Performance Testing from Scratch + JMeter intro

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Skills | Knowledge | CollaborationSkills | Knowledge | Collaboration
PerformanceTestingImplementationFromScratch.Why?
WhenandHow?
by Mykola Kovsh

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Skills | Knowledge | Collaboration
Speaker info
Hi, I’m Mykola Kovsh
PerformanceTestEngineer
PerformanceTesting Departmentat
Testing Centerof Excellence,
Ciklum, Ukraine
•Performance/ Automation/ Manualtesting
www.linkedin.com/in/mykolakovsh/

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Content
Performance testing engineer skills5
Why performance testing is important?1
Introduction to performance testing. Load profiles, metrics2
Implementation process4
Performance testing tools3
Links and Q&A session

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1. Why performance testing is important?

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Why performance testing is important
✓ 50% of frustrated users will visit another
website to accomplish their activity and 22%
won't return.
✓ 49% of respondents expect web pages to load
in under 2 seconds.
✓ 30% expect a 1-second response.
✓ 18% expect a site to load immediately.*
* http://docplayer.net/29696161-Performance-matters-key-consumer-insights.html

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From user perception point of view
What is a fast web-side?
< 1 second very fast
< 2 seconds quite fast
2-4 seconds acceptable
5-15 seconds slow
>15 seconds too slow
* https://www.hobo-web.co.uk/your-website-design-should-load-in-4-seconds/

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How smartphone users react to slow web-sites
Curse at their
phone, 23%
Scream at
their phone,
11%
Throw their
phone, 4%
Behave more
or less
normally,
62%

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Cost of poor performance
* http://www.webperformancetoday.com/2010/06/15/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-web-performance/
 If your average sales per hour is
$5,000
1 minute of downtime is
costing over $80
then

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 A 1-second page load delay equals*:
16 % decrease in customer
satisfaction
11 % fewer page
views
7 % loss in
conversions

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For example:
✓ John Lewis’s website went down around 3.20 pm on Black Friday - analysts estimated it could
cost £ 2.8m pounds.
✓ Web giant like Amazon would lose as much as $120 000 per minute of downtime.
✓ Microsoft Bing found that a two-second slowdown caused a 4.3 percent reduction in
revenue per user.
✓ Website Shopzilla reduced page load times from 7 seconds to 2 seconds, resulting in a 7–12
percent increase in revenue and 50 percent reduction in hardware costs.

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When performance testing is needed
✓ The solution is already struggling from performance
problems.
✓ The solution have to deal with big amount of concurrent
users presently or in future (~ 300-500 concurrent users and
higher).
✓ The solution have a large database or should transfer or
process big amount of data in real time (~ 10 and more
concurrent users).
✓ The solution has complex architecture and a lot of internal
and external integrations running concurrently.

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2. Introduction to Performance Testing

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✓ Performance Testing - the process of testing to determine the
performance of a software product (ISTQB Foundation).
✓ Performance testing – is a non-functional software testing technique
which determines responsiveness, stability, reliability and resource
usage of system under a certain user load (Wikipedia).
✓ Web load testing is nothing more than exercising a website under a
variety of production-like conditions to determine how it’s going to work
and to identify (and hopefully resolve) problems before your customers
find them (WebLoadTestingForDummies).
Performance testing. Definition

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Determine responsiveness, stability, reliability and resource usage of system
under a certain user load
Demonstrate that the system meets performance criteria (KPIs)
Compare different system configurations and versions to evaluate
performance improvement/degradation.
Performance trends tracking during the time
Determine system behavior under different load
Evaluate the system capacity
Scalability. Determine ability of a system to handle a growing amount of workload
Prepare the application for planned load (e-commerce: Black Friday, Marketing
Campaign. Finance: quarter/annual reporting, etc.)
Find which components of the system perform poorly under certain workload
Goals of performance testing:

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Slow sub-systems / functions (poor response)
Low capacity point
Configuration problems (web-server,
load balancers, db etc)
Dead-lock while simultaneous load
Flawed queue logic
Incorrect synchronization of recourses
Database issues e.g. size, indexing, replication
Memory, space and connections leaks
Poor network configuration
CPU, Memory utilization
Functionality bugs (how system should behave under overload, others).
Performance bottlenecks:

