaction reduction, partitioning, sampling, and dynamic item-set counting. Pruning strategies like item merging, sub-item-set pruning, and item skipping can also enhance efficiency. Constraint-based mining allows users to specify constraints on the type of
This document provides an overview of data mining, including definitions, processes, tasks, and algorithms. It defines data mining as a process that takes data as input and outputs knowledge. The main steps in the data mining process are data preparation, data mining (applying algorithms to identify patterns), and evaluation/interpretation. Common data mining tasks are classification, regression, association rule mining, clustering, and text/link mining. Popular algorithms described are decision trees, rule-based classifiers, artificial neural networks, and nearest neighbor methods. Each have advantages and disadvantages related to predictive power, speed, and interpretability.
CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM USING RANDOM CONCEPT ON A VERY LARGE DATA SET: A SURVEYEditor IJMTER
Data mining environment produces a large amount of data, that need to be
analyses, pattern have to be extracted from that to gain knowledge. In this new period with
rumble of data both ordered and unordered, by using traditional databases and architectures, it
has become difficult to process, manage and analyses patterns. To gain knowledge about the
Big Data a proper architecture should be understood. Classification is an important data mining
technique with broad applications to classify the various kinds of data used in nearly every
field of our life. Classification is used to classify the item according to the features of the item
with respect to the predefined set of classes. This paper provides an inclusive survey of
different classification algorithms and put a light on various classification algorithms including
j48, C4.5, k-nearest neighbor classifier, Naive Bayes, SVM etc., using random concept.
Study of Data Mining Methods and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses data mining methods and their applications. It begins by defining data mining as the process of extracting useful patterns from large amounts of data. The document then outlines the typical steps in the knowledge discovery process, including data selection, preprocessing, transformation, mining, and evaluation. It classifies data mining techniques into predictive and descriptive methods. Specific techniques discussed include classification, clustering, prediction, and association rule mining. Finally, the document discusses applications of data mining in fields like healthcare, biology, retail, and banking.
Data mining and data warehouse lab manual updatedYugal Kumar
This document describes experiments conducted for a Data Mining and Data Warehousing Lab course. Experiment 1 involves studying data pre-processing steps using a dataset. Experiment 2 involves implementing a decision tree classification algorithm in Java. Experiment 3 uses the WEKA tool to implement the ID3 decision tree algorithm on a bank dataset, generating and visualizing the decision tree model. The experiments aim to help students understand key concepts in data mining such as pre-processing, classification algorithms, and using tools like WEKA.
Data mining involves using algorithms to find patterns in large datasets. It is commonly used in market research to perform tasks like classification, prediction, and association rule mining. The document discusses several common data mining techniques like decision trees, naive Bayes classification, and regression trees. It also covers related topics like cross-validation, bagging, and boosting methods used for improving model performance.
A literature review of modern association rule mining techniquesijctet
This document discusses association rule mining techniques for extracting useful patterns from large datasets. It provides background on association rule mining and defines key concepts like support, confidence and frequent itemsets. The document then reviews several classic association rule mining algorithms like AIS, Apriori and FP-Growth. It explains that these algorithms aim to improve quality and efficiency by reducing database scans, generating fewer candidate itemsets and using pruning techniques.
This document discusses and classifies various algorithms for frequent pattern mining. It summarizes four algorithms:
1) The CBT-fi algorithm reduces the number of database scans and transactions to improve efficiency by clustering similar transactions in a compact bit table structure.
2) The Index-BitTableFI algorithm avoids redundant operations by identifying frequent itemsets containing a representative item using an index array and subsume index.
3) The Hierarchical Partitioning algorithm partitions large databases into manageable sub-databases using a Frequent Pattern List data structure, enabling a divide-and-conquer approach.
4) The Matrix-based Data Structure algorithm addresses deficiencies of scanning databases multiple times and generating many irregular itemsets by
BINARY DECISION TREE FOR ASSOCIATION RULES MINING IN INCREMENTAL DATABASES IJDKP
This research paper proposes an algorithm to find association rules for incremental databases. Most of the
transaction databases are often dynamic. Suppose consider super market customers daily purchase
transactions. Day to day customer’s behaviour to purchase items may change and new products replace
old products. In this scenario static data mining algorithms doesn't make good significance. If an algorithm
continuously learns day to day, then we can get most updated knowledge. This is very much helpful in
present fast updating world. Famous and benchmarked algorithms for Association rules mining are
Apriory and FP- Growth. However, the major drawback in Appriory and FP-Growth is, they must be
rebuilt all over again once the original database is changed. Therefore, in this paper we introduce an
efficient algorithm called Binary Decision Tree (BDT) to process incremental data. To process
continuously data we need so much of processing and storage resources. In this algorithm we scan data
base only once by which we construct dynamic growing binary tree to find association rules with better
performance and optimum storage. We can apply for static data also, but our main intension is to give
optimum solution for incremental data.
Simulation and Performance Analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular Net...ijsrd.com
In the development, standardization and implementation of LTE Networks based on Orthogonal Freq. Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), simulations are necessary to test as well as optimize algorithms and procedures before real time establishment. This can be done by both Physical Layer (Link-Level) and Network (System-Level) context. This paper proposes Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) which is capable of evaluating the performance of the Downlink Shared Channel of LTE networks and comparing it with available MatLab based LTE System Level Simulator performance.
