THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
The document compares the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and user involvement approaches in the waterfall model for developing cost-effective software. CBA helps determine upfront project costs while user involvement can reduce costs during phases like requirements analysis, design, testing, and implementation. The study evaluates how participation of users in different waterfall phases like preliminary investigation, design, and testing can reduce analysis time, therefore lowering overall time costs and producing software in a quicker, easier manner.
AN APPROACH TO IMPROVEMENT THE USABILITY IN SOFTWARE PRODUCTS
One of the significantaspects of software quality is usability. It is one of the characteristics that judge by
the success or failure of software applications. The most important risk facing the software applications is
usability which may lead to the existence of a gap between users and systems. This may lead to system
failure because of Poor design. This is due to the design is not based on the desires and requirements of the
customer. To overcome these problems, this paper proposed an approach to improve usability of software
applications to meet the needs of the customer and interacts with the user easily with an efficient and
effective manner.The proposed approach is based prototyping technique due to itssimplicity and it does not
require additional costs to elicit precise and complete requirement and design.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
BEST PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING USER INTERFACE DESIGN ijseajournal
A rich and effective computational system must have a friendly user interface with appealing usability features that provides excellent user experience. In order to develop interactive systems with the best user experience, an innovative iterative approach to user interface engineering is required because it is one of the most challenging areas given the diversity of knowledge, ideas, skills and creativity needed for building smart interfaces in order to succeed in today’s rapidly paced and tough, competitive marketplace. Many modeling aspects including analytical, intuitive, artistic, technical, graphical, mathematical, psychological and programming models need to be considered in the development process of an effective user interface. This research examines some of the past practices and recommends a set of guidelines for designing effective user interfaces. It also demonstrates how UML use case diagrams can be enhanced by relating user interface elements to use cases.
Testability measurement model for object oriented design (tmmood)ijcsit
Measuring testability early in the development life cycle especially at design phase is a criterion of crucial importance to software designers, developers, quality controllers and practitioners. However, most of the
mechanism available for testability measurement may be used in the later phases of development life cycle.
Early estimation of testability, absolutely at design phase helps designers to improve their designs before
the coding starts. Practitioners regularly advocate that testability should be planned early in design phase.
Testability measurement early in design phase is greatly emphasized in this study; hence, considered significant for the delivery of quality software. As a result, it extensively reduces rework during and after implementation, as well as facilitate for design effective test plans, better project and resource planning in a practical manner, with a focus on the design phase. An effort has been put forth in this paper to recognize the key factors contributing in testability measurement at design phase. Additionally, testability
measurement model is developed to quantify software testability at design phase. Furthermore, the relationship of Testability with these factors has been tested and justified with the help of statistical measures. The developed model has been validated using experimental tryout. Finally, it incorporates the empirical validation of the testability measurement model as the author’s most important contribution.
This document summarizes research on factors that contribute to the success of software projects. It discusses functional requirements, operational quality, and usability. The introduction provides background on the importance of quality management and identifies reasons why software projects fail. The literature review then summarizes several studies that have examined how reliability, response time, usability, and meeting user requirements impact project success. Finally, the document discusses the need to balance functionality and usability through various design and testing approaches.
The document compares the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and user involvement approaches in the waterfall model for developing cost-effective software. CBA helps determine upfront project costs while user involvement can reduce costs during phases like requirements analysis, design, testing, and implementation. The study evaluates how participation of users in different waterfall phases like preliminary investigation, design, and testing can reduce analysis time, therefore lowering overall time costs and producing software in a quicker, easier manner.
AN APPROACH TO IMPROVEMENT THE USABILITY IN SOFTWARE PRODUCTSijseajournal
One of the significantaspects of software quality is usability. It is one of the characteristics that judge by
the success or failure of software applications. The most important risk facing the software applications is
usability which may lead to the existence of a gap between users and systems. This may lead to system
failure because of Poor design. This is due to the design is not based on the desires and requirements of the
customer. To overcome these problems, this paper proposed an approach to improve usability of software
applications to meet the needs of the customer and interacts with the user easily with an efficient and
effective manner.The proposed approach is based prototyping technique due to itssimplicity and it does not
require additional costs to elicit precise and complete requirement and design.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
This document discusses an advancement to the Use Case Point (UCP) software estimation method called the Advanced UCP (AUCP). The AUCP incorporates additional effort factors related to End User Development (EUD).
The UCP method estimates project size based on use cases and actors. The document proposes adding 17 new EUD technical factors and 8 EUD environmental factors to account for the additional effort of including EUD features. These new factors relate to things like creating reusable code, security features, and end user training.
The AUCP is then calculated by multiplying the original UCP by the EUD technical and environmental factors. This provides a more accurate effort estimate when EUD features are included. Incorporating E
The Impact of In-House Software Development Practices on System Usability in ...IJMIT JOURNAL
In-house software development is a critical phenomenon for the production of efficient and effective
software in generating requisite job output. A few studies have devoted efforts towards establishing the
impact of in-house software development on software. Therefore, this paper is an effort towards
establishing the impact of in-house software development practices on system usability. In pursuit of this
paper, a sample of a sample size of 169, at 95% confidence level, with margin error of 5% was drawn from
bold software users, i.e. 300 employees who used the all software including those dealing with the main
stream activities. A total of 102 respondents actually responded to the questionnaires. The Online Sample
Calculator was used to draw the sample. Quantitative data were collected using semi-structured
questionnaires and processed using the SPSS. Descriptive statistics were applied in the analysis. Findings
of the study indicate that software development practices, specifically usability test and user involvement in
software designing and development had an impact on determining software usability for in-house
software. The paper concludes that software development practices shape the design of the software; hence
influence usability of the software produced. Recommended is therefore that software usability test and
user involvement in software designing and development be promoted for effective software production
This document discusses software reusability and proposes a technique to evaluate it using software metrics and fuzzy logic. It begins by introducing component-based software engineering and noting the benefits of reusability. It then discusses software metrics that can measure characteristics of reusable components. Specifically, it distinguishes the aspects of reusability as usability and usefulness. Usability refers to the ease of using a component, while usefulness depends on its functionality and quality. The objectives of the proposed technique are to minimize repetition through software reuse and to develop metrics to accurately quantify reusability using fuzzy logic.