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Functional & Performance testing comparison
# Functional testing Performance testing
1
To verify the accuracy of the system against
expected results
To verify the behavior of the system at various
load conditions
2 Manual or automated Automated only
3 Could be done without special tools
Special set of tools is used including analyzing
and monitoring ones
4 One user performing all operations Several users performing desired operations
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Involvement required from Customer, Tester
and Developer
Involvement required from Customers, Tester,
Developer, DB admins, DevOps
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Test environment capacity/size could differ
from Production
Requires close to Production Test
environment!!!
based on: http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/introduction-to-performance-testing-loadrunner-training-tutorial-part-1/

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Performance testing Approaches
Protocol-level Load Generation
(HTTP, Web-sockets, TCP, JDBC,
etc.)
Device level Load Generation
(User Interface)

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Performance testing Approaches
Protocol-level Load Generation
(HTTP, Web-sockets, TCP, JDBC,
etc.)
Device level Load Generation
(User Interface)

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Performance testing Targets
Server-side performance (web, app, database)
Client-side (manual) performance
Network performance
Device performance (hardware: battery consumption, CPU, memory, etc.)

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Performance testing Targets
Server-side performance (web, app, database)
Client-side (manual) performance
Network performance
Device performance (hardware: battery consumption, CPU, memory, etc.)

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Server-side performance

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Levels of server-side performance testing
• End-to-End load testing
• Integration Load testing
• Component/API Load testing
• DB performance testing

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Types of Performance Testing (load profiles)
Stress/Capacity test
Max Designed Operation Capacity
Volume test
8-72 hours or longer
+ Component Test
+ Reliability /
Recovery Test
Server-side performance

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Client-side (manual) Performance

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Client-side performance testing - testing of one separate page load from client/browser side
Client-side Performance

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More detailed process of page load

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First thing the user sees

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Visual Experience
1. First Paint 2. First Contentful Paint
3. First Meaningful Paint 4. Visually Complete
based on: https://www.slideshare.net/nicjansma/measuring-real-user-performance-in-the-browser

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Chrome performance testing

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1. Run client-side performance of the page when there is 0 load.
2. Set performance metrics baselines based on step 1
3. Run client-side performance when there is different load on the server –
during Capacity/Load/Spike etc. tests
4. Compare results with baselines, analyze and summarize possible issues
Flow we suggest:

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Load testing metrics

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Load testing metrics (synthetic monitoring)
Application-side Server-side
- Response time
- Throughput (rps/tps/tpm)
- Concurrent users
- Error rate (response code)
- Number of transactions passed/failed
- Network traffic
- CPU
- Memory
- Network
- Disk
- DB connections
- Logs error, warnings

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Response time = Latency (travelling across a network) + Processing time (system processing
of request)
• Average response time
• Peak response time (max)
• Response time with 95% or other percentile
Response time
Application-side metrics

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Throughput - how many simultaneous
requests/transactions per second/minute application can
handle
Note:
 TPS could correlate with response time if requests are
consequent. The longer response – the lower tps
 TPS does not correlate directly with response time if
requests are parallel.
consequent > 1 request – 1 sec response – 1 tps
parallel > 10 requests – 1 sec response – 10 tps
 TPS could be improved by improving response time or
by increasing concurrent users
Throughput (rps/tps/tpm)

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Network traffic, Response codes, Error rate
Network traffic – shows how much data is flowing back
and forth from your servers (Kbytes or Mbytes / sec).
We can compare this metric to the response-time metric
to see how the throughput affects transaction
performance.
Error rate – is the mathematical calculation that
produces a percentage of problem requests compared to
all requests.
It is no standard for tolerable error rate. Some projects
consider 1% error rate successful in case the system can
handle maximum load without crash. Others consider
any errors. Still, few errors is not uncommon, especially
for large load.