An Efficient Compressed Data Structure Based Method for Frequent Item Set Miningijsrd.com
Frequent pattern mining is very important for business organizations. The major applications of frequent pattern mining include disease prediction and analysis, rain forecasting, profit maximization, etc. In this paper, we are presenting a new method for mining frequent patterns. Our method is based on a new compact data structure. This data structure will help in reducing the execution time.
In this paper, we present a literature survey of existing frequent item set mining algorithms. The concept of frequent item set mining is also discussed in brief. The working procedure of some modern frequent item set mining techniques is given. Also the merits and demerits of each method are described. It is found that the frequent item set mining is still a burning research topic.
A Brief Overview On Frequent Pattern Mining AlgorithmsSara Alvarez
This document provides an overview of frequent pattern mining algorithms. It discusses that frequent pattern mining finds inherent regularities in data and plays an essential role in data mining tasks. The document then describes several sequential pattern mining algorithms such as AIS, SETM, Apriori and some of its variations that improve efficiency. It also discusses parallel pattern mining algorithms and some challenges in the field of frequent pattern mining.
A Quantified Approach for large Dataset Compression in Association MiningIOSR Journals
Abstract: With the rapid development of computer and information technology in the last several decades, an
enormous amount of data in science and engineering will continuously be generated in massive scale; data
compression is needed to reduce the cost and storage space. Compression and discovering association rules by
identifying relationships among sets of items in a transaction database is an important problem in Data Mining.
Finding frequent itemsets is computationally the most expensive step in association rule discovery and therefore
it has attracted significant research attention. However, existing compression algorithms are not appropriate in
data mining for large data sets. In this research a new approach is describe in which the original dataset is
sorted in lexicographical order and desired number of groups are formed to generate the quantification tables.
These quantification tables are used to generate the compressed dataset, which is more efficient algorithm for
mining complete frequent itemsets from compressed dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm performs better when comparing it with the mining merge algorithm with different supports and
execution time.
Keywords: Apriori Algorithm, mining merge Algorithm, quantification table
The document presents a proposed algorithm called MSApriori_VDB for efficiently mining rare association rules from transactional databases. The algorithm first converts the transaction database to a vertical data format to reduce the number of scans. It then uses a multiple minimum support framework where each item is assigned a minimum item support based on its frequency. The algorithm generates candidate itemsets, calculates their support, and prunes uninteresting itemsets to identify interesting rare associations with high confidence. Experimental results show the algorithm outperforms previous approaches in memory usage and runtime.
IRJET- Classification of Pattern Storage System and Analysis of Online Shoppi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses classifying patterns from online shopping data using data mining techniques. It proposes using the Apriori algorithm to mine frequent patterns from transaction data stored in a data warehouse. Patterns mined from the data warehouse using Apriori would then be stored in a pattern warehouse. This would allow users to view product details and related patterns when browsing items online. The system aims to efficiently analyze large amounts of user data to discover useful patterns for improving the online shopping experience.
Improved Frequent Pattern Mining Algorithm using Divide and Conquer Technique...ijsrd.com
Frequent patterns are patterns such as item sets, subsequences or substructures that appear in a data set frequently. A Divide and Conquer method is used for finding frequent item set mining. Its core advantages are extremely simple data structure and processing scheme. Divide the original dataset in the projected database and find out the frequent pattern from the dataset. Split and Merge uses a purely horizontal transaction representation. It gives very good result for dense dataset. The researchers introduce a split and merge algorithm for frequent item set mining. There are some problems with this algorithm. We have to modify this algorithm for getting better results and then we will compare it with old one. We have suggested different methods to solve problem with current algorithm. We proposed two methods (1) Method I and (2) Method II for getting solution of problem. We have compared our algorithm with the currently worked algorithm SaM. We examine the performance of SaM and Modified SaM using real datasets. We have taken results for both dense and sparse datasets.
This document discusses sequential pattern mining, which aims to discover patterns or rules in sequential data where events are ordered by time. It provides background on sequential pattern mining and its applications. The document also discusses related work on mining sequential patterns and rules from time-series data and across multiple sequences. It describes algorithms for efficiently mining sequential patterns at scale from large databases.
Multiple Minimum Support Implementations with Dynamic Matrix Apriori Algorith...ijsrd.com
Data mining can be defined as the process of uncovering hidden patterns in random data that are potentially useful. The discovery of interesting association relationships among large amounts of business transactions is currently vital for making appropriate business decisions. Association rule analysis is the task of discovering association rules that occur frequently in a given transaction data set. Its task is to find certain relationships among a set of data (itemset) in the database. It has two measurements: Support and confidence values. Confidence value is a measure of rule’s strength, while support value corresponds to statistical significance. There are currently a variety of algorithms to discover association rules. Some of these algorithms depend on the use of minimum support to weed out the uninteresting rules. Other algorithms look for highly correlated items, that is, rules with high confidence. Traditional association rule mining techniques employ predefined support and confidence values. However, specifying minimum support value of the mined rules in advance often leads to either too many or too few rules, which negatively impacts the performance of the overall system. This work proposes a way to efficiently mine association rules over dynamic databases using Dynamic Matrix Apriori technique and Multiple Support Apriori (MSApriori). A modification for Matrix Apriori algorithm to accommodate this modification is proposed. Experiments on large set of data bases have been conducted to validate the proposed framework. The achieved results show that there is a remarkable improvement in the overall performance of the system in terms of run time, the number of generated rules, and number of frequent items used.