Usability of User Interface Styles for Learning Graphical Software ApplicationsWaqas Tariq
This paper examines usability of different user interface styles for learning graphical software applications, namely Adobe Flash CS4 and Microsoft Expression blend 4. An empirical study was performed to investigate the usability attributes of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction scores for learning the graphical software applications. There were 32 participants recruited whom consist of interface designers and software developers. A set of 7 tasks was designed to compare the different effects of user interface styles including graphical user interface (GUI) and command line interface (CLI). User Performance variables (effectiveness, efficiency, duration, number of errors and number of helps) were measured for tasks performed by all the participants in the test. Satisfaction score was measured using QUIS (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) tool. The result revealed that the average effectiveness scores are higher than 75% for both software applications. Although Adobe Flash CS4 gained slightly higher on effectiveness, Microsoft Expression Blend 4 obtained better results in terms of efficiency, duration, errors and helps. The user satisfaction rates also showed Microsoft Expression Blend 4 gained higher satisfaction comparing Adobe Flash CS4. Generally, both software applications gained scores above average (>3.5) for majority of the user interface satisfaction attributes of software regardless of users’ background.
A study of various viewpoints and aspects software quality perspectiveeSAT Journals
Abstract The software quality is very important research of software engineering grown from the last two decades. The software engineering paradigm adopted by many organizations to develop the high quality software at affordable cost. The high quality software is considered as one of the key factor in the rapid growth of Global Software Development. The software metrics computes and evaluates the quality characteristics and used to take quantitative and qualitative decisions for risk assessment and reduction. The multiple stakeholders can view the software quality in multiple angles with various aspects. In this paper we present multiple views of the software quality with respect to various quality aspects. Key Words : Stakeholders, Functional aspect, Structural aspect, Process aspect, Metrics etc.
An Exploratory Study of Usability Practice from User-Centered Design View: M...Ruby Kuo
The document summarizes an exploratory study on usability practice from a user-centered design perspective in Taiwan's internet industry. Through in-depth interviews with 14 professionals, the study found:
1) Usability knowledge and skills were generally lacking, with most learning through experience rather than formal training.
2) Design methods were typically linear rather than iterative as recommended by user-centered design. Deadlines often took priority over usability.
3) While usability testing and prototyping were acknowledged as helpful, they were seldom used due to schedule and budget constraints. Users tended to be involved primarily to satisfy business goals rather than design goals.
Effectiveness of software product metrics for mobile application tanveer ahmad
This document discusses the effectiveness of software product metrics for mobile applications. It defines effectiveness and explores how metrics can be used to measure the quality, performance, and efficacy of mobile apps. The document reviews literature on software metrics and their importance. It also examines different types of product metrics like size, complexity, and defect metrics. Finally, it proposes using a statistical simulation approach and developing a new measurement tool called the Effectiveness Calculation Model for Mobile Applications to quantify mobile app performance using computational mathematics.
A Guideline Tool for Ongoing Product Evaluation in Small and Medium-Sized Ent...IJECEIAES
As consumer demand for user friendly software increases, usability evaluation is crucial to develop software systems which are easy to learn and use. However, implementation of usability evaluation is challenging for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) due to factors such as lack of technical expertise, knowledge and experience of methods and standards. This results in neglect, or poorly executed evaluations of projects, resulting in software that disappoints and frustrates clients. To overcome this loss of competitiveness, we propose here a visual incorporation tool derived from ISO standards that would assist software development teams in SMEs in understanding and implementing usability evaluations. It shows fundamental Usability Engineering (UE) and Software Engineering (SE) activities and artifacts relevant to the usability evaluation and software development process, with potential incorporation points being highlighted. Dependencies and relationships are shown by links between activities and artifacts. Additionally, convergent artifacts of both disciplines were identified and shown. Evaluation of the proposed tool was based on the questionnaire results of software development practitioners from SMEs.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF METRICS FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ijseajournal
Software product quality can be defined as the features and characteristics of the product that meet the user needs. The quality of any software can be achieved by following a well defined software process. These software process results into various metrics like Project metrics, Product metrics and Process metrics. Software quality depends on the process which is carried out to design and develop software. Even though the process can be carried out with utmost care, still it can introduce some error and defects. Process metrics are very useful from management point of view. Process metrics can be used for improving the software development and maintenance process for defect removal and also for reducing the response
time.
This paper describes the importance of capturing the Process metrics during the quality audit process and also attempts to categorize them based on the nature of error captured. To reduce such errors and defects found, steps for corrective actions are recommended.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The document presents a changeability evaluation model for object-oriented software. It begins with an introduction to changeability and its importance. It then reviews existing literature on measuring changeability. A relationship is established between changeability and object-oriented design properties like coupling, inheritance, and polymorphism. The paper then develops a changeability evaluation model using multiple linear regression. The model relates changeability as the dependent variable to object-oriented design metrics as independent variables. The model is validated experimentally using data from class diagrams, showing it is highly significant.
