This document describes a system that uses ZigBee wireless technology and sensors to monitor air pollution levels in an urban environment in real-time. The system measures levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide using sensors connected to a microcontroller. The sensor data is sent to a central server via ZigBee modules and coordinators. The system aims to accurately measure pollution levels frequently to improve understanding of air quality and public health.
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System for Underground Subway Stations
The IAQ has been recognized as a significant factor in the determination of the health and welfare of people. In this study, the air quality monitoring system based on environmental sensors was implemented to display and record the data on PM10, CO2, radon concentration, temperature, and humidity. In addition, a USN monitoring system is implemented to display and record the environmental sensor data measured in an underground subway station. To transmit and receive these measured sensor data, Wi Fi wireless communication is applied. Tae-In Hyon | Gyu-Sik Kim "Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System for Underground Subway Stations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26603.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26603/indoor-air-quality-monitoring-system-for-underground-subway-stations/tae-in-hyon
Measurement of VOCs for Air Quality Using Widely Tunable Mid-Infrared Laser S...
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality has a large impact on health, quality of life and work efficiency. Numerous indoor air impurities are responsible for respiratory diseases , allergies, intoxication and certain types of cancer. Contaminants are caused by e