Data Mining is an important aspect for any business. Most of the management level decisions are based on the process of Data Mining. One of such aspect is the association between different sale products i.e. what is the actual support of a product respected to the other product. This concept is called Association Mining. According to this concept we define the process of estimating the sale of one product respective to the other product. We are proposing an association rule based on the concept of Hardware support. In this concept we first maintain the database and compare it with systolic array after this a pruning process is being performed to filter the database and to remove the rarely used items. Finally the data is indexed according to hashing technique and the decision is performed in terms of support count. Krishan Rohilla | Shabnam Kumari | Reema"Data Mining based on Hashing Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd82.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/data-miining/82/data-mining-based-on-hashing-technique/krishan-rohilla
Implementation of Improved Apriori Algorithm on Large Dataset using HadoopBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes research on improving the Apriori algorithm for association rule mining on large datasets using Hadoop. The researchers implemented an improved Apriori algorithm that uses MapReduce on Hadoop to reduce the number of database scans needed. They tested the proposed algorithm on various datasets and found it had faster execution times and used less memory compared to the traditional Apriori algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A Study of Various Projected Data Based Pattern Mining Algorithmsijsrd.com
This document discusses and compares several algorithms for mining frequent patterns from transactional datasets: FP-Growth, H-mine, RELIM, and SaM. It analyzes the internal workings and performance of each algorithm. An experiment is conducted on the Mushroom dataset from the UCI repository using different minimum support thresholds. The results show that the execution times of the algorithms are generally similar, though SaM has a slightly lower time for higher support thresholds. The document provides an in-depth comparison of these frequent pattern mining algorithms.
IRJET-Comparative Analysis of Apriori and Apriori with Hashing AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document compares the Apriori and Apriori with hashing algorithms for association rule mining. Association rule mining is used to find frequent itemsets and discover relationships between items in transactional databases. The Apriori algorithm uses a bottom-up approach to generate frequent itemsets by joining candidate itemsets of length k with themselves. The Apriori with hashing algorithm improves efficiency by using a hash table to reduce the candidate itemset size. The document finds that Apriori with hashing outperforms the standard Apriori algorithm on large datasets by taking less time to generate frequent itemsets.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISTRIBUTED FREQUENT PATTERN MINING ALGORITHMS FOR BIG S...IAEME Publication
The document presents a comparative study of distributed frequent pattern mining algorithms CDA, FDM, and MR-DARM for mining big sales data. It first preprocesses a large AMUL dairy sales dataset using Hadoop MapReduce to convert it to transactions. It then applies the MR-DARM, CDA, and FDM algorithms to find frequent itemsets and compare their performance. Experimental results on the dairy dataset show that MR-DARM has lower execution times than CDA and FDM, especially when the data is distributed across multiple nodes.
An improvised tree algorithm for association rule mining using transaction re...Editor IJCATR
Association rule mining technique plays an important role in data mining research where the aim is to find interesting
correlations between sets of items in databases. The apriori algorithm has been the most popular techniques in finding frequent
patterns. However, when applying this method a database has to be scanned many times to calculate the counts of the huge umber
of candidate items sets. A new algorithm has been proposed as a solution to this problem. The proposed algorithm is mainly
concentrated to reduce the candidate sets generation and also aimed to increase the time of execution of the process
In the recent years the scope of data mining has evolved into an active area of research because of the previously unknown and interesting knowledge from very large database collection. The data mining is applied on a variety of applications in multiple domains like in business, IT and many more sectors. In Data Mining the major problem which receives great attention by the community is the classification of the data. The classification of data should be such that it could be they can be easily verified and should be easily interpreted by the humans. In this paper we would be studying various data mining techniques so that we can find few combinations for enhancing the hybrid technique which would be having multiple techniques involved so enhance the usability of the application. We would be studying CHARM Algorithm, CM-SPAM Algorithm, Apriori Algorithm, MOPNAR Algorithm and the Top K Rules.
Similar to Review on: Techniques for Predicting Frequent Items (20)
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This document discusses the importance of leadership in leading an organization towards improvement and development. It states that leadership is responsible for providing a clear vision and strategy to successfully achieve that vision. Effective leadership can impact the success of an organization by controlling its direction and motivating employees. Leadership is different from traditional management in that it guides employees towards organizational goals through open communication and motivation, rather than simply directing work. The paper concludes that only leadership can lead an organization to change according to its evolving environment, while management may simply follow old rules. Leadership is key to adapting to new market needs and trends.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
The document summarizes research on a nano composite polymer gel electrolyte containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Key points:
1. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene polymer was used as the base polymer mixed with propylene carbonate, magnesium perchlorate, and SiO2 nanoparticles to synthesize the nano composite polymer gel electrolyte.
2. The electrolyte was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR which confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and increased amorphous nature of the electrolyte, enhancing its ion conductivity.