Majestic MRSS provides usability engineering services to help make computer products and services more usable. Their approach involves planning usability activities early in the design process, gathering requirements from stakeholders, designing interfaces iteratively based on user feedback, implementing designs according to usability guidelines, and testing products to evaluate how well requirements have been met. They provide an ROI framework explaining how usability engineering can reduce costs and increase sales, productivity, and customer satisfaction. Majestic MRSS uses a usability lab called mLAB to record and analyze user testing sessions.
Majestic MRSS provides expert usability engineering services using a rigorous process that incorporates usability activities throughout product development. This includes planning usability testing early, conducting requirements workshops with users and experts, iterative design and testing, and post-release monitoring. Majestic MRSS uses a usability lab equipped with specialized recording technology to capture user interactions and feedback, which helps identify problems and ensure usability objectives are met.
Majority of agile projects currently involve interactive user interface designs, which can only be possible by following UCD in agile software model. But the integration of UCD is not clear in the current agile models. Both Agile models and UCD have iterative nature but agile models focus on coding and development of software; whereas, UCD focuses on user interface of the software. Similarly, both of them have testing features where the agile model involves automated tested code while UCD involves an expert or a user to test the user interface. In this paper, a new agile usability model is presented and tested in companies and are presented. Key results from these projects clearly shows: the proposed agile model incorporates usability evaluation methods, improve the relationship between usability experts to work with agile software experts; in addition, allows agile developers to incorporate the result from UCD into subsequent interactions.
One of the core quality assurance feature which combines fault prevention and fault detection, is often known as testability approach also. There are many assessment techniques and quantification method evolved for software testability prediction which actually identifies testability weakness or factors to further help reduce test effort. This paper examines all those measurement techniques that are being proposed for software testability assessment at various phases of object oriented software development life cycle. The aim is to find the best metrics suit for software quality improvisation through software testability support. The ultimate objective is to establish the ground work for finding ways reduce the testing effort by improvising software testability and its assessment using well planned guidelines for object-oriented software development with the help of suitable metrics.
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2012 in tech-usability_of_interfaces (1)Mahesh Kate
This document discusses usability of interfaces and provides three key points:
1. It defines usability and outlines several principles and heuristics for designing usable interfaces, including consistency, feedback, and reducing cognitive load.
2. It summarizes international usability standards like ISO 9241-11 that emphasize evaluating usability based on effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction within a usage context.
3. It describes user-centered design as a methodology focused on understanding users and specifying requirements to produce designs that are then evaluated iteratively.
The impact of user involvement in software development processnooriasukmaningtyas
In software development process, user can take part in any phase of the process, depending on what model is being applied. Lack of user involvement can result in a poorly designed solution, or even a solution that conflicts with user’s needs. This review paper presents the impact of user involvement in software development process. In this study, different software development processes will be reviewed, show where the user usually gets involved in different models such as: structural (waterfall, Vmodel) and incremental (scrum-extreme programming XP). As each model differs from the other, each of them has a different perspective of where user should take part and where they should not. This can be an asset that helps project managers, and leaders to develop suitable strategies to follow in their projects.
This document presents a testing methodology for integrations between autonomous workflow systems. It outlines major phases of requirement gathering, configuration, coding, validation, and multiple levels of testing. By implementing an iterative testing strategy involving both manual and automated testing, one company achieved a 10-20% reduction in cost and schedule over several years by detecting bugs earlier. The methodology emphasizes standardizing requirements, reusing test cases, and automating regression and integration testing to find issues quickly and reduce human error and expense.
A METHOD FOR WEBSITE USABILITY EVALUATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSISIJwest
ABSTRACT
Graphical user interfaces design in software development process focuses on maximizing usability and the user's experience, in order to make the interaction for users easy, flexible and efficient. In this paper, we propose an approach for evaluating the usability satisfaction degree of a web-based system. The proposed method has been accomplished in two phases and implemented on an airlines website as a case study. In the first phase, a website usability test is implemented by a number of users, and then the results obtained are translated into charts for a final web-based system evaluation in the second phase. The results achieved
were satisfactory, since the places where the weaknesses and gaps in the website are identified and recommended solutions to avoid them are drawn. The authenticity of the results have been confirmed by comparing them with user opinions acquired from a questionnaire, which proves the precision in which the website is rated.
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance FrameworkIJERA Editor
In current software development lifecycles of heterogeneous environments, the pitfalls businesses have to face are that software defect tracking, measurements and quality assurance do not start early enough in the development process. In fact the cost of fixing a defect in a production environment is much higher than in the initial phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is particularly true for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Thus the aim of this study is to develop a new framework for defect tracking and detection and quality estimation for early stages particularly for the design stage of the SDLC. Part of the objectives of this work is to conceptualize, borrow and customize from known frameworks, such as object-oriented programming to build a solid framework using automated rule based intelligent mechanisms to detect and classify defects in software design of SOA. The implementation part demonstrated how the framework can predict the quality level of the designed software. The results showed a good level of quality estimation can be achieved based on the number of design attributes, the number of quality attributes and the number of SOA Design Defects. Assessment shows that metrics provide guidelines to indicate the progress that a software system has made and the quality of design. Using these guidelines, we can develop more usable and maintainable software systems to fulfill the demand of efficient systems for software applications. Another valuable result coming from this study is that developers are trying to keep backwards compatibility when they introduce new functionality. Sometimes, in the same newly-introduced elements developers perform necessary breaking changes in future versions. In that way they give time to their clients to adapt their systems. This is a very valuable practice for the developers because they have more time to assess the quality of their software before releasing it. Other improvements in this research include investigation of other design attributes and SOA Design Defects which can be computed in extending the tests we performed.
A FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING USABILITY PRACTICES INTO SMALL-SIZED SOFTWARE DEV...ijseajournal
Usability now appears to be a highly important attribute for software quality; it is a critical factor that
needs to be considered by every software-development organization when developing software to improve
customer satisfaction and increase competition in the market. There exists a lack of a reference model or
framework for small-sized software-development organizations to indicate which usability practices should
be implemented, and where in the system-development life cycle they need to be considered. We offer
developers who have the objective of integrating usability practices into their development life cycle a
framework that characterizes 10 selected user-centered design (UCD) methods in relation to five relevant
criteria based on some ISO factors that have an effect on the selection of methods (ISO/TR16982). The
selection of the methods for inclusion in the framework responds to these organizations’ needs; and we
selected basic methods that are recommended, cost-effective, simple to plan and apply, and easy to learn by
developers; and which can be applied when time, resources, skills, and expertise are limited. We favor
methods that are generally applicable across a wide range of development environments. The selected
methods are organized in the framework according to the stages in the development process where they
might be applied. The only requirement for the existing development life cycle is that it to be based on an
iterative approach.
This document discusses the need for a metrics ecosystem to help design quality e-commerce systems based on ISO standards. It proposes a new framework that maps metrics to ISO 25010 quality characteristics and components of user-system interaction. The framework defines six key components of user interaction with e-commerce systems: presentation, navigation, purchasing, social, interaction, and support. It then presents a set of 29 new metrics focused on the functional suitability and usability quality characteristics, which are important targets for e-commerce system design. The metrics aim to provide insights for designers and developers to help produce quality e-commerce systems.
A METRICS ECOSYSTEM FOR DESIGNING QUALITY E-COMMERCE SYSTEMSijcsit
E-commerce has become a prime channel for doing commerce both globally and locally. It has gained the
trust of buyers worldwide not only because of the supporting technologies but for the ever-increasing
quality of service provided by most vendors as well. Quality is and will be a competitive advantage in ecommerce
as competition on an international scale increases. Designing quality e-commerce software is
one battle that needs to be won in this war and tools such as formal standards are key weapons. In this
paper an eco-system of software quality metrics is presented based on the ISO25010 standard. These
metrics are mapped to quality characteristics of the software and to facets of user-system interaction so as
to provide designers and developers insights and guidelines on how produce quality e-commerce systems. A
representative set of 29 new metrics for the quality characteristics of Functional Suitability and Usability is
presented.
THE IMPACT OF IN-HOUSE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES ON SYSTEM USABILITY IN ...IJMIT JOURNAL
In-house software development is a critical phenomenon for the production of efficient and effective
software in generating requisite job output. A few studies have devoted efforts towards establishing the
impact of in-house software development on software. Therefore, this paper is an effort towards
establishing the impact of in-house software development practices on system usability. In pursuit of this
paper, a sample of a sample size of 169, at 95% confidence level, with margin error of 5% was drawn from
bold software users, i.e. 300 employees who used the all software including those dealing with the main
stream activities. A total of 102 respondents actually responded to the questionnaires. The Online Sample
Calculator was used to draw the sample. Quantitative data were collected using semi-structured
questionnaires and processed using the SPSS. Descriptive statistics were applied in the analysis. Findings
of the study indicate that software development practices, specifically usability test and user involvement in
software designing and development had an impact on determining software usability for in-house
software. The paper concludes that software development practices shape the design of the software; hence
influence usability of the software produced. Recommended is therefore that software usability test and
user involvement in software designing and development be promoted for effective software production.
Principles of Health Informatics: Evaluating medical softwareMartin Chapman
Principles of Health Informatics: Evaluating medical software. Last delivered in 2023. All educational material listed or linked to on these pages in relation to King's College London may be provided for reference only, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the current course content.
The document discusses how a user experience team adapted their user-centered design practices to better fit an agile development process. They needed to conduct usability tests, interviews, and field studies in a way that worked within short agile iterations. To do so, they adjusted the timing and level of detail of these investigations, and how they reported findings. This allowed them to uncover and address usability issues more quickly by incorporating fixes into each iterative release. The adaptations described could benefit other teams using iterative development processes.
Contributors to Reduce Maintainability Cost at the Software Implementation PhaseWaqas Tariq
This document discusses factors that can reduce software maintenance costs during the implementation phase. It identifies that maintenance costs are highest during software development phases. The objective is to define criteria to assess software quality characteristics and assist during implementation. This will help reduce maintenance costs by creating criteria groups to support writing standard code, developing a model to apply criteria, and increasing understandability. Student groups will study code standardization, write programs, and test software maintenance on programs to validate the model and proposed criteria.
A Systematic Review On Software Cost Estimation In Agile Software DevelopmentBrooke Heidt
This document provides a summary of a systematic literature review on software cost estimation techniques for agile software development. It discusses the challenges of cost estimation for agile projects due to their dynamic nature. The review examines various cost estimation mechanisms that have been explored for agile methodologies and compares their accuracy based on parameters like magnitude of relative error, mean magnitude of relative error, and others. It aims to help agile practitioners understand current trends in cost estimation and determine which techniques may be suitable given different project circumstances.