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• You can monitor server-side metrics directly on the server (Linux, Windows)
• You can automate this process creating some monitoring agent to track metrics
• You can use one of monitoring tools:
- CloudWatch (Amazon)
- AppDynamics
- DynaTrace
- NewRelic
- Graylog, etc.
Server-side monitoring tools
*In addition to the server metrics monitoring during the load test (synthetic monitoring), monitoring tools allow
Real User Monitoring (RUM).
RUM is a type of performance monitoring that captures and analyzes each transaction by real users of a website or
application. Unlike synthetic monitoring, RUM never rests. It collects data from each user using every browser
across each request.

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3. Performance testing tools

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Strong load testing tools should be able
Traffic recorder
Have IDE (console or GUI) which allows:
a) Create Requests of required protocol (HTTP, HTTPs, WS, WSS, JDBC, TCP, AJAX, etc.)
b) Support Transactions – to track time for all static data loading / redirections
c) Create Load Scenarios with ability of parametrization
d) Build different Load Profiles with rump-up and shut-down
e) Have debugger
Load runner engine
Distributed testing
Load test data saving (distributed), including client and server-side metrics
Load test data monitoring in real time

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- JMeter
- Gatling
- Locust
- The Grinder
- Apachebench
- Artillery
- Tsung
- Vegeta
- Siege
- Boom
- Wrk
Open source load testing tools
According to Load Impact tools comparison research*:
 JMeter, Gatling, Grinder, Tsung and Boom all offer good performance, accuracy and reliability
 Artillery, Locust and Siege have various issues with performance, accuracy and/or reliability
 Performance-wise, Wrk and Apachebench are in a class of their own
 NOTE: None of the tools tested can simulate thousands of VUs on a single machine without significant
degradation in measurement accuracy
* http://blog.loadimpact.com/open-source-load-testing-tool-benchmarks

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Cloud-based tools:
- BlazeMeter
- LoadImpact
- Loadstorm
- Loader.io
- Loadfocus, etc
Commercial load tools
Commercial Combiners:
- HP Loadrunner
- Microsoft TFS
- SmartBear LoadUI
- NeoLoad
- Silk Peformer

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• Chrome developers tools
• http://yslow.org/
• https://tools.pingdom.com/
• https://www.webpagetest.org/
• https://developers.google.com/speed/pag
espeed/insights/
• https://www.sitespeed.io/ (automatically
run using Docker)
• Performance monitoring and management
systems also can track timing metrics of
the page load (RUM), like NewRelic
Manual performance testing tools
YSlow test example:

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4. Implementation process

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Performance testing process activities
1. Planning
2. Implementing
3. Executing
4. Analyzing and
reporting
5. Continuous
Integration

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1. Planning
Identify Performance Acceptance Criteria and KPIs
• Response time for different type of transactions -> a user concern
• Throughput (tps/rps) -> a business concern
• Resource utilization -> a system concern
• Concurrent users number
• Accepted Error rate
• Accepted deviation for response time, resource utilization
• System behavior when overloaded

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1. Planning
Performance requirement analysis
Bad sample of requirements:
1. Response time should be no more than 4 seconds
2. System should be able to deal with 10 thousands
concurrent users
It is not clear whether:
• Response time should be 4 seconds for all requests?
• What if all response time will be 3.99 seconds?
• What if most request will response with 2 seconds but several with 6 seconds?
• What users do and how often? Open Main page or more?
• What if more than 10 ths. users? System should scale, or new users will be rejected or response time
just increases?

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1. Planning
Performance requirement analysis
Good sample of requirements:
1. Set average response time for different types of transactions:
• Simple navigation requests - 1 second
• Logging - 2 seconds
• Search and buy - 4 seconds
2. Set deviation - no more than 15%
3. Set failure rate - no more than 1%
4. Set CPU, memory, network, other server-metrics thresholds
5. Set response times, deviation, server-side metrics for different number of users - for
1k, 5k, 10k
6. System should reject new users in case of overload, showing informing message

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1. Planning
Identify the Test Environment
• Identify the logical and physical production architecture for performance testing
• Compare the both test and production environments while identifying the testing environment
TEST environment MUST BE the same as PROD (or run tests on PROD)
• Get resolve the environment-related concerns if any – using stabs for 3-rd parties or others
• Analyze whether additional tools are required for performance testing, like monitoring tools. Install such
tools.
Identify scope of load testing (product parts, 3-rd party services in/out of scope)
Identify technical nuances
• Scheduling services?
• Ping calls
• Client’s internet connection speed?
• Static content hosting: CDN or own servers?
• Target region (USA, Europe, etc.)?