3. XRD showed decreased crystallinity and disappearance of polymer peaks upon addition of SiO2. SEM revealed
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
Understanding Cybersecurity Breaches: Causes, Consequences, and PreventionBert Blevins
Cybersecurity breaches are a growing threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These breaches compromise sensitive information and erode trust in online services and systems. Understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention strategies of cybersecurity breaches is crucial to protect against these pervasive risks.
Cybersecurity breaches refer to unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction of digital information or systems. They can occur through various means such as malware, phishing attacks, insider threats, and vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Once a breach happens, cybercriminals can exploit the compromised data for financial gain, espionage, or sabotage. Causes of breaches include software and hardware vulnerabilities, phishing attacks, insider threats, weak passwords, and a lack of security awareness.
The consequences of cybersecurity breaches are severe. Financial loss is a significant impact, as organizations face theft of funds, legal fees, and repair costs. Breaches also damage reputations, leading to a loss of trust among customers, partners, and stakeholders. Regulatory penalties are another consequence, with hefty fines imposed for non-compliance with data protection regulations. Intellectual property theft undermines innovation and competitiveness, while disruptions of critical services like healthcare and utilities impact public safety and well-being.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
Development of Chatbot Using AI/ML Technologiesmaisnampibarel
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing have significantly transformed human-computer interactions. This thesis presents the design, development, and evaluation of an intelligent chatbot capable of engaging in natural and meaningful conversations with users. The chatbot leverages state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including transformer-based architectures, to understand and generate human-like responses.
Key contributions of this research include the implementation of a context- aware conversational model that can maintain coherent dialogue over extended interactions. The chatbot's performance is evaluated through both automated metrics and user studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in various applications such as customer service, mental health support, and educational assistance. Additionally, ethical considerations and potential biases in chatbot responses are examined to ensure the responsible deployment of this technology.
The findings of this thesis highlight the potential of intelligent chatbots to enhance user experience and provide valuable insights for future developments in conversational AI.
Natural Is The Best: Model-Agnostic Code Simplification for Pre-trained Large...YanKing2
Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLM) have achieved remarkable successes in several domains. However, code-oriented LLMs are often heavy in computational complexity, and quadratically with the length of the input code sequence. Toward simplifying the input program of an LLM, the state-of-the-art approach has the strategies to filter the input code tokens based on the attention scores given by the LLM. The decision to simplify the input program should not rely on the attention patterns of an LLM, as these patterns are influenced by both the model architecture and the pre-training dataset. Since the model and dataset are part of the solution domain, not the problem domain where the input program belongs, the outcome may differ when the model is trained on a different dataset. We propose SlimCode, a model-agnostic code simplification solution for LLMs that depends on the nature of input code tokens. As an empirical study on the LLMs including CodeBERT, CodeT5, and GPT-4 for two main tasks: code search and summarization. We reported that 1) the reduction ratio of code has a linear-like relation with the saving ratio on training time, 2) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification can vary significantly, 3) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification is task-specific but model-agnostic, and 4) the above findings hold for the paradigm–prompt engineering and interactive in-context learning and this study can save reduce the cost of invoking GPT-4 by 24%per API query. Importantly, SlimCode simplifies the input code with its greedy strategy and can obtain at most 133 times faster than the state-of-the-art technique with a significant improvement. This paper calls for a new direction on code-based, model-agnostic code simplification solutions to further empower LLMs.
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
have become indispensable for connecting people, sharing content, and fostering
online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
Conservation of Taksar through Economic RegenerationPriyankaKarn3
This was our 9th Sem Design Studio Project, introduced as Conservation of Taksar Bazar, Bhojpur, an ancient city famous for Taksar- Making Coins. Taksar Bazaar has a civilization of Newars shifted from Patan, with huge socio-economic and cultural significance having a settlement of about 300 years. But in the present scenario, Taksar Bazar has lost its charm and importance, due to various reasons like, migration, unemployment, shift of economic activities to Bhojpur and many more. The scenario was so pityful that when we went to make inventories, take survey and study the site, the people and the context, we barely found any youth of our age! Many houses were vacant, the earthquake devasted and ruined heritages.
Conservation of those heritages, ancient marvels,a nd history was in dire need, so we proposed the Conservation of Taksar through economic regeneration because the lack of economy was the main reason for the people to leave the settlement and the reason for the overall declination.
OCS Training Institute is pleased to co-operate with
a Global provider of Rig Inspection/Audits,
Commission-ing, Compliance & Acceptance as well as
& Engineering for Offshore Drilling Rigs, to deliver
Drilling Rig Inspec-tion Workshops (RIW) which
teaches the inspection & maintenance procedures
required to ensure equipment integrity. Candidates
learn to implement the relevant standards &
understand industry requirements so that they can
verify the condition of a rig’s equipment & improve
safety, thus reducing the number of accidents and
protecting the asset.