Agile techniques that utilize iterative development are broadly used in various industry projects as a lightweight development technique which can satisfy the continuous changes of requirements. Short repetitions are used that are required for efficient product delivery. Traditional and old software development methods are not much efficient and effective to control the rapid change in requirements. Despite the benefits of Agile, criticism on agile methodology states that it couldn’t succeed to pay attention to architectural and design issues and therefore is bound to produce small design-decisions. The past decade has observed numerous changes in systems development with many organizations accepting agile techniques as a viable methodology for developing systems. An increase in the number of research studies reveals the growing demand and acceptance of agile methodologies. While most research has focused on acceptance rate and adaptation of agile practices, there is very limited knowledge of their post-adoption usage and incorporation within organizations. Several factors explain the effective usage of agile methodologies. A combination of previous research in Agile Methodologies, Diffusion of Innovations, Information Systems implementation, and Systems Development has been carried out to develop a research model that identifies the main factors relevant to the propagation and effective usage of agile methodologies in organizations.
AN IMPROVED REPOSITORY STRUCTURE TO IDENTIFY, SELECT AND INTEGRATE COMPONENTS...ijseajournal
An ultimate goal of software development is to build high quality products. The customers of software
industry always demand for high-quality products quickly and cost effectively. The component-based
development (CBD) is the most suitable methodology for the software companies to meet the demands of
target market. To opt CBD, the software development teams have to customize generic components that are
available in the market and it is very difficult for the development teams to choose the suitable components
from the millions of third party and commercial off the shelf (COTS) components. On the other hand, the
development of in-house repository is tedious and time consuming. In this paper, we propose an easy and
understandable repository structure to provide helpful information about stored components like how to
identify, select, retrieve and integrate components. The proposed repository will also provide previous
assessments of developers and end-users about the selected component. The proposed repository will help
the software companies by reducing the customization effort, improving the quality of developed software
and preventing integrating unfamiliar components.
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Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
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The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
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Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
A Study of Data Storage Security Issues in Cloud Computingvivatechijri
Cloudcomputingprovidesondemandservicestoitsclients.Datastorageisamongoneoftheprimaryservices providedbycloudcomputing.Cloudserviceproviderhoststhedataofdataownerontheirserverandusercan accesstheirdatafromtheseservers.Asdata,ownersandserversaredifferentidentities,theparadigmofdata storagebringsupmanysecuritychallenges.Anindependentmechanismisrequiredtomakesurethatdatais correctlyhostedintothecloudstorageserver.Inthispaper,wewilldiscussthedifferenttechniquesthatare usedforsecuredatastorageoncloud. Cloud computing is a functional paradigm that is evolving and making IT utilization easier by the day for consumers. Cloud computing offers standardized applications to users online and in a manner that can be accessed regularly. Such applications can be accessed by as many persons as permitted within an organization without bothering about the maintenance of such application. The Cloud also provides a channel to design and deploy user applications including its storage space and database without bothering about the underlying operating system. The application can run without consideration for on premise infrastructure. Also, the Cloud makes massive storage available both for data and databases. Storage of data on the Cloud is one of the core activities in Cloud computing. Storage utilizes infrastructure spread across several geographical locations.
Development of Chatbot Using AI/ML Technologiesmaisnampibarel
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing have significantly transformed human-computer interactions. This thesis presents the design, development, and evaluation of an intelligent chatbot capable of engaging in natural and meaningful conversations with users. The chatbot leverages state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including transformer-based architectures, to understand and generate human-like responses.
Key contributions of this research include the implementation of a context- aware conversational model that can maintain coherent dialogue over extended interactions. The chatbot's performance is evaluated through both automated metrics and user studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in various applications such as customer service, mental health support, and educational assistance. Additionally, ethical considerations and potential biases in chatbot responses are examined to ensure the responsible deployment of this technology.
The findings of this thesis highlight the potential of intelligent chatbots to enhance user experience and provide valuable insights for future developments in conversational AI.
Best Practices of Clothing Businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, A Foundation ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study primarily aimed to determine the best practices of clothing businesses to use it as a foundation of strategic business advancements. Moreover, the frequency with which the business's best practices are tracked, which best practices are the most targeted of the apparel firms to be retained, and how does best practices can be used as strategic business advancement. The respondents of the study is the owners of clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Data were collected and analyzed using a quantitative approach and utilizing a descriptive research design. Unveiling best practices of clothing businesses as a foundation for strategic business advancement through statistical analysis: frequency and percentage, and weighted means analyzing the data in terms of identifying the most to the least important performance indicators of the businesses among all of the variables. Based on the survey conducted on clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, several best practices emerge across different areas of business operations. These practices are categorized into three main sections, section one being the Business Profile and Legal Requirements, followed by the tracking of indicators in terms of Product, Place, Promotion, and Price, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) covering finance, marketing, production, technical, and distribution aspects. The research study delved into identifying the core best practices of clothing businesses, serving as a strategic guide for their advancement. Through meticulous analysis, several key findings emerged. Firstly, prioritizing product factors, such as maintaining optimal stock levels and maximizing customer satisfaction, was deemed essential for driving sales and fostering loyalty. Additionally, selecting the right store location was crucial for visibility and accessibility, directly impacting footfall and sales. Vigilance towards competitors and demographic shifts was highlighted as essential for maintaining relevance. Understanding the relationship between marketing spend and customer acquisition proved pivotal for optimizing budgets and achieving a higher ROI. Strategic analysis of profit margins across clothing items emerged as crucial for maximizing profitability and revenue. Creating a positive customer experience, investing in employee training, and implementing effective inventory management practices were also identified as critical success factors. In essence, these findings underscored the holistic approach needed for sustainable growth in the clothing business, emphasizing the importance of product management, marketing strategies, customer experience, and operational efficiency.
Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
have become indispensable for connecting people, sharing content, and fostering
online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
Online music portal management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The iMMS is a unique application that is synchronizing both user
experience and copyrights while providing services like online music
management, legal downloads, artists’ management. There are several
other applications available in the market that either provides some
specific services or large scale integrated solutions. Our product differs
from the rest in a way that we give more power to the users remaining
within the copyrights circle.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
Response & Safe AI at Summer School of AI at IIITHIIIT Hyderabad
Talk covering Guardrails , Jailbreak, What is an alignment problem? RLHF, EU AI Act, Machine & Graph unlearning, Bias, Inconsistency, Probing, Interpretability, Bias
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
SCADAmetrics Instrumentation for Sensus Water Meters - Core and Main Training...
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE
1. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
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THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE
Prachi Desul1
, Prof.Chandani Patel2
1
(Department of MCA, Viva School Of MCA/ University of Mumbai, India)
2
(Department of MCA, Viva School Of MCA/ University of Mumbai, India)
Abstract :The Usability Metric for User Experience (UMUX) is a four-item Likert scale used for the subjective
assessment of an application’s perceived usability. It is designed to provide results similar to those obtained
with the 10-item System Usability Scale, and is organized around the ISO 9241-11 definition of usability. A pilot
version was assembled from candidate items, which was then tested alongside the System Usability Scale during
usability testing. It was shown that the two scales correlate well, are reliable, and both align on one underlying
usability factor. In addition, the Usability Metric for User Experience is compact enough to serve as a usability
module in a broader user experience metric
Keywords -metric,system usability scale,usability,user experience.
I. INTRODUCTION
Usability can be measured, but it is rarely Metrics are expensive and are a poor use of typically scarce usability
resources. Although measuring usability can cost fourfold the maximum amount as conducting qualitative
studies (which often generate better insight), metrics are sometimes well worth the expense. Among other
things, metrics can help managers track design progress and support decisions about when to release a product.
As organizations increase their usability investments, collecting actual measurements is a natural next step and
does provide benefits. In general, usability metrics let you: Track progress between releases. You cannot fine-
tune your methodology unless you recognize how well you're doing. Assess your competitive position. Are you
better or worse than other companies? Where are you better or worse? Make a Stop/Go decision before launch.
Is the design ok to release to an unsuspecting world? Create bonus plans for design managers and higher-level
executives. For example, you'll determine bonus amounts for development project leaders supported what
percentage customer-support calls or emails their products generated during the year. Usability may be a quality
attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. The word "usability" also refers to methods for
improving ease-of-use during the planning process.
Usability is defined by 5 quality components:
Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the primary time they encounter the design?
Efficiency: Once users have learned the planning , how quickly can they perform tasks? Memorability: When
users return to the planning after a period of not using it, how easily can they re-establish proficiency? Errors:
what percentage errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and the way easily can they get over the
errors? Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the planning There are many other important quality attributes. A
key one is utility, which refers to the design's functionality: Does it do what users need?
Usability and utility are equally important and together determine whether something is useful: It matters little
that something is straightforward if it isn't what you would like
2. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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RELATED WORK
Software development organizations contains marketing, design, project management,development and quality
assurance team. it's important for the various teams within theorganization to know the advantages and
limitation of incorporating various usabilitytesting methods within the software development life cycle. Some
reasons for poor usabilityinclude effort prioritization conflicts from development, project management, and
styleteam. The part played by the usability engineer is to urge involved because the heuristic judge
andfacilitate the event and style efforts are supported usability principles and at an equivalenttime adhering to
the project period of time . Two approaches for usability inspection methodsconsist of user experience
testingand expert review or more commonly referred to as HeuristicEvaluation (HE). This paper focuses on
understanding the strength of HE as a strategyfor defect detection.The results also increase the need for
integrating traditional heuristics with modified heuristics customized to the domain or field of the project being
tested such as E-Government.[1]
.Describes an innovative methodology developed for usability tests of the IEEE PCS internet sitethat
combines heuristic evaluation and task-based testing. Tests conducted on the PCS Website has evaluated
whether the location facilitated members' ability to seek out information andparticipate
indiscussions, also as developers' are capable to seek out , contribute, and
manageadministrativeinformation on the location . The distinctive social characteristics of
Communitiesof Practice (CoPs) provide context for tailoring design heuristics for informational internet
sitesthat serve the requirements and interests of CoP members. The discussion gives important
ontechnical communication principles that apply not only to evaluating the effectiveness of
thePCS internet site design but also to all or any centralised.f the PCS Web site design but also to all
centralised technical communication products and media that increasingly demand user participation.[2]Here
Proposes a usability testing method that alters a given usability testing method to formit less
expensive and time consuming for the investigator. The usage of user-centred methods isstimulated and a
mixture of two centralised methods suggested. Future this method iscombined with other techniques to
additionally detect the state of satisfaction within the
participant.
User based features like emotions, opinions, cognitive and conative effects aretherefore are considered. a
way for the joint analysis of all data gathered is proposed.[3]More automated system testing might
be instrumental in achieving these goals and in recentyears testing tools are developed to automate the
interaction with software systems atthe GUI level. However, there's absence knowledge on the usability
and applicability ofthese tools in an industrial setting. This study analyses two tools for automated visual
GUItesting on a real-world, safety-critical software is developed by the corporate Saab AB.
The tools are compared supported their characteristics also as how they support automationof system test
cases that have previously been presented manually. The time to develop andthe size of the automated
test cases also as their execution times are evaluated.[4]Usability testing is important to be performed by
software development companies todetermine whether their products are usable or unusable. it's equally
important for the end-users companies running usability studies also . This paper represents the event of
Usability Management System (USEMATE), an automatic system as an alternate solution
to assist usability tester or practitioner to run usability testing more efficiently and effectively.
