The document summarizes research on a nano composite polymer gel electrolyte containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Key points:
1. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene polymer was used as the base polymer mixed with propylene carbonate, magnesium perchlorate, and SiO2 nanoparticles to synthesize the nano composite polymer gel electrolyte.
2. The electrolyte was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR which confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and increased amorphous nature of the electrolyte, enhancing its ion conductivity.
3. XRD showed decreased crystallinity and disappearance of polymer peaks upon addition of SiO2. SEM revealed
Improving luminous flux and color homogeneity of dual-layer phosphor sctructure
In order to clarify the main purpose of the study, we put a green phosphor layer SrBaSiO4:Eu2+
on the yellow phosphorus layer YAG:Ce3+ through using only one WLEDs structure in different color
temperatures like 5600 K, 6600 K, 7700 K. Then, we find the suitable SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ concentration in order
that the luminous flux could get the highest value. The results show that SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ brings great
benefits to increase not only optical gain but also color uniformity. Specifically, the greater
the SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ concentration, the greater the output of WLEDs because of the development of green
light component in WLEDs. However, only if the SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ concentration exceeds the level, a slight
decrease in color rendering index (CRI) can occur, which based on Monte Carlo simulation. In addition,
the results of this paper have contributed significantly to the creation of higher-powered WLEDs.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel redox-based chiroptically switching polymer. The polymer was prepared by grafting electrochromic viologen groups onto the side chains of an optically active conjugated polymer backbone containing 1,1'-binaphthyl units. The resulting polymer exhibited a much larger optical rotation and intense circular dichroism signal compared to a small molecule model compound, indicating secondary chirality in the main polymer chain. The polymer undergoes distinctive and reversible color changes from light yellow to dark blue upon electrochemical or chemical reduction/oxidation of the viologen units, accompanied by changes in its circular dichroism spectrum. This allows for redox-driven chiroptical switching behavior
N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) catalyze the efficient electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into multi-carbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates such as ethylene, ethanol, and n-propanol. The NGQDs achieve high total faradaic efficiencies of up to 90% for carbon dioxide reduction, with selectivities for ethylene and ethanol conversions reaching 45%. Control experiments confirm the NGQDs are responsible for catalyzing the reaction. Compared to undoped graphene quantum dots, the NGQDs have higher activity and selectivity for producing valuable fuel and chemical products from carbon dioxide due to the presence of pyridinic nitrogen defects introduced during synthesis.
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers has
been anchored on functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNF)
and supported Pt–Ru nanoparticles have been prepared with
NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The samples were characterized
by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,
and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. It
was shown that Pt–Ru particles with small average size
(2.6 nm) were uniformly dispersed on PAMAM/CNF
composite support and displayed the characteristic diffraction
peaks of Pt face-centered cubic structure. The electrocatalytic
activities of the prepared-composites (20% Pt–Ru/PAMAMCNF)
were examined by using cyclic voltammetry for
oxidation of methanol. The electrocatalytic activity of the
CNF-based composite (20% Pt–Ru/PAMAM-CNF) electrode
for methanol oxidation showed better performance than that
of commercially available Johnson Mathey 20% Pt–Ru/C
catalyst. The results imply that CNF-based PAMAM composite
electrodes are excellent potential candidates for
application in direct methanol fuel cells.
Fluoride Recognition of Amide- and Pyrrole-Based Receptors: A Theoretical Study drboon
The novel amide-based receptors, N-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide (1) and N-(8-(1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamido) anthracen-1-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide (2) have been designed and investigated for their halide ion recognition using the density functional theory calculations in gas and solvent phases. Electronic and thermodynamic properties of halide ion binding complexes of receptors were investigated. Intermolecular interactions in all the studied complexes occurring via hydrogen bonding are found. The designed receptors 1 and 2 are found to be excellent selectivity for fluoride ion in both gas and solvent phases.
Improving luminous flux and color homogeneity of dual-layer phosphor sctructureTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In order to clarify the main purpose of the study, we put a green phosphor layer SrBaSiO4:Eu2+
on the yellow phosphorus layer YAG:Ce3+ through using only one WLEDs structure in different color
temperatures like 5600 K, 6600 K, 7700 K. Then, we find the suitable SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ concentration in order
that the luminous flux could get the highest value. The results show that SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ brings great
benefits to increase not only optical gain but also color uniformity. Specifically, the greater
the SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ concentration, the greater the output of WLEDs because of the development of green
light component in WLEDs. However, only if the SrBaSiO4:Eu2+ concentration exceeds the level, a slight
decrease in color rendering index (CRI) can occur, which based on Monte Carlo simulation. In addition,
the results of this paper have contributed significantly to the creation of higher-powered WLEDs.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel redox-based chiroptically switching polymer. The polymer was prepared by grafting electrochromic viologen groups onto the side chains of an optically active conjugated polymer backbone containing 1,1'-binaphthyl units. The resulting polymer exhibited a much larger optical rotation and intense circular dichroism signal compared to a small molecule model compound, indicating secondary chirality in the main polymer chain. The polymer undergoes distinctive and reversible color changes from light yellow to dark blue upon electrochemical or chemical reduction/oxidation of the viologen units, accompanied by changes in its circular dichroism spectrum. This allows for redox-driven chiroptical switching behavior
N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) catalyze the efficient electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into multi-carbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates such as ethylene, ethanol, and n-propanol. The NGQDs achieve high total faradaic efficiencies of up to 90% for carbon dioxide reduction, with selectivities for ethylene and ethanol conversions reaching 45%. Control experiments confirm the NGQDs are responsible for catalyzing the reaction. Compared to undoped graphene quantum dots, the NGQDs have higher activity and selectivity for producing valuable fuel and chemical products from carbon dioxide due to the presence of pyridinic nitrogen defects introduced during synthesis.