OCS Training - Rig Equipment Inspection - Advanced 5 Days_IADC.pdf
Review on: Techniques for Predicting Frequent Items
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Review on: Techniques for Predicting Frequent Items
Himanshu A. Chaudhari1
, Darshana S. Vartak1
, Nidhi U. Tripathi1
, Sunita Naik2
1
(B.E. Computer Engineering, VIVA Institute of Technology/Mumbai University, India)
2
(Assistant Prof. Computer Engineering, VIVA Institute of Technology/Mumbai University, India)
Abstract : Electronic commerce(E- Commerce) is the trading or facilitation of trading in products or services
using computer networks, such as the Internet. It comes under a part of Data Mining which takes large amount
of data and extracts them. The paper uses the information about the techniques and methods used in the
shopping cart for prediction of product that the customer wants to buy or will buy and shows the relevant
products according to the cost of the product. The paper also summarizes the descriptive methods with
examples. For predicting the frequent pattern of itemset, many prediction algorithms, rule mining techniques
and various methods have already been designed for use of retail market. This paper examines literature
analysis on several techniques for mining frequent itemsets.The survey comprises various tree formations like
Partial tree, IT tree and algorithms with its advantages and its limitations.
Keywords – Association Rule Mining, Data Mining, Frequent Itemsets, IT tree, Market Basket Data,
Prediction.
1. INTRODUCTION
We live in a world where huge amount of data are collected each and every day. Analyzing such data is
an important need. Data mining is the practice of automatically searching large stores of data to discover
patterns and trends that go beyond simple analysis. Data mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery in Data
(KDD). There are huge amount of data generated in the various organizations. Therefore organizer has to take
number of decisions during extraction of useful data from the huge amount of data. But it is difficult to take out
each and every record, so organizer finds frequently occurring data in the database. Pattern mining is a subfield
of data mining. An interesting pattern is a pattern that appears frequently in a database. The purpose of frequent
itemsets mining is to identify all frequent itemsets, i.e., itemsets that have at least a precised minimum support,
the percentage of transactions containing the itemsets. Frequent patterns as a name suggest are patterns that
occur frequently in data.
A frequent itemsets typically refers to a set of items that often appear together in a transactional
dataset. For example, customer tends to purchase first laptop, followed by a digital camera and then a memory
card, is a frequent pattern. Mining frequent patterns leads to the discovery of interesting association and
correlation within data. Association rule mining is meant to find the frequent itemsets, correlations and
associations from various type of database such as relational database, transaction database, sequence databases,
streams, strings, spatial data, graphs, etc. Association rule mining tries to find the rules that direct how or why
such items are often bought together in a given transaction with multiple items. The main application of
association rule mining is market basket data. Association rule can be defined as XY where X, Y are itemsets
with antecedent and consequent respectively. Market Basket analysis[5] consist of support and confidence
where support is used to identify how frequently itemsets appears in dataset and confidence is used to identify
how frequently the rule has been found to be true. The support of a rule is the number of sequence containing
the rule divided by the total number of sequences. Supp(XY) = p (A B). The confidence of a rule is the
number of sequence containing the rule divided by the number of sequences containing its
antecedent. Conf(XY) = supp (A, B)/supp (A). By using Support and confidence values, one can generates
rules on incoming queries and more precised prediction can be determined using prediction algorithm.
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2. TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTION OF FREQUENT ITEMSETS
Frequent patterns are itemsets, subsequence, or substructures that appear in a data set with frequency
no less than a user-specified threshold. Frequent itemsets are a form of frequent pattern. Discovery of all
frequent itemsets is a typical data mining task. The original use has been as part of association
rule discovery. By finding frequent itemsets, a retailer can learn what is commonly bought together. Especially
important are pairs or larger sets of items that occur much more frequently than would be expected were the
items bought independently. In this section, the methods for mining the simplest form of frequent patterns are
given.
2.1 Prediction of Missing Item Set In Shopping Cart [1]
Author invented IT-Tree (Itemsets Tree) technique. In this paper proposed algorithm makes use of
flagged IT-Tree. IT-Tree created from training data set. In this algorithm incoming itemsets were considered as
input and depend on that return graph that defines the association rule. In this algorithm they first identified all
high support, high confidence rules that have antecedent a subset of itemsets. Then after his it combines
consequent of all these rules and then created a set of items which are frequently bought. This method mainly
identify repeated occurrence of items and sort them accordingly. And most identical that is root items are
indicated with Flagged items. But there are two major drawbacks like time taken for execution is more and this
method requires more memory for processing.
Figure 1: Construction of IT tree from given database [1]
Overall paper gives brief idea about generating the IT tree to scan the dataset and sort into identical
itemset. It is Advantageous for computing itemset generation and can be used for generating candidate item sets.
2.2 Data Structure for Association Rule Mining: T -Tree and P Tree [2]
This paper demonstrates structure and algorithm using T tree and P tree with Advantage of storage and
execution time. The Total support tree (T tree) method is used to create an object node. After this method tree is
converted into array. The array format presents Partial support tree (P tree).This system proposed that the partial
support tree is increases the performance of storage and execution time. It also overcomes the Apriori algorithm.
In T tree and P tree structure branches are considered as independent therefore this structure can be used in
parallel or distributed Association Rule Mining.
Thus paper finally concluded with two different types of tree formation method in which it first form
tree and then convert it into array format which consumes memory and gives better performance in terms of
support calculation.