The main objective of USEMATE is to enhance the present systems which are paper-based,
require manual score calculation using excel and manual reaction time recording into a webbased
management system. The tools used for the event compromise AdobePhotoshop CS2, Adobe
Dreamweaver CS3, Apache Web Server, and a private computer(PC). The modules and usefulness criteria
included and therefore the approach utilized in the eventof this automated system were replicated from a
case study on usability testing of a webpageconducted earlier. USEMATE is envisaged to be ready
to minimize the lengthy working hourand energy needed to manage the usability testing process from
phase to phase.[5]
Usage of traditional UT techniques which aren't sufficient and suitable with the growing
complexity of internet sites & constraints faced by usability practitioners. For a sample, the Lab
Based Usability Testing (LBUT) is dear and has lesser coverage than Exploratory
Heuristics Evaluation (EHE) while the EHE is subjected to false alarms. A hybrid usability
methodology (HUM) comprising of LBUT and EHE is obtainable . Six experiments involving
EHE and LBUT were performed at the first , in-between and future stages of the SDLC of
websites, during which the simplest relative performance of every method were measured using
the dependent variables followed by the planning of a HUM. To prove the HUM, four case
studies were conducted, during which remarkable improvements were observed in website
3. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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effectiveness and efficiency. supported the findings, HUM may be a realistic approach for usability
practitioners and also provides stakeholders a validated situational deciding
framework for usability testing strategies taking under consideration world constraints.[6]
II. METHODOLOGY
usability may be a multidimensional concept that aims into the fulfillment of certain set of goals, mainly;
effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction” and without these goals, usability can't be achieved.
Effectiveness: this term refers to the accuracy and completeness of the user goal achievement.
Efficiency: refers to the resources exhausted by users so as to make sure an accurate and completed achievement
of the goals.
Satisfaction refers to the subjective thoughts of the user regarding their attitude, level of comfort, relevance of
application and therefore the acceptability of use.
A system or a product is completely hooked in to its specific and distinct context of use, the character of the
task, the users appointed to require the task, and finally the equipment used to perform it.
Measuring the usability of a certain system can be done through the measurement of the three goals using a
number of observable and quantifiable usability metrics.
In the light of the three goals mentioned earlier, we’ll go through the different metrics used to measure each
goal, however, our main focus will be on the Effectiveness It can be measured through using two usability
metrics: Success rate, called also completion rate and the number of errors .Success rate/ completion rate: is the
percentage of users who were able to successfully complete the tasks. Despite the very fact that this metric
remains unable to supply insights on how the tasks were performed or why users fail just in case of failure,
they're still critical and are at the core of usability.The success rate is one of the most commonly used metric for
most of practitioners, where 79% of them reported using the success rate as the first metric to think about for
simple use and through data collection and interpretation.
The success rate metric are often measured by assigning a binary value of 0 and 1 to the users; where 1 is
assigned to those that successfully complete the task and 0 to the ones who fail to do so.”Once the test is over
and you have all the data you need to calculate your success rate, the next step would be to divide the total
number of correctly completed attempts by the total number of attempts multiplied by 100.The completion rate
is easy to measure and to collect but with one major pitfall to consider; it happens frequently when a user stops
at some point during the task and fails to end it or maybe finishes it but not in the expected way.Taking into
account that they have completed some steps successfully in the task, how would you score what they have
accomplished as an evaluator?I am getting to dive a touch bit into the small print on the way to score you users
taking under consideration the various stages of their success or failure, using an example to illustrate.
Let’s consider, for instance, that your user task is to order a box of dark chocolates with a card to their mother
for mother’s day.The scoring might seem simple at first glance, and you'll easily say; if the mother receives the
box of bittersweet chocolate with the cardboard then it's a case of success. On the opposite hand, if the mother
doesn't receive anything then we will simply say, that this is often a case of failure.
However, it’s not that straightforward , there are other considerations:
Ordered a box of chocolate but not the dark one (white or milky or a spread of these) alongside card.
Ordered the proper chocolate box without a present card
Ordered quite one box of chocolate by mistake and a present card
Ordered a box of chocolate but didn’t add delivery information or address
Ordered a box of chocolates and gift card successfully but to the incorrect address
All these cases entail a percentage of success and failure within the process of fulfilling the task, their failure is
partial also as their success, which simply means that as an evaluator you would like to interact your own
personal opinion within the scoring.
If you decided that there are no middle grounds in the estimated scoring, your success rate would be different
from that obtained when you appreciate the effort they have made in spite of the task you planned for them.
The fact that there is not a steady rule when it comes to scoring your users, and oftentimes success rates become
subjective; because different evaluators won’t have the same scoring and estimate an equivalent percentage of
failure or success for the above cases, within the same way. However, so as to mainstream the method , you'd
like to work out the important aspects of the task and what score you would allot each a part of it.
Success rate remains the only usability metric and therefore the easiest among the entire range of those usability
signals, mainly because it’s quick and straightforward and doesn't require much preparation and time to gather
4. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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and most significantly it enables you from tracking the progress within your systembeing one among the overall
areas commonly employed by marketers and designers right along , to ascertain the large picture of how well
their system is doing at the extent of user experience, this doesn't change the very fact , that it remains
subjective.
Help the designers and developers to ascertain that uncovering problems isn't a
symbol offailure. nobody does an ideal job the initially time only. Users always surprise us. It's
muchbetter to seek out out about the issues with a some users during a usability test than later when
thedesign is being reviewed and is out there within the marketplace. [7]
2. The Number of Errors
This metric provides an idea about the average number of times where an error occurred per user when
performing a given task.These errors can be either slips; where the user accidently types the incorrect email
address or picks the incorrect dates when making a reservation or booking a flight, or they will be mistakes
where the user clicks on an image that’s not clickable or even double clicks a button or a link
intentionally.Normally any users of any interactive system may make errors, where 2 out of every 3 users err,
and there's absolutely no such thing as a ‘’perfect’’ system anyway..To help you measure and ensure obtaining
great diagnostic results, it is highly recommended to set a short description where you give details about how to
score those errors and the severity of a certain of an error to show you how simple and intuitive your system is.