This document describes the large scale photochemical synthesis of M@TiO2 nanocomposites (M = Ag, Pd, Au, Pt) and investigates their optical properties, catalytic activity for CO oxidation, and antibacterial effects. Well-dispersed M@TiO2 nanocomposites with particle diameters of 200-400 nm were synthesized using a clean photochemical method without additives. The sizes of the noble metal nanoparticles formed on the TiO2 support were approximately 1 nm for Pt, 5 nm for Au and Pd, and 2-20 nm for Ag. The nanocomposites exhibited excellent catalytic activity for CO oxidation at low temperatures. Tests also showed the nanocomposites had antibacterial effects against E
Surface modification and properties modulation of r go film by short duration...Journal Papers
This document discusses the effects of hydrogen (H2) plasma and ammonia (NH3) plasma treatments on the surface and properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films. Low-power H2 plasma at low and medium temperatures further reduced oxygen content in the rGO films but slightly reduced conductivity. Low-power H2 plasma at high temperature introduced defects that significantly reduced conductivity. Medium-power NH3 plasma did not effectively dope the rGO with nitrogen but did reduce conductivity through etching. Higher-power NH3 plasma treatments doped the rGO with nitrogen but also significantly etched the films, greatly reducing hole concentration and conductivity. The highest-power NH3 plasma treatment produced an electron-dominated film with the lowest
Graphene oxide immobilized copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide: the first...Pawan Kumar
The first successful synthesis of DMC directly from methanol and carbon dioxide using a heterogenized
homogeneous graphene oxide immobilized copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide catalyst in the
presence of N,N0-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a dehydrating agent is described. The presence of a
dehydrating agent was found to be vital and in its absence the yield of DMC was found to be decreased
significantly. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the maximum yield of DMC reaches up to 13.3%.
Although the homogeneous copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide catalyst provided a little higher
yield of DMC (14.2%), the facile recovery and recycling ability of the heterogeneous catalyst make the
developed method more attractive from environmental and economical viewpoints.
Two-Dimensional Layered Materials for Battery Application--Yifei LiYifei Li
This document discusses the use of two-dimensional (2D) materials for lithium ion batteries and beyond. It introduces lithium ion batteries and motivations to explore batteries using alternative cations like sodium and magnesium. Various 2D materials are examined for their potential as electrodes, including graphite, dichalcogenides, and layered oxides. Challenges for sodium and magnesium ion batteries are also outlined. The document focuses on a novel electrode design using molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) intercalated with polyethylene oxide (PEO) to expand the interlayer distance and facilitate cation intercalation and diffusion for improved battery performance beyond lithium ion.
Functionalization of Diazomethyl Aromatic Compounds onto Single Wall Carbon N...drboon
One of the most fascinating and remarkable formulas existing in mathematics is the Euler Formula. It was formulated in 1740, constituting the main factor to reason why humankind can advance in science and mathematics. Accordingly, this research will continue investigating the potentiality of the Euler Formula or "the magical number e." The goal of the present study is to further assess the Euler formula and several of its applications such as the compound interest problem, complex numbers, trigonometry, signals (electrical engineering), and Ordinary Differential Equations. To accomplish this goal, the Euler Formula will be entered into the MATLAB software to obtain several plots representing the above applications. The importance of this study in mathematics and engineering will be discussed, and a case study on a polluted lake will be formulated.
The document describes a study of tetraphenylethene-triphenylamine (TPE-TPA) oligomers and a polymer. A series of oligomers (DATE, DTAE, DTDAE) and a polymer (PTAE) were synthesized using McMurry coupling and other reactions. All molecules showed aggregation-induced emission (AIE), emitting strongly in the solid state but very weakly in solution. Emission wavelengths and quantum yields varied with molecular structure, peaking for the largest oligomer DTDAE. The polymer had lower solubility and broader NMR peaks due to its large size. This work achieved both efficient solid-state emission and hole transport capability by combining TPE and TPA mo
The document summarizes research on adding BaTiO3 nanoparticles to a PVdF/PMMA polymer blend electrolyte to improve its ionic conductivity. Key findings:
1) The addition of 15 wt% BaTiO3 nanoparticles resulted in the highest ionic conductivity of 1.335 x 10-3 S/cm, compared to other ratios tested.
2) XRD and FTIR analysis showed the BaTiO3 disrupted polymer crystallization and formed an amorphous complex with the polymers.
3) Conductivity increased with temperature for all compositions and followed the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher relationship.
4) The composite with 15 wt% BaTiO3 was stable up
Application of triple-layer remote phosphor configuration results in the colo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study proposed the triple-layer remote phosphor (TRP) structure to enhance the color quality and the emitted luminous flux of white LEDs (WLEDs). The TRP structure consists of three different phosphor layers that are arranged as follows: the yellow YAG:Ce3+ phosphor at the bottom, the red phosphor layer CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Mn2+ at the top and the green Ba2Li2Si2O7:Sn2+,Mn2+ phosphor between these two ones. The aim to use the red CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphor is to control the red light component so that the color rendering index (CRI) could be increased. While the green Ba2Li2Si2O7:Sn2+,Mn2+ phosphor is applied to manage the green light component, leading to the rise in luminous efficacy (LE) of WLEDs. Moreover, when the concentrations of these two phosphors are raised, that of the yellow phosphor YAG:Ce3+ has to be decreased to remain the average correlated color temperatures (ACTTs) in a range from 6000 K to 8500 K. Furthermore, not only the CRI and LE but the color quality scale (CQS) is also analyzed by controlling the two green and red phosphor concentrations. The researched results show that the higher the concentration of CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Mn2+, the more enhancements in the CRI will be made. In contrast, when the Ba2Li2Si2O7:Sn2+,Mn2+ concentration increases, the CRI significantly decreases. Meanwhile, CQS is likely to considerably rise in a concentration range from 10% to 14% of CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Mn2+, regardless of the presence of Ba2Li2Si2O7:Sn2+,Mn2+ concentration. Especially, in parallel with the improvement of CRI and CQS, the LE could be also increased by more than 40% due to the decline in back-scattering lights and the green lights supplement. From these details, the results of this study are valuable references for manufacturers to achieve the goals of enhancing color quality and luminous efficiency of WLEDs.
Coordination modes of a new ligand derived from pyrazoline with cr(iii), mn(i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized coordination complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with a new ligand derived from pyrazoline. The complexes were analyzed using various techniques including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectroscopy. The data indicated the ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate toward the metal ions. The biological activities of the ligand and its complexes were screened against bacteria and fungi, with some complexes showing higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Enhancing the CRI and lumen output for the 6600 K WLED with convex-dual-layer...IJECEIAES
The traditional white LED product established with a single chip and a single phosphor results in a low color rendering index (CRI). The upgrade of LED package is comprised of two chips and one phosphor material and gives the higher CRI while keeping high luminous efficiency. Based on previous findings, the research paper performs the application of the two chips and two phosphors to enhance the color tunability of LEDs with different amounts and intensities of the two employed phosphors. Additionally, a color design model is built to serve the purpose of bettering the color fine-tuning of the white-light LED module. The maximum value of the difference between the measured CIE 1931 color coordinates and that of the simulated model is approximately 0.0063 around the 6600 K correlated color temperature (CCT). From the results, this study offers a quick approach to achieve the color fine tuning of a white-light LED module with a high CRI and luminous efficiency.