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Your Functional Testing
Environment
TEST environment MUST BE the same as
PROD (or run tests on PROD)
Your Production
Your Real Users

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1. Planning
Plan and Design Tests
• Identify key usage scenario and workload (Load, Capacity, Spike, etc.)
• Define test data
• Establish metrics to be collected
What transactions to include:
1. Critical transactions
Example: System login, session support
2. Mostly used transactions by real users
Example: System login/logout, main page
3. Business required
Example: some specific feature
4. Risky transactions
Example: Checkout, payment
5. Heavy transactions
Example: File download/upload

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User Community Modeling Language (UCML) for Performance Test Workloads
1. Planning

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Prerequisites solving
1. Planning
• Add your load generator machine IP(s) into whitelisting (if needed)
• Request test users or create them by yourself
• Request test data (products names, files, etc.)
• Request 3-rd party dependent data (payment cards, etc.)
Configure load-generation environment
The output of this stage is prepared Performance Test Plan
• Environment capacity (CPU, memory) should be enough to run required number of
users during some time
• Setup Master-Slave architecture in case of distributed load testing
• Setup monitoring tools to track load server(s) health during tests running

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2. Implementing
• Develop performance scripts
• Put assertions points and wait timers to make it a real time scenario
• Run several smoke runs to calibrate scripts to the target environments in accordance with test
design
Simulate real users behavior basing on Production usage statistic

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3. Executing
It very depends on a project, but still we can suggest next
How to choose and run correct load profiles

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0. Warm up your product servers before load tests run
- Run some short smoke load test for several users
3. Executing

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1. Run several baseline Load tests to determine benchmark performance metrics
levels:
- virtual users: 5-100
- duration: 30-60m
- rump-up – 10m; run – 20m; shutdown – 5m
!!! Run each test at least 2 but better 3 times to be sure in results
3. Executing

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2. Run the Capacity test profile and determine when Capacity point (system limit)
happens:
- virtual users: a lot, depends on the system
- duration: 2-3 hours
- rump-up – 2-3 hour; run – NA; shutdown – NA
3. Executing

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How to understand that you reach Capacity point:
When transactions Response time increases sharply with load increase.
Note:
- although load increase, response time should not increase sharply. However, small
deviation is acceptable;
- response time also could start decrease dramatically, what means that you start receive
responses with errors.
When the Error rate increases with load increase
Note: often, small error rate is acceptable (1-3%), especially during large load tests.
Crash of the servers or one of them (web, application, DB, etc.).
3. Executing

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Capacity point example
V users: 10 ths.
Status: failed
Error rate: test stopped on 28%

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V users: 9 ths.
Status: failed
Error rate: test stopped on 49%

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V users: 8 ths.
Status: passed
Error rate: 0.21% (500 errors
from 236 ths. transactions

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3. Run the Load test profile with:
- virtual users: 50-80% of Capacity point or/and required load number
- rump-up – 60m; run – 60m; shutdown – 20m
3. Executing

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4. Run Component tests for each service / micro-service / function separately:
- could be run before or after Endurance test, especially if issues for some
service(s) were found
- virtual users: firstly, like for Capacity test, then like for Load profile
- rump-up, run and shutdown timings depend on component test profile
3. Executing

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5. Run the Endurance test profile:
- virtual users: 20-40% of Capacity point
- rump-up – 30m; run – 23р; shutdown – 30m
3. Executing

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6. Run other types of load testing and play with your scenarios combinations.
- volume test, Spike, Reliability/Recovery, Volume tests
- each of these tests could be run on the first stages, if it is prioritized be business
- run load tests for different user flows combinations
3. Executing