3. Time-Based Efficiency
Or referred to as time on task, this metric helps in the measurement of the time spent by the user to complete the
task or speed of work. This consequently means there's an immediate relationship between the efficiency and
effectiveness, and that we can say, that efficiency is really the user effectiveness divided by the user time spent.
4. The Overall Relative Efficiency
This is actually measured through users who successfully completed the task in relation to the total time taken
by all users.Let’s consider that we have 2 users where each one of is supposed to complete a different task.The
first user has successfully completed task (1) yet failed to complete task (2). While the second hand has did not
complete task (1) but completed task (2) successfully.
5.Post Task Satisfaction
Once your users have finished the task and it doesn’t matter whether complete it successfully or not, it’s time to
hand them over a questionnaire to have an idea about the difficulty of the task from the users point of
view.Generally, these tasks consist of 5 questions, and the idea behind them give your users a space to judge the
usability of your system.
6. Task Level Satisfaction
This metric helps into investigating the overall impression of users confronted with the system. To measure the
level of satisfaction you can either use the smiley scale method where the user is expected to choose one of the 5
smileys as a reflection of their satisfaction or lack of satisfaction.The Word Method is also use to measure the
user’s level of satisfaction through listing a series of positive and negative connotations highlighted in green and
red respectively.
In light of the conceptual framework we have discussed earlier, the user experience is highly influenced by
everything that surrounds it.However, the tide might be turning on usability funding. I've recently worked on
several projects to determine formal usability metrics in several companies. As organizations increase their
usability investments, collecting actual measurements is a natural next step and does provide benefits. In
general, usability metrics let you:
Track progress between releases. You cannot fine-tune your methodology unless you recognize how well
you'redoing.Assess your competitive position. Are you better or worse than other companies? Where are you
better or worse?Make a Stop/Go decision before launch. Is the design ok to release to an unsuspecting world?
Create bonus plans for design managers and higher-level executives. For example, you'll determine bonus
amounts for development project leaders supported what percentage customer-support calls or emails their
products generated during the year.
How to Measure
It is easy to specify usability metrics, but hard to gather them. Typically, usability is measured relative to users'
performance on a given set of test tasks. The most basic measures are supported the definition of usability as a
top quality metric:
success rate (whether users can perform the task at all),
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ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
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National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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the time a task requires,
the error rate, and
users' subjective satisfaction.[8]
It is also possible to collect more specific metrics, such as the percentage of time that users follow an optimal
navigation path or the number of times they need to back track. You can collect usability metrics for both novice
users and experienced users. Few websites have truly expert users, since people rarely spend enough time on
any given site to find out it in great detail. Given this, most websites benefit most from studying novice users.
Exceptions are sites like Yahoo and Amazon, which have highly committed and constant users and may enjoy
studying expert users. Intranets, extranets, and weblications are almost like traditional software design and can
hopefully have skilled users; studying experienced users is thus more important than working with the novice
users who typically dominate public websites. With qualitative user testing, it is enough to test 3–5 users. After
the fifth user tests, you've got all the insight you're likely to urge and your best bet is to travel back to the
drafting board and improve the design so that you can test it again. Testing quite five users wastes resources,
reducing the amount of design iterations and compromising the ultimate design quality. Unfortunately, when
you're collecting usability metrics, you want to test with quite five users. In order to urge a fairly tight
confidence interval on the results, I usually recommend testing 20 users for every design. Thus, conducting
quantitative usability studies is approximately fourfold as expensive as conducting qualitative ones. Considering
that you simply can learn more from the simpler studies, I usually recommend against metrics unless the project
is extremely well funded.success rate or the completion rate because it’s gives a general idea about the
performance of the system.
IV. FIGURES AND TABLES
Comparing Two Designs
To illustrate quantitative results, we can look at those recently posted by Macromedia from its usability study of
a Flash site, aimed at showing that Flash is not necessarily bad. Basically, Macromedia took a design,
redesigned it according to a set of usability guidelines, and tested both versions with a group of users. Here are
the results:
Table no:1
Original Design Redesign
Task 1 12 sec. 6 sec.
Task 2 75 sec. 15 sec.
Task 3 9 sec. 8 sec.
Task 4 140 sec. 40 sec.
Satisfaction score* 44.75 74.50
*Measured on a scale ranging from
12 (unsatisfactory on all counts) to 84 (excellent on all counts).
Table no :2
6. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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Fig-1 fig-2
Fig-3
V. CONCLUSION
usability metrics, it's possible to watch and quantify the usability of any system irrespective if it's software,
hardware, web-based or a mobile application. This is because the metrics presented here are supported extensive
research and testing by various academics and experts and have withstood the test of your time .
Moreover, they cover all of the three core elements that constitute the definition of usability: effectiveness,
efficiency and satisfaction, thus ensuring an all-round quantification of the usability of the system being tested.
usability gets side-tracked and becomes something which will be addressed afterward . Tracking the usability of
your product with metrics allows you to possess a transparent understanding of the experience you're providing
to your users, and improve it over time. usability metrics are measured and aggregated into actionable results,
which allows you to act instantly on the info you record. That makes it painless to stay track of how your
design's usability progresses, detect issues, and improve your users' experience
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