Photocatalytic Mechanism Control and Study of Carrier Dynamics in CdS@C3N5 Co...Pawan Kumar
We present a potential solution to the problem of extraction of photogenerated holes from CdS nanocrystals and nanowires. The nanosheet form of C3N5 is a low-band-gap (Eg = 2.03 eV), azo-linked graphenic carbon nitride framework formed by the polymerization of melem hydrazine (MHP). C3N5 nanosheets were either wrapped around CdS nanorods (NRs) following the synthesis of pristine chalcogenide or intercalated among them by an in situ synthesis protocol to form two kinds of heterostructures, CdS-MHP and CdS-MHPINS, respectively. CdS-MHP improved the photocatalytic degradation rate of 4-nitrophenol by nearly an order of magnitude in comparison to bare CdS NRs. CdS-MHP also enhanced the sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity of bare CdS NWs for the decolorization of rhodamine B (RhB) by a remarkable 300% through the improved extraction and utilization of photogenerated holes due to surface passivation. More interestingly, CdS-MHP provided reaction pathway control over RhB degradation. In the absence of scavengers, CdS-MHP degraded RhB through the N-deethylation pathway. When either hole scavenger or electron scavenger was added to the RhB solution, the photocatalytic activity of CdS-MHP remained mostly unchanged, while the degradation mechanism shifted to the chromophore cleavage (cycloreversion) pathway. We investigated the optoelectronic properties of CdS-C3N5 heterojunctions using density functional theory (DFT) simulations, finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS), and photoconductivity measurements. TRTS indicated high carrier mobilities >450 cm2 V–1 s–1 and carrier relaxation times >60 ps for CdS-MHP, while CdS-MHPINS exhibited much lower mobilities <150 cm2 V–1 s–1 and short carrier relaxation times <20 ps. Hysteresis in the photoconductive J–V characteristics of CdS NWs disappeared in CdS-MHP, confirming surface passivation. Dispersion-corrected DFT simulations indicated a delocalized HOMO and a LUMO localized on C3N5 in CdS-MHP. C3N5, with its extended π-conjugation and low band gap, can function as a shuttle to extract carriers and excitons in nanostructured heterojunctions, and enhance performance in optoelectronic devices. Our results demonstrate how carrier dynamics in core–shell heterostructures can be manipulated to achieve control over the reaction mechanism in photocatalysis.
Electro catalytic performance of pt-supported poly (o-phenylenediamine) micro...sunitha81
Poly (o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) microrods were obtained by interfacial
polymerization using ferric chloride as oxidant and without any template or
functional dopant. Pt/PoPD nanocatalysts were prepared by the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with sodium borohydride, and the composite catalysts formed were
characterized by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical methods. The nanocomposite
of Pt/PoPD microrods has been explored for their electro-catalytic performance
towards oxidation of methanol. The electro-catalytic activity of Pt/PoPD was
found to be much higher (current density 1.96 mA/cm2 at 0.70 V) in comparison to
Pt/Vulcan electrodes (the current density values of 1.56 mA/cm2 at 0.71 V) which
may be attributed to the microrod morphology of PoPD that facilitate the effective
dispersion of Pt particles and easier access of methanol towards the catalytic sites.
IRJET- Bioelectricity Production from Seafood Processing Wastewater using...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on generating bioelectricity from seafood processing wastewater using a microbial fuel cell (MFC). The researchers constructed a dual-chamber MFC with a salt bridge separator and inoculated it with anaerobic sludge. They operated the MFC in batch mode, filling the anode chamber with seafood wastewater. The MFC generated a maximum voltage of 988 mV at 1000 ohms resistance, corresponding to maximum current density of 2996.664 mA/m2 and power density of 2960.704 mW/m2. The MFC achieved a 77.33% COD removal efficiency and 84.32% phosphate removal efficiency at a hydraulic retention time of
Utilizing CaCO 3 , CaF 2 , SiO 2 , and TiO 2 particles to enhance color hom...IJECEIAES
The chromatic homogeneity and luminous efficiency are two crucial elements for determining a high-quality phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs). Thus, this paper provides essential information in choosing the particles to enhance lighting properties of high performance pc-LEDs. Scattering enhancement particles (SEP) such as CaCO 3 , CaF 2 , SiO 2 , and TiO 2 , are combined with yellow phosphor Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+ and applied to the lighting devices. Initially, optical simulations are carried out with the support of LightTools program. Next, the Mie-theory is applied to calculate and confirm the results. The calculation subjects are SEPs scattering properties within the band 455 -595 nm. The scattering results of TiO 2 suggest it is the optimal choice for pc-LEDs color quality in comparison to the other SEPs; however, it causes the luminous flux to decrease significantly along with the increase in its concentration. Besides, with the addition of SiO 2 grains, we can accomplish higher lumen output at all particle sizes. Meanwhile, the application of 30% CaCO 3 can decreas the CCT deviation by 620 K making CaCO 3 the potential particle to be selected for chromatic quality and light output enhancement of pc-LEDs.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of different solvent systems on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibres produced through electrospinning. PLA solutions were prepared using various single solvents and mixed solvent systems. Of the single solvents tested, only acetone produced continuous nanofibres, while the others resulted in beads. The addition of acetone to other solvents in a 50/50 mixture improved fibre production. Solutions of acetone/dimethylformamide and acetone/dimethylacetamide produced smooth, bead-free nanofibres with the narrowest diameter distribution. The mixed solvent systems had lower viscosity and surface tension but higher conductivity than single solvents, enabling better fibre formation
IRJET - Review on Ameliorated in the Life, and Calibrated the OledIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the lifespan of OLED (organic light-emitting diode) displays. It discusses how OLED degradation occurs through chemical breakdown processes involving radical species. Methods to improve OLED lifetime are proposed, including using thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials and adding a thin lithium-containing layer. The document also reviews the structure and functioning of OLEDs, different degradation mechanisms, and potential future applications and challenges of OLED technology.