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• In ongoing development -> Verifying and validating
component, queue of components, and integration
related performance & robustness
• Before release -> Verifying and validating the whole
product performance & robustness before release.
• Maintenance -> Verifying and validating architectural,
configurational, capacity-related, db-related, and
integration-related changes
When to perform
3. Executing

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• Collect and analyze load tests data
• Investigate possible bottlenecks (memory, disk, processor,
process, cache, network, etc.) resource usage like (memory,
CPU, network, etc.)
• Generate the Performance analysis reports
Note: The report form is
- a performance test summary report
- transactions details, hardware utilization, etc.
- the comparison of actual and expected KPIs
• Based on the analysis prepare recommendation report
• Share report with the team and stakeholders
4. Analyzing and reporting

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Report example

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5. Continuous Integration
or
Development
Continuous Integration
Build. Unit test
Deploy to Dev Server
Integration Test
Deploy to Test/QA
Server
Automated Functional
Tests
Deploy to Load Server
Performance test in CI +
monitoring
Manual QA Test
Promote to
Stage / Pre-Prod
Ideally, if you have separate
environment for load testing
Note: you can implement
load tests on Stage too, if
it is the same as Prod

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5. Performance testing engineer skills

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Performance testing engineer skills
Goodenough programmingskills (Python,Java,C++etc.)
Loadtoolsandtheirsadvantages/disadvantages(JMeter, LoadRunner,Gatling etc.)
RUM tools(NewRelic,AppDynamics,CloudWatch,Zabbixetc.)
CI integrationtools
Tools knowledge
Knowledgeof performancemeasurementsandmetrics.Abilitytocalculate/interpretthem
The client performancerequirements andgoals analysis
Identifyingtransactionsandworkflows– calculatingworkloadTPSgoals andrates
Performance theory knowledge

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Experiencein differentOSadministration:Windows,Linuxdistributives
Interpretanddrawsystemsdiagrams
Basicunderstandingof systemsenvironments– sharedresources,components,andservices
Thedifferencesbetween productionandtestenvironments– containers,cloud, virtualization,andconfigurationmanagement
RelationalandNoSQLdatabases
ContinuousIntegrationandDeploymentconcepts
Systems and architecture knowledge, DevOps, SysAdmin, DB Admin

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Projectmanagementskills
Communicationskills
Eagerforconstantself-development andimprovement. Open fornew technologies
Soft skills

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Useful Links
About performancetesting:
http://docplayer.net/29696161-Performance-matters-key-consumer-insights.html
http://www.softwaretestingclass.com/what-is-performance-testing/
https://www.blazemeter.com/blog
http://revolutionit.com.au/performance-testing-digital-projects-dont-leave-it-to-the-developers/
Concurrentuserscalculation:
https://blog.xceptance.com/2013/07/26/concurrent-users-the-art-of-calculation/
https://techbeacon.com/how-many-virtual-users-do-i-need-load-testing
https://www.webperformance.com/library/tutorials/CalculateNumberOfLoadtestUsers/
Browserperformance:
https://www.slideshare.net/nicjansma/measuring-real-user-performance-in-the-browser
Booksfor start:
“Web Load Testing ForDummies”,Scott BarberwithColin Mason
“JMeterCookbook”, Bayo Erinle

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Using JMeter to generate load
Practical Part

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Your PC
WARNING: your PC is not enough
Testing Environment
You need such load
generation environment!