2.3 Itemset Trees For Targeted Association Querying [3]
The paper proposed querying the database is made even faster by rearranging the database using the
IT-tree data structure. This becomes handy especially in the batch mode Prediction (i.e., when you have to
predict `missing items' for several shopping carts). IT-tree is a compact and easily updatable representation of
the transactional dataset. Also, the construction of the itemset tree has O(N) space and time requirements. So,
this data structure is used to speed up the proposed predictor.
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The paper gives detail architecture of itemset tree and experiment with dataset. The experimental result
is fast for query answering and it can use for large dataset. But it required more memory.
2.4 Finding Localized Associations In Market Basket Data [4]
The author introduced about market basket analysis which contain support and confidence values. One
basket tells you about what one customer purchased at one time. It is a basically a theory that if you buy certain
group of items, you are likely to buy another groups of items. Market basket analysis is used in most of all
frequent mining concepts. Authors give clustering and indexing algorithms which are used to find significant
correlations for association mining.
The paper includes clustering algorithm makes computational process simple with variable type of
data. But it will increase its complexity if the problem size is increased.
2.5 An Approach for Predicting Missing Item from Large Transaction Database [5]
The system designed about the architecture to utilize the knowledge of incomplete constituents of a
“shopping cart” for the guessing of what more the customer is likely to purchase. Author takes synthetic data
obtained from IBM generator. Next step is taken as classification of clusters using Naïve Bayes text classifier
and hierarchical document clustering which is simple to implement and used for large database. These clusters
are then used for graph construction in form of Hash list which is combination of Hast table and Linked list.
And finally Combo Matrix is used for prediction purpose.
Overall the concept of clustering in paper is useful to reduce memory requirement as it does not
generate candidate set. But clustering has inability to recover from database corruption and it can arise problem
due to data scarcity.
2.6 Review On: Prediction of Missing Item Set in Shopping Cart [6]
The paper reviews for prediction of frequent items in shopping cart. Predicting the missing items from
dataset is indefinite area of research in data mining. In this paper some algorithm is introduced to identify the
frequently co-occurring group of items in the transaction database for prediction purpose. In this paper author
explains the existing approach which contain IT flagged tree. After getting IT tree the main root and identical
items sets are indicated by black dot. They modified the original tree building algorithm by flagging each node
that is identical to at least one transaction. This is called “Flagged IT tree”. Disadvantage of this approach is it
generates candidate itemsets which acquire memory space. It uses multiple passes over database. Author
proposed Dempster Combination Rule which is used to combine all the rules.
Paper actually gives overall idea about predicting the missing items in shopping cart. Paper is focused
on Dempster Shafer combination rule which is used to combine rules formed by rule generation. Proposed
system described in paper is more flexible than other system. For e.g. processing speed with IT tree is much
better than clustering the items.
2.7 Sequential Approach for Predicting Missing Items in Shopping Cart Using Apriori Algorithm. [7]
The author described sequential approach to predict the missing items in shopping cart using Apriori
algorithm. The main objective of this paper to maintain the limitation of excessive wastage of time to hold a
huge amount of candidate sets with much frequent itemsets .This system proposed to increase the performance
of support value. The authors defined the disadvantages of Apriori algorithm that it generates the number of
candidate items. The main disadvantage of this proposed system is wastage of memory.
The proposed system uses sequential approach for prediction using Apriori algorithm. It is basic
algorithm and can be applied on any type of dataset. The system gives 65% accuracy with respect to prediction
time. But it has disadvantages like storage capacity and I/O load so it cannot be use for long time.
2.8 Data Mining Approach For Retail Knowledge Discovery [8]
This Paper introduced the data mining techniques that are used in retail market for knowledge
discovery are describes as following: Market Basket Analysis: Data mining association rules, also called market
basket analysis, is one of the application areas of Data Mining. Consider a market with a collection of huge
customer transactions. An association rule is XY where X is called the antecedent and Y is the consequent. X
and Y are sets of items and the rule means that customers who buy X are likely to buy Y with probability %c
where c is called the confidence. The algorithms generally try to optimize the speed since the transaction
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databases are huge in size. This type of information can be used in catalog design, store layout, product
placement, target marketing, etc. Basket Analysis is related to, but different from Customer Relationship
Management (CRM) systems where the aim is to find the dependencies between customer’s demographic data.
The paper is all about review of literature based on techniques used in data mining for retail market
knowledge discovery. And theoretically conclude with best approach as Apriori algorithm. But it cannot be used
for larger dataset.
2.9 Comparing Data Set Characteristics That Favour The Apriori, Eclat Or FP-Growth Frequent Itemset
Mining Algorithms. [9]
Existing system compares the frequent itemset mining techniques with respect to dataset
characteristics. Author mainly focused on 3 main algorithms that are Apriori, Eclat and FP-Growth. All three
algorithms are used to predict frequent item sets. Paper comprises survey on each algorithm with figure and
example. Author gives advantage and disadvantages of each algorithm. In this paper, accuracy detected with
respect to parameters as basket size vs. Runtime etc. By analysing these algorithms, author concludes that
Apriori is basic and simplest algorithm. But Apriori has serious scalability issues and exhausts available
memory much faster than Eclat and FP-Growth. Most frequent itemset applications should consider using either
FP-Growth or Eclat.