The effectiveness of MgCeAl 11 O 19 :Tb phosphor in enhancing the luminous e...IJECEIAES
In this research paper, we introduced yellow-green MgCeAl 11 O 19 :Tb as a new phosphor ingredient to adapt to the quality requirements on the chromatic homogeneity and emitted luminous flux of modern multi-chip white LED lights (MCW-LEDs). The results from experiments and simulation show that employing MgCeAl 11 O 19 :Tb 3+ phosphor can lead to much better optical properties and therefore is a perfect supporting material to achieve the goals of the research. When the MgCeAl 11 O 19 :Tb phosphor is added into the phosphorus composite which already contains YAG: Ce particles, and the silicone glue, it affects the optical properties significantly. In other words, the concentration of this phosphor can determine the efficiency of lumen output and chromatic homogeneity of WLEDs. In specific, as the concentration of MgCeAl 11 O 19 :Tb 3+ go up, the luminous yield will increase accordingly, though there is an insignificant decrease in CQS. Moreover, if the MgCeAl 11 O 19 :Tb 3+ concentration reduce a little bit, it is possible to better the correlated color temperature uniformity and lumen efficacy of LED packages. In addition, the Mie scattering theory, Monte Carlo simulation and LightTools 8.3.2 software are employed to analyze and simulate the LED packages’ structure as well as the phosphor compound.
Heterostructured nanocomposite tin phthalocyanine@mesoporous ceria (SnPc@CeO2...Pawan Kumar
Heterostructured tin phthalocyanine supported to mesoporous ceria was synthesized and used a
photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under visible light. The photoreduction CO2 activities of the
heterostructures were investigated in the presence of triethylamine as sacrificial agent. The developed
photocatalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for photoreduction of CO2 and after 24 hours of visible
light irradiation 2342 mmol g1 cat of methanol (fMeOH ¼ 0.0223 or 2.23%) and 840 mmol g1 cat of CO
(fCO ¼ 0.0026 or 0.26%) were obtained as the major reaction products. The methanol formation rate
(RMeOH) and CO formation rate (RCO) was found to be 97.5 mmol h1 g1 cat and 35.0 mmol h1 g1 cat
respectively. While under the identical experimental conditions mesoporous ceria (meso-CeO2) gave
only 316 mmol g1 cat of methanol (fMeOH ¼ 0.003 or 0.30%) and 126 mmol g1 cat CO (fCO ¼ 0.0004
or 0.04%) with product formation rate RMeOH ¼ 13.2 mmol h1 g1 cat and RCO ¼ 5.3 mmol h1 g1 cat.
Furthermore, the recovered catalyst showed consistent catalytic activity for at least five runs without any
significant loss in product yields
This document describes the fabrication and testing of a high-performance tandem organic solar cell with novel active layers. It utilizes a record-efficiency polymer, PBTI3T, in combination with other polymers like PTB7 and PSBTBT-Si to further enhance efficiency. Absorption spectra of the polymers show offset peaks that minimize spectral overlap when combined in a tandem device. Tandem devices were fabricated with PBTI3T and either PTB7 or PSBTBT-Si as the active layers. Results showed one of the highest open-circuit voltages reported and an overall power conversion efficiency above 6%, demonstrating the potential of tandem organic photovoltaics using high-efficiency polymers.
Impact of Gamma Irradiation on Structural and Dielectric Properties of CuI-PV...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A facile synthesis method produced highly active Pd nanoparticle catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in under 5 minutes. An electrode was dipped in separate solutions of reducing agent and Pd ions to deposit amorphous Pd nanoparticles. Repeatedly dipping the electrode increased catalytic activity, with the highest activity achieved after 12 cycles of 20 seconds each. The Pd nanoparticles produced using sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent showed superior ORR activity compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts.
The effects of ZnO particles on the color homogeneity of phosphor-converted h...IJECEIAES
Color homogeneity is one of the goals to continuously improve WLED. Among the methods for enhancing the color uniformity of WLEDs, improving scattering in phosphor layer is considered to be the most effective. In this paper, ZnO is used for that purpose. The results show that ZnO particle size significantly affects scattering in the phosphor layer, which is a vital factor to analyze scattering, scattering sand surface, scattering coefficient and scattered phase function C sca (D, λ), μ ( λ ) and ρ(θ, λ). In addition, the concentration of ZnO was also analyzed with values from 2% to 22%. Color homogeneity depends not only on size but also on the concentration of added ZnO. Therefore, color homogeneity control is the control of ZnO size and concentration. The proposed result is 10% ZnO for the highest lumen of LED. With 14% and 500 nm of ZnO particles, ΔCCT reaches the lowest. Depending on the production needs, manufacturers can choose the most appropriate way. However, with both required lumen and ΔCCT, 14% ZnO is suitable for ZnO sizes. sca
Effect of Microstructural, Optical and Electrical Properties of host PVA by Z...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of zinc ferrite nano fillers on the microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer composites. Zinc ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical precipitation and characterized. PVA composite films with varying concentrations of zinc ferrite filler from 0-2wt% were prepared by solvent casting. The composites were characterized using XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity measurements. XRD showed the polymer structure became more crystalline with doping. UV-Vis analysis found red shifts in absorption peaks and edges with increased doping, indicating charge transfer complexes forming between dopant and polymer. Electrical conductivity increased with doping concentration up to 6
Effect of morphology on the photoelectrochemical performance of nanostructure...Pawan Kumar
This document discusses the effect of morphology on the photoelectrochemical performance of nanostructured Cu2O photocathodes. It summarizes that:
1) Different deposition methods including electroreduction, anodization, thermal oxidation, and chemical oxidation were used to deposit planar and 1D nanostructured Cu2O thin films on copper foil with varying morphologies.
2) Mesoscopic and planar Cu2O morphologies exhibited large differences in carrier density and charge transfer resistance, but these differences did not strongly influence their photoelectrochemical performance.