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Web-site:
• opencart/ e-commerce website (open-source shopping cart solution)
User flows:
1. Registered user:
Main page -> Login -> Home Page -> Product Search -> Open Product -> Add to Cart ->
View Cart -> Logout
2. Guest user:
Main Page -> Product Search -> Open Product -> Add to Cart -> View Cart
Web-site details and user flow

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• https://jmeter.apache.org/download_jmeter.cgi
Download JMeter and Plugins to it
https://jmeter-plugins.org/install/Install/

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JMeter: Main Elements
1. ThreadGroup(user) ->Testplan
2. LogicControllers:
a) TransactionController->Testsuite/Testcase
b) Loop/While/ForEachController
c) If Controlleretc.
3. Samplers->Requests(HTTP(s), TCP, SOAP,etc.)
4. Assertions->Testyourresponse/Customize/Parametrize
5. Timers
6. Configurationelements
1
2
3
4
5
6

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http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/component_reference.html#HTTP%28S%29_Test_Script_
Recorder
Install certificate to record HTTPS traffic

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1. Use WorkBench to recored the traffic - temporary
storage of working files. Even if you save it, it is not run.
Only Test Plan is running
2. Add Thread Group to Test Plan
3. Add Non-Test Elements -> HTTP(S) Test Script
Recorder
- set Grouping – Put each group in a new transaction
controller
4. Configure proxy port in the browser
and in JMeter recorder
5. Start recording your flow
Record the traffic via JMeter

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Add next config elements to make your script behavior like real user ones:
- HTTP Cookie manager
- HTTP Cache manager
Add next config elements to make your scripts more flexible:
- HTTP Request Defaults
- HTTP Header Manager
Config Elements

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Use JMeter Listener -> View
Results Tree
or plugin
Go to JMeter
Options -> Plugins Manager
and install BlazeMeter Step-
by-step Debugger
+ You can combine Debugging
process with Fiddler.
For this, set Fiddler Port 8888
in HTTP Request Defaults
Scenario debugging

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Embedded recourses – static data load together with web-site page, like .css, .js, .png or other
images, .woff2. video etc.
Use HTTP Requests Defaults to manage embedded resources loading in all samplers
Best practices:
- Embedded recourses are included in load tests to emulated real users behavior
- Use HTTP Cache Manager in your Test Plan to emulate real browser cache handling
behavior
or
- Embedded recourses should NOT be included in load tests when CDN (Content Delivery
Network) is used (external load)
- Do NOT record embedded resources calls
Embedded recourses

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• Add Custom JMeter functions using JMeter Plugins Manager
JMeter functions / Custom JMeter Functions
more details is here: https://jmeter-plugins.org/wiki/Functions/

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Use controllers to control your flow:
• While controller
• Loop controller
• ForEach controller
• OnceOnly controller, etc.
JSR223 Sampler to parametrize, customize your flow (in Python/Jython):
• Install jython-standalone.jar into /lib folder
• http://www.jython.org/downloads.html
Controllers and JSR223 Sampler

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CSV Data Set Config for data handling

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• Timeout check:
- Set timeout in HTTP
Request or in HTTP
Requests Defaults (to avoid
server stuck)
- Duration Assertion (to track
KPIs)!!!
• Size Assertion (in case when for
error response 200 is returned)
• Code response (checked
automatically)
• Response Assertion
• XPath Assertion, etc.
Assertions

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To simulate real users behavior user timers before request
• Constant Timer
• Poisson Random Timer
• Uniform Random Timer, etc.
Timers

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jpgc – Standard Set in Plugins Manager
Ultimate Thread Group

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• User Simple Data Writer to save log in file and then use for graphs building
• During test run comment out graphs and leave only Summary Report to track test
status. Graphs takes a lot of sources.
You can use next graphs:
• Transactions per Second
• Response Time Over Time
• Bytes Throughput Over Time (plugin 5 Additional Graphs)
• Response Codes per Second
• Active Thread Over Time
• Composite (Timeline) Graph (plugin)
Reporting

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Compare reports from different runs

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• http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/
• Large library with JMeter sources (books, tutorials, examples, etc.)
https://github.com/aliesbelik/awesome-jmeter
• https://www.blazemeter.com/blog/web-testing-jmeter-how-properly-handle-embedded-resources-html-
responses
• https://www.blazemeter.com/blog/using-xpath-extractor-jmeter-0
• https://www.blazemeter.com/blog/how-use-cssjquery-extractor-jmeter
• RegExp on Python check: https://pythex.org/
Useful links

Performance Testing from Scratch + JMeter intro

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