This paper has beneficial for next version of Eclat or FP-Growth algorithm which decreases the
complexity of both algorithms. The survey paper shows that Eclat and FP-growth algorithm is much better than
Apriori in all cases.
2.10 An Enhanced Prediction Technique for Missing Itemsets in Shopping Cart [10]
This system proposed the shopping cart prediction architecture. Based on passed transaction we can
easily construct a Graph structure from which association rules are generated in consideration of new incoming
instances in new transaction. Then based on threshold value set by the user and kept dynamic, the prediction
algorithm predicts the new item set to be considered for purchase. Threshold value is the minimum support
value that a particular pair has to be present before getting predicted.
2.11 Predicting Missing Items In Shopping Cart Using Associative Classification Mining [11]
This paper describes generation of Boolean matrix using AND operation. And also introduced new
concept BBA (Baysian Belief Argument) and rule selection which is used to select the rules from association
rule where all the rules are identified using support and confidence values. After getting all possible generated
rules, decision making algorithm that is Dempster Shafer algorithm is used for prediction.
Thus the system Combine all the rules using Dempster Shafer algorithm according to BBA and Rule
selection technique.
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Figure 2: Shopping cart prediction architecture [11]
2.12 Missing Item Prediction And its Recommendation Based On Users Approach In E-Commerce [12]
This system proposed the algorithm in this spectrum use fast and effective technique. The system uses
association rule mining techniques. This method produces high support and high confidence rules. This
technique proves to appear better than the traditional techniques in association rule mining. But the cons of this
technique are complexity increases with the increase in average length of items. The alternative method to
predict missing items uses Boolean vector and the relational AND operation to discover frequent itemsets
without generating candidate items. It directly generates the association rules.
By this proposed system, one can gain the information of predict the missing items uses Boolean
matrix and AND relation operation.
2.13 A Survey on Approaches for Mining Frequent Itemsets [13]
Paper described algorithms for mining from Horizontal Layout Database for non-frequently bought
items. Direct Hashing and Pruning (DHP) Algorithm: DHP can be derived from Apriori by introducing
additional control. To this purposes DHP makes use of an additional hash table that aims at limiting the
generation of candidates in set as much as possible. DHP also progressively trims the database by discarding
attributes in transaction or even by discarding entire transactions when they appear to be subsequently useless.
This method, support is counted by mapping the items from the candidate list into the buckets which is divided
according to support known as Hash table structure. As the new itemset is encountered if item exist earlier then
increase the bucket count else insert into new bucket. Thus in the end the bucket whose support count is less the
minimum support is removed from the candidate set.
2.14 Association Rule Mining Using Improved Apriori Algorithm [14]
Author explained that Apriori algorithm generates interesting frequent or infrequent candidate item sets
with respect to support count. Apriori algorithm can require to produce vast number of candidate sets. To
generate the candidate sets, it needs several scans over the database. Apriori acquires more memory space for
candidate generation process. While it takes multiple scans, it must require a lot of I/O load. The approach to
overcome the difficulties is to get better Apriori algorithm by making some improvements in it. Also will
develop pruning strategy as it will decrease the scans required to generate candidate item sets and accordingly
find a valence or weightage to strong association rule. So that, memory and time needed to generate candidate
item sets in Apriori will reduce. And the Apriori algorithm will get more effective and sufficient.
This Paper gives advantages of Improved Apriori algorithm is that it has less complex structure and
less number of transaction as it scans the dataset less number of times than Apriori. But then also it has
limitation of multiple scan with limited memory capacity.
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2.15 An Efficient Prediction of Missing Itemset In Shopping Cart. [15]
The system proposed the shopping cart prediction architecture. Based on passed transaction we can
easily construct a Graph structure from which association rules are generated in consideration of new incoming
instances in new transaction. Then based on threshold value set by the user and kept dynamic, the Prediction
algorithm predicts the new item set to be considered for purchase. Threshold Value is the minimum support
value that a particular pair has to be present before getting predicted.
3. ANALYSIS
The papers are analyzed by techniques which are studied in module 2. The table analyzes according to
techniques with respect to the parameters like support values, prediction time, transaction length, execution time
etc.
Table 1: Analysis Table
Sr.
No.
Title Technique/Methods Parameter Accuracy
1
Prediction Of Missing
Item Set In Shopping
Cart [1]
Specific IT flagged tree
, BBA
Transaction length
vs. Prediction time
and support threshold
vs. Execution time
Minimum support,
execution time =
56*103
s, Threshold
=30%, if prediction
time is 40s then
average transaction
length is 15.
2
Data Structure For
Association Rule Mining
:T -Tree And P Tree [2]
T tree and P tree
formation in Apriori
algorithm
support vs. Time,
support vs. Storage,
time vs. No. of
records
If support is 4% then
time required is 1 s. If
time require is 30s
then no. of records are
300*103
3
Itemset Trees For
Targeted Association
Querying [3]
IT tree formation,
association rule using
Market Basket
Basket size vs. Time
For 10,000 distinct
items, if there are
4000 baskets then
time required to
prediction is 10s
4
Finding Localized
Associations In Market
Basket Data [4]
Clustering algorithm,
merging operation
No. of cluster vs.
runtime and
N.A.