3) Planar Cu2O deposited via electroreduction provided the highest photocurrent density of 5.0 mA cm−2 at 0 V vs RHE,
This document summarizes research on using nanostructured electromaterials for energy applications. It discusses using precision assembly of nano- and micro-dimensional components into macroscopic structures to improve device performance. Specific examples discussed include using porphyrins, conducting polymers, and graphene in dye-sensitized solar cells, hydrogen production, and nanostructure fabrication. The goal is to create the next generation of electrochemical devices through 3D assembly of electromaterials at the nano- and micro-scale.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a research paper on controlling the threshold voltage in a dual gate organic field effect transistor (DGOFET) biosensor. It describes how a DGOFET can be used as a biosensor by detecting changes in the threshold voltage when biomolecules are exposed to the top dielectric layer. The threshold voltage can be tuned by applying biases to the top and bottom gates. When biomolecules are introduced, they change the capacitance of the top dielectric layer, shifting the threshold voltage in a way that depends on whether the biomolecules are positively or negatively charged. This allows the DGOFET to function as a transducer and detect the nature and polarity of biomolecules. The document concludes that a
The document discusses photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals. It describes how semiconductor-based photocatalysts like TiO2 can be used to drive the reduction of CO2 into products like methanol using solar energy. Challenges include the large band gap of most semiconductors, which limits them to using only UV light. The document explores using metal complexes immobilized on photoactive supports as an alternative, as they have visible light activity and can be tuned to favor specific products. Specific examples discussed include cobalt phthalocyanine and tin phthalocyanine immobilized on graphene oxide and mesoporous ceria, respectively, as well as heteroleptic ruthenium complexes immobilized on graphene oxide
The influences of calcium fluoride and silica particles on improving color ho...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The LEDs lighting device with phosphor ingredient (pcLEDs) is among the most common lighting methods in recent years and evaluated by chromatic uniformity and lighting capacity. Therefore, we introduce the phosphor particles that can improve the scattering efficiency (SEPs) to apply in pcLEDs at 8500 K correlated color temperature (CCT) with the expectation to produce better pcLEDs by enhancing both quantity and quality of emitted light. Combining various materials such as CaF2 and SiO2 with yellow Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor composition in the pcLEDs simulation created by the LightTools program is the mechanism of this research. The simulated pcLEDs are tested and the results will be verified with Mie-scattering theory. The observation of the simulation leads to the conclusion about the scattering coefficients of SEPs at 455 nm and 595 nm wavelengths. The calculation showed that CaF2 is better for color homogeneity yet suffer from luminous flux deficiency as the concentration gets higher. On the other hand, SiO2 is the scattering enhancement material that can maintain high luminous flux regardless of its concentration.
Humidity sensing properties of polyaniline potassium molybdate composites 2IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on polyaniline-potassium molybdate (PAni-PM) composites for humidity sensing applications. Key findings include:
1) PAni-PM composites with 50 wt% PM exhibited the best humidity sensing performance, with resistance decreasing significantly with increasing relative humidity.
2) Characterization of the composites found uniform PM particle distribution within the PAni matrix. Interactions between PAni chains and PM particles increased conductivity.
3) The composites showed higher conductivity and better humidity sensing compared to pure PAni, with conductivity increasing with PM content. This is attributed to greater disorderliness and capillary action in the composite, allowing
Similar to Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electrolyte having SiO2 (20)
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This document discusses the importance of leadership in leading an organization towards improvement and development. It states that leadership is responsible for providing a clear vision and strategy to successfully achieve that vision. Effective leadership can impact the success of an organization by controlling its direction and motivating employees. Leadership is different from traditional management in that it guides employees towards organizational goals through open communication and motivation, rather than simply directing work. The paper concludes that only leadership can lead an organization to change according to its evolving environment, while management may simply follow old rules. Leadership is key to adapting to new market needs and trends.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
A Study of Data Storage Security Issues in Cloud Computingvivatechijri
Cloudcomputingprovidesondemandservicestoitsclients.Datastorageisamongoneoftheprimaryservices providedbycloudcomputing.Cloudserviceproviderhoststhedataofdataownerontheirserverandusercan accesstheirdatafromtheseservers.Asdata,ownersandserversaredifferentidentities,theparadigmofdata storagebringsupmanysecuritychallenges.Anindependentmechanismisrequiredtomakesurethatdatais correctlyhostedintothecloudstorageserver.Inthispaper,wewilldiscussthedifferenttechniquesthatare usedforsecuredatastorageoncloud. Cloud computing is a functional paradigm that is evolving and making IT utilization easier by the day for consumers. Cloud computing offers standardized applications to users online and in a manner that can be accessed regularly. Such applications can be accessed by as many persons as permitted within an organization without bothering about the maintenance of such application. The Cloud also provides a channel to design and deploy user applications including its storage space and database without bothering about the underlying operating system. The application can run without consideration for on premise infrastructure. Also, the Cloud makes massive storage available both for data and databases. Storage of data on the Cloud is one of the core activities in Cloud computing. Storage utilizes infrastructure spread across several geographical locations.
Online music portal management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The iMMS is a unique application that is synchronizing both user
experience and copyrights while providing services like online music
management, legal downloads, artists’ management. There are several
other applications available in the market that either provides some
specific services or large scale integrated solutions. Our product differs
from the rest in a way that we give more power to the users remaining
within the copyrights circle.
Natural Is The Best: Model-Agnostic Code Simplification for Pre-trained Large...YanKing2
Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLM) have achieved remarkable successes in several domains. However, code-oriented LLMs are often heavy in computational complexity, and quadratically with the length of the input code sequence. Toward simplifying the input program of an LLM, the state-of-the-art approach has the strategies to filter the input code tokens based on the attention scores given by the LLM. The decision to simplify the input program should not rely on the attention patterns of an LLM, as these patterns are influenced by both the model architecture and the pre-training dataset. Since the model and dataset are part of the solution domain, not the problem domain where the input program belongs, the outcome may differ when the model is trained on a different dataset. We propose SlimCode, a model-agnostic code simplification solution for LLMs that depends on the nature of input code tokens. As an empirical study on the LLMs including CodeBERT, CodeT5, and GPT-4 for two main tasks: code search and summarization. We reported that 1) the reduction ratio of code has a linear-like relation with the saving ratio on training time, 2) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification can vary significantly, 3) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification is task-specific but model-agnostic, and 4) the above findings hold for the paradigm–prompt engineering and interactive in-context learning and this study can save reduce the cost of invoking GPT-4 by 24%per API query. Importantly, SlimCode simplifies the input code with its greedy strategy and can obtain at most 133 times faster than the state-of-the-art technique with a significant improvement. This paper calls for a new direction on code-based, model-agnostic code simplification solutions to further empower LLMs.
A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
Best Practices of Clothing Businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, A Foundation ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study primarily aimed to determine the best practices of clothing businesses to use it as a foundation of strategic business advancements. Moreover, the frequency with which the business's best practices are tracked, which best practices are the most targeted of the apparel firms to be retained, and how does best practices can be used as strategic business advancement. The respondents of the study is the owners of clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Data were collected and analyzed using a quantitative approach and utilizing a descriptive research design. Unveiling best practices of clothing businesses as a foundation for strategic business advancement through statistical analysis: frequency and percentage, and weighted means analyzing the data in terms of identifying the most to the least important performance indicators of the businesses among all of the variables. Based on the survey conducted on clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, several best practices emerge across different areas of business operations. These practices are categorized into three main sections, section one being the Business Profile and Legal Requirements, followed by the tracking of indicators in terms of Product, Place, Promotion, and Price, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) covering finance, marketing, production, technical, and distribution aspects. The research study delved into identifying the core best practices of clothing businesses, serving as a strategic guide for their advancement. Through meticulous analysis, several key findings emerged. Firstly, prioritizing product factors, such as maintaining optimal stock levels and maximizing customer satisfaction, was deemed essential for driving sales and fostering loyalty. Additionally, selecting the right store location was crucial for visibility and accessibility, directly impacting footfall and sales. Vigilance towards competitors and demographic shifts was highlighted as essential for maintaining relevance. Understanding the relationship between marketing spend and customer acquisition proved pivotal for optimizing budgets and achieving a higher ROI. Strategic analysis of profit margins across clothing items emerged as crucial for maximizing profitability and revenue. Creating a positive customer experience, investing in employee training, and implementing effective inventory management practices were also identified as critical success factors. In essence, these findings underscored the holistic approach needed for sustainable growth in the clothing business, emphasizing the importance of product management, marketing strategies, customer experience, and operational efficiency.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
Encontro anual da comunidade Splunk, onde discutimos todas as novidades apresentadas na conferência anual da Spunk, a .conf24 realizada em junho deste ano em Las Vegas.
Neste vídeo, trago os pontos chave do encontro, como:
- AI Assistant para uso junto com a SPL
- SPL2 para uso em Data Pipelines
- Ingest Processor
- Enterprise Security 8.0 (Maior atualização deste seu release)
- Federated Analytics
- Integração com Cisco XDR e Cisto Talos
- E muito mais.
Deixo ainda, alguns links com relatórios e conteúdo interessantes que podem ajudar no esclarecimento dos produtos e funções.
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/campaigns/the-hidden-costs-of-downtime.html
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-leading-observability-practice.pdf
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-modern-security-program.pdf
Nosso grupo oficial da Splunk:
https://usergroups.splunk.com/sao-paulo-splunk-user-group/
Understanding Cybersecurity Breaches: Causes, Consequences, and PreventionBert Blevins
Cybersecurity breaches are a growing threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These breaches compromise sensitive information and erode trust in online services and systems. Understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention strategies of cybersecurity breaches is crucial to protect against these pervasive risks.
Cybersecurity breaches refer to unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction of digital information or systems. They can occur through various means such as malware, phishing attacks, insider threats, and vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Once a breach happens, cybercriminals can exploit the compromised data for financial gain, espionage, or sabotage. Causes of breaches include software and hardware vulnerabilities, phishing attacks, insider threats, weak passwords, and a lack of security awareness.
The consequences of cybersecurity breaches are severe. Financial loss is a significant impact, as organizations face theft of funds, legal fees, and repair costs. Breaches also damage reputations, leading to a loss of trust among customers, partners, and stakeholders. Regulatory penalties are another consequence, with hefty fines imposed for non-compliance with data protection regulations. Intellectual property theft undermines innovation and competitiveness, while disruptions of critical services like healthcare and utilities impact public safety and well-being.
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electrolyte having SiO2
1. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
14
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite
Polymer Gel Electrolyte having SiO2
Manju R. Mishra1
,S.k Tripathi2
1.Department of Humanities & Sciences, Viva Institute of Technology, Mumbai University, Maharashtra, , India
2.Department of Physics, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Patna, India
Abstract: In today’s society, we stand before a change in energy scarcity. As our civilization grows, many
countries in thedeveloping world seek to have the standard of living that has been exclusive to a few nations, so
their arises a need in thedevelopment of technology that is compatible enough with the resources provided by
nature in order to have sustainabledevelopment to all class of the society. In order to overcomethe prevailing
challenges of huge energy crises in near future, there is an urgent need for the development of electrical
vehiclesor hybrid electrical vehicles with low CO2 emissions using renewable energy sources. In view of the
above, electrochemicalcapacitors can fulfil the requirements to some extent.Preparation of nano composite
polymer gel electrolyte is the best optional product to overcome these problems. When fillers are added or
dispersed to the polymer gel electrolyte, amorphous or porous nature of electrolyte increases which enhances
the liquid absorbing quality of polymer and helps in removing the drawbacks of polymer gel electrolytes such as
leakage, poor mechanical and thermal stability etc. In this work dispersion of SiO2 nano filler is done in the
[PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2] for the synthesis of nano composite PGE [PVdF (HFP)-PC-MgClO4- SiO2].
Optimization and characterization was carried out by using various techniques.
Keywords -Compatible, Electrochemical capacitor, Depletion, Renewable resources, sustainable
I. INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors having different types of solid state electrolytes are
fabricated which are having different compositions, such as polymer blend electrolyte, polymer composite
electrolyte, polymer gel electrolyte, ionic liquid-base polymer gel electrolyte etc., Almost all the electrolytes
shows high conductivity equivalent to that of liquid electrolyte i.e. ~10-4
Scm-1
, but they deal with some serious
problems which restrict their suitability for practical objectives. Poor dimensional stability, less thermal stability
and low range of power window are some basic problems which has to be remove from these polymer
electrolytes to make it efficient for its use in modern age highly sensitive technical inventions for eg. Fuel cells,
Sensors, Electrochromic tool etc. [1-4]. Preparation of nano composite polymer gel electrolyte is the best
optional product to overcome these problems. Nano science is the new and emerging field which attracted the
attentions of global scientist and research fraternity because it is clear till now that nano size of the materials can
do the miracle in electrical as well as electronics field due to its exceptionally unique chemical, physical, and
mechanical properties such as: high interfacial energy, exceptionally large aspect ratios, high degree of disorder,
high ionic transport [5].When such fillers are added or dispersed to the polymer gel electrolyte, amorphous or
porous nature of electrolyte increases (to many fold as compared to normal composite electrolytes) which
enhances the liquid absorbing quality of polymer and helps in removing the drawbacks of polymer gel
electrolytes such as leakage, poor mechanical and thermal stability etc. [6-7].Type of nano filler which is used to
prepare the composite polymer gel electrolyte, contributes important part to modify structural configuration at
microscopic level for the electrolytic system which further enhances theproperties such as polarization,
2. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
15
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
ionization and mobility of charge carriers, they have direct impact on ionic conduction and other phenomenon of
good polymer gel electrolyte.