5
An Approach For
Predicting Missing Item
From Large Transaction
Database [5]
Association rule
(market basket analysis)
Length of transaction
vs. Avg. Size of
transaction
N.A.
6
Review On: Prediction
Of Missing Item Set In
Shopping Cart [6]
Flagged IT tree,
Dempster combination
rule (DCR)
N.A. N.A.
7
Sequential Approach For
Predicting Missing Items
In Shopping Cart Using
Apriori Algorithm. [7]
Apriori algorithm N.A. N.A.
8
Data Mining Approach
For Retail Knowledge
Discovery [8]
Market basket analysis
and Apriori algorithm
N.A. N.A.
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4. CONC
LUSI
ON
The goal of data
mining is to predict
the future or to
understand the past.
The paper includes
analysis of various
techniques used for
predicting the
frequent item set in
shopping cart. The
paper is all about
review of literature
based on techniques
used in data mining
for retail market
knowledge
discovery. Paper
defines methods to
find association rules
with calculation of
support and
confidence values to
get the rules. New
algorithms like
Improved Apriori as
well as modifications
of existing
algorithms are often
introduced
thoroughly. From the
above literature review on different techniques of frequent itemset, paper concludes as Improved Apriori is
better for generating candidate items. To combine each rule DS-ARM is used based on threshold value to get
predicted item. The limitations found in literature are unnecessary generation of candidate itemsets which takes
more utilization of memory. Besides the technical limitations of any decision making (DS-ARM) its usability
and popularity among practitioners should be a matter of concern Also found that the algorithms like Apriori
make multiple scans in database. The drawbacks can be overcome by using less utilization of memory and less
number of scan can decrease the execution time which will be better for performance of prediction of items.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Wickramaratna and M. Kubat, “Predicting Missing Item In Shopping Cart”, IEEE Transactions On Knowledge And Data
Engineering, Volume 21 Issue 7, July 2009.
[2] F. Coenen, P. Leng, and S. Ahmed, “Data Structure for Association Rule Mining: T-Trees and P-Trees”, IEEE Transactions on
Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, June 2004.
[3] M. Kubat, A. Hafez, V. V. Raghavan, J. Lekkala, And W. K. Chen, “Itemset Trees For Targeted Association Querying”, IEEE
Transactions On Knowledge And Data Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 6, November/December 2003.
9
Comparing Data Set
Characteristics That
Favour The Apriori, Eclat
Or FP-Growth Frequent
Itemset Mining
Algorithms. [9]
Eclat , Apriori, FP-
growth, naive brute
method
density of frequent
item vs. Runtime and
size of basket vs.
Runtime
N.A.
10
An Enhanced Prediction
Technique For Missing
Itemset In Shopping Cart
[10]
Prediction accuracy
measure to find
prediction and recall
transaction length vs.
Prediction time and
execution time vs.
Minimum support
N.A.
11
Predicting Missing Items
In Shopping Cart Using
Associative Classification
Mining [11]
Association rule and
Dempster Shafer
theory
N.A. N.A.
12
Missing Item Prediction
And its Recommendation
Based On Users
Approach In E-
Commerce. [12]
Association rule and
Boolean matrix
N.A. N.A.
13
A Survey On Approaches
For Mining Frequent
Itemsets [13]
Association rule N.A. N.A.
14
Association Rule Mining
Using Improved Apriori
Algorithm [14]
Improved Apriori
Algorithm
Number of scan the
dataset and time
No of scan to Ap
=272 while no. of
to improved Aprio
15
An Efficient Prediction
Of Missing Itemset In
Shopping Cart. [15]
Association rule mining
Precision, recall, F-
value and prediction
time
Time required to
predict item is les
than existing syste
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Using Apriori Algorithm”, Imperial Journal Of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Volume 3, Issue4, 2017.
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And Software Engineering, Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016.
[9] J. Heaton, “Comparing Dataset Characteristics That Favour the Apriori, Eclat or FP-Growth Frequent Itemset Mining Algorithms”, 30
Jan 2017
[10] M. Nirmala, V. Palanisamy, “An Enhanced Prediction Technique For Missing Itemset In Shopping Cart”, International Journal Of
Emerging Technology And Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013 .
[11] K. Kumar, S. Sairam, “Predicting Missing Items In Shopping Cart Using Associative Classification Mining”, International Journal Of
Computer Science And Mobile Computing, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013.
[12] H. Deulkar, R. Shelke, “Implementation of Users Approach for Item Prediction and Its Recommendation In Ecommerce”, International
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[13] S. Neelima, N. Satyanarayana and P. Krishna Murthy, “A Survey On Approaches For Mining Frequent Itemsets”, IOSR Journal Of
Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), Volume 16, Issue 4, Ver. Vii, (Jul – Aug. 2014), Pp 31-34.
[14] M. Ingle, N. Suryavanshi, “Association Rule Mining Using Improved Apriori Algorithm”, International Journal Of Computer
Applications, Volume 112,Issue 4, February 2015.
[15] M. Nirmala. and V. Palanisamy, “An Efficient Prediction Of Missing Itemset In Shopping Cart”, Journal Of Computer Science, Volume
9 (1), 2013, pp 55-62.