In this paper dispersion of SiO2 nano filler is done in the [PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2] arrangement for the
synthesis of nano composite PGE [PVdF (HFP)-PC-MgClO4- SiO2]. Optimization and characterization of the
NCPGE having SiO2 was carried out by using various techniques.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Synthesis and optimization of nano PGE
NCPG electrolytic complex was synthesised by the chemical combination of poly vinylidene fluoride-co-hexa
fluoro propylene as base polymer mixture, magnesium perchlorate Mg (ClO4)2 as salt, SiO2 (<50 nm) as nano
filler (all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich), Propylene carbonate (PC) as solvent and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as
volatile intermediate solvent. The nano composite polymer gel electrolyte PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2 - SiO2
has been developed by utilizing Standard “solution cast-techniques”. When nano particle of SiO2 filler was
added in polymer gel electrolyte, it enhances the porous and amorphous nature of the system which in turn,
increases the captivation capacity of liquified system and minimise the leakage problem of device. In the present
work nano particle of SiO2 is used as filler for optimized polymer gel electrolyte, [PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2]
to prepare nano composite polymer gel electrolyte [PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2- SiO2].[8-10] Hence the final
optimized composition for nano composite polymer gel electrolyte is [PVdF (HFP)] (15 wt %)-[{ PC-Mg
(ClO4)2} (0.3M)]-nano SiO2 (12wt %). ionic conductivity at this composition was determined as ~5.72x10-3
Scm-
1
.
2.2 Instrumentation used in the present studies
XRD impression of the synthesized material was explained with Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer with Cu-Kα
radiation over the Bragg angle (2θ) range of 10-60°. The scan rate was fixed at 5°/ min. The superficial texture
analysis was demonstrated by applying SEM technique (JEOL JXA - 8100 EPMA).Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) spectral examinations of the polymeric systems were performed by Bruker vertex 70 spectrophotometer.
3. Results & Discussions
3.1 Structural and morphological properties
3.1.1 X- ray diffraction Studies
In the figure 1. plot (a) explains the XRD pattern of the Mg (ClO4)2 ionic salt which shows the predominant
peaks at 2θ = 13.0, 17.5, 21.1, 22.7, 26.2, 28.0, 31.3, 34.4, 43.7, 51.3 and 56.9, which shows the pure crystalline
nature of ionic salt. Figure 1(b). Signify the scattering pattern of polymer mixture peaks observed at 2θ = 18.4,
29.3, and 38.9 due to semi-crystalline nature having mixed characteristics of crystalline as well as amorphous
regions. Figure 1(c). shows the stage when liquid electrolyte is adsorb by polymer electrolyte PVdF(HFP)- PC
solution, we can clearly observed that some peaks of ~ 38.9 get disappeared, which was due to the increasing
amorphous nature of [PVdF(HFP)(15wt%)-{PC-Mg(ClO4)2}(0.3M)] PGE. Figure1 (d) shows the peaks, when
nano SiO2 filler was mixed with optimized gel polymer electrolytes, some diffraction of PVdF (HFP) at peaks
(~2θ = 29.3 and 38.9) are disappeared. This also confirms the complete interaction of filler and polymer gel
electrolyte resulting into homogeneous mixture of nano polymer gel electrolyte. This makes the system more
amorphous and flexible in nature, which is the cause of modification in ionic transportation. [11-12].
XRD method is helpful in calculating various structural parameters such as crystal size, scherrer length (l), d-
spacing, relative peak intensity of pure salt, pure polymers, PGE, NPGE. All these parameters are given in
tabular form:
3. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
16
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
Fig: 1. XRD impression of : (a) Mg(ClO4)2 (b) PVdF(HFP) film (c) [PVdF(HFP)](15wt%)-[PC-
Mg(ClO4)2]{0.3M} polymeric system and its composite film with (d) 12wt% of SiO2
nanoparticles.
Table 1(a): X-ray diffraction data of pure Mg (ClO4)2, pure PVdF (HFP) film, [PVdF (HFP)]
(15wt %) - [PC-Mg (ClO4)2]{0.3M} polymer electrolytes and nano gel polymer electrolytes
Sample 2θ(deg) Θ D l(Aᵒ) Intensity
Mg(ClO4)2 13.0 6.5 6.76 0.17 100
Pure PVdF(HFP) 38.9 19.4 2.30 0.63 100
PGE 20.3 10.1 4.36 0.09 100
PGE-SiO2 (12wt%) 20.3 10.18 4.4 0.11 100
PGE-SiO2 (16wt%) 20.2 10.15 4.4 0.10 100
Table 1(b): Detail studies of XRD technique:
Sample 2θ (deg.) Θ D l((Aᵒ) Intensity
Mg(ClO4)2 13.0 6.5 6.76 0.17 100
26.2 13.1 3.39 1.09 38.4
31.3 15.6 2.85 1.02 28.2
34.4 17.2 2.59 1.03 16.2
43.7 21.8 2.06 0.78 9.8
Pure PVdF(HFP) 18.4 9.2 0.78 0.11 44.4
38.9 19.4 2.30 0.63 100
57.1 28.5 1.60 0.87 14.1
PGE 20.3 10.1 4.36 0.09 100
29.7 14.8 3.00 0.64 51.2
44.5 22.2 2.03 0.67 43.3
4. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
17
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
PGE- SiO2 (12wt%) 20.3 10.18 4.4 0.11 100
PGE-SiO2 (16wt%) 20.2 10.15 4.4 0.10 100
3.1.2 Scanning electron microscopy studies
Fig.2.express the morphological arrangement of polymer electrolyte and nano polymer gel electrolyte at
microscopic level. For this purpose (SEM) scanning electron microscope is used which can show the high
resolution images that can give us the idea about atomic and molecular distribution throughout the system.
Figure 2(a) indicates the uniform distribution of small pores of polymer gel electrolyte which is attributed to the
random and irregular nature of the gel polymer electrolyte while figure 2 (b)& 2(c) indicate complete interaction
between polymer gel electrolyte and fillers, which are visible in the form of homogenous and uniform
distribution of small pores connected to the polymeric chain (at different magnifying levels) , due to which the
polymer gel electrolyte can able to adsorb more amount of liquid electrolyte which will result into two
advantages first due to this mechanism ionic conductivity increases and second the leakage tendency decreases.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig:2. SEM images of [PVdF (HFP)](15wt%)-[PC-Mg(ClO4)2]{0.3M}-SiO2(12wt%) polymer gel
electrolytes system with different magnification.
3.1.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies
The internal microscopic and molecular structure of amorphous region, organic molecules and their interactions
with the functional groups in polymeric system, can be detected with the help of vibrational peaks of electrolytic
system, appearing in FTIR spectra. Figure 3 (a-e) shows the FTIR spectra for polymer (PVdF (HFP), [(PVdF-
HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2 and optimized NCPG electrolytes with different wt. % of SiO2 as fillers.
Various absorption peaks are observed in the FTIR spectra which can be explained and assigned to different
characteristics vibration bands, functional groups and interactions of salt, plasticizer or solvent, polymer and
nano filler in the nano gel polymer electrolytes etc.
Figure (a) shows the plot of pure polymer (PVdF(HFP) in which many peaks can be seen at the wavenumber
3024 and 2984 /cm is on account of asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration, indicates the crystalline as
well as amorphous nature of polymer, assigned by CH2. Fig: (b) The appearance of peak at wave number 1787,
874, 840, 758 and 490 cm-1
, corresponds to the presence of vinylidene group and appears due to the presence of
-CF=-CF2- group, assigned to the CH2 rocking of the vinylidene band, -CF2 shows asymmetric stretching, CH2
wagging vibration and CF2 scissoring vibration of the vinyl group, respectively , which explains that the
crystalline phase is present in the polymer. [13].
Fig:(c) Further, when liquid electrolytes was added to the polymer materials some new vibration peak are
observed at wave numbers 1631, 1553, 1484, 1389, 776, 711 and 627 cm-1
. The wavenumber 1631 and 1553/cm
was attributed to the C=O stretching vibration of plasticizer (PC). The wavenumber 1484 and 1389/ cmwas
assigned to bending vibration of -CH3 of plasticizer. The vibration peaks at wave number 776 and 711 cm-1
represents the C-Cl stretching vibration. The peak at wave number 627cm-1
is assigned to the vibration of ClO-
4
ions. The interaction vibration of ionic pairs between Mg and ClO-
4 is observed at the peak of wave number
1119 to 1078 cm-1
.
5. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
18
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
The vibration peaks of 3024, 2984, 1787, 874, 840 and 490 cm-1
are shifted to 2993,
2926, 1792, 877, 838 and 476 /cm in the nano composite polymer gel electrolytes. The shuffling of peaks in the
IR spectra of PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg(ClO4)2- SiO2, nano composite polymer gel electrolytes is due to the
homogeneous mixing and interaction of constituents in the complex system. Figure 3(d&e) shows the identical
pattern.
Fig:3. FTIR Spectral impression of: (a) Pure Mg(ClO4)2 (b) pure PVdF-HFP film (c)
[PVdF(HFP)](15wt%)-[PC-Mg(ClO4)2]{0.3M} polymer films containing SiO2 nanoparticles (d)
8wt% (e) 12wt%.
Table 2: Designation of specific FTIR zones of pure PVdF (HFP), gel polymer electrolytes with
different concentration filler in nano gel polymer electrolytes
Band
Assignment
(Cm-1)
PVdF(HFP) film [PVdF(HFP)-PC-Mg(ClO4)2 4wt%
SiO2
12wt%
SiO2
- 3406 3404 3396
CH2 Asym.
Stret.
3024 2989 2993 2986
CH2 Sym. Stret. 2984 2926 2926 2926
-CF=-CF2- 1787 1792 1787 1789
C=O stret. Vib. - 1631 1649 1631
6. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
19
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
of plasticizer - 1553 1553
-CH3 bending
vib.
- 1484 1486 1486
- 1456 1456
CH2 group - 1389 1394 1384
1354 1360 1354
-CF2 Sym. Stret. - 1184 1179 1179
1119 1119 1119
1078 - -
1052 1046 1052
- - 950
CH2 Rocking
αPhase
874 878 877 877
CH2 Asym.
Stret & CF2
Asym. Stret. β
Phase
840 839 838 838
C-Cl Stret. - 776 781 780
CH2 wagging
vib.
758 - - -
C-Cl Stret. - 711 715 712
ClO-
4 - 627 626 627
CF2 scissoring
vib α Phase
490 481 476 480
IV Conclusion:
From the detail studies of various characterization technique, it was clear that the nano composite polymer gel
electrolyte [PVdF (HFP) (15%)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2(0.3M)-SiO2 (12wt %)] which was synthesised in present
chapter was efficient and compatible to the other electrolyte that are already in use for the fabrication of
electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors.
Illustrating all demonstrated data the summarised points can be written as:
✓ The “standard solution cast “procedure was capitalised for the preparation of electrolytic complex
system.
✓ The maximum value for ionic conduction of optimized nano composite polymer gel electrolyte was
calculated as 5.72 x10-3
Scm-1
at room temperature.
✓ The surface morphology and topography image has been obtained from scanning electron microscopy,
which shows the porous texture and hence supports the electrical conductivity throughout the polymeric
network.
✓ The FTIR method clearly gives the idea about complete homogeneous mixing of all the constituents’
electrolyte, polymer, and nano materials which results into the synthesis of nano composite polymer gel
electrolyte having very good flexibility as well as good mechanical stability.
REFERENCES
[1] Chandra, S. (1981), “Superionic solution: principles and application”, Amsterdam, North Holland.
7. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference onRole of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
20
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
[2] Gray, F. M. (1991), Solution, Polymer&Electrolytes: Fundamentals and Technological Application, VCH
Publishers, NY.
[3] Linford, R. G., (1987 and 1990), Electrochem. Sci. and Tech. of Polymer, 1 and 2, Elsevier Applied
Science, London.
[4] Bruce, D. W., O’Hare, D., and Walton, R. I., (2011), Energy Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.
K.
[5] Nagasubramanian, G., and Stefano, S. D. (1990), Journal. of Electrochemical Society., vol. 137, no. 12, pp.
3830-3835.
[6] Sarnowska, A., Polska, I., Niedzicki, L., Marcinek, M., Zalewska, A., (2011), Electrochimica Acta, vol. 57,
pp. 180-186.
[7] Kumar, D. and Hashmi, S. A. (2010), Journal of Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 15, pp. 5101-5108.
[8] Hwang, Y. J., Jeong, S. K., Nahm, K. S., and Stephan, A. M. (2007),European Polymer Journal,vol.43,no.
1, pp. 65-71.
[9] Chandra,S., Sekhon, S. S. and Arora, N. (2000), vol.6, no. 1-2, pp.112-118.
[10] Chandra, S., Sekhon, S.S., Srivastava, R., and Arora, N. (2002), Solid State Ionics, vol. 154, pp. 609-
619.
[11] Saikia, D., and Kumar, A., (2004), Electrochimica Acta, vol. 49, no. 16, pp. 2581-2589.
[12] Lipparoni F.R, Bonino. F, Panero S., Scrosati. B, (2002), Ionics, vol. 8, no.3-4, pp. 177-182.
[13] Ulaganathan, M., and Rajendran, S., (2010), Ionics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 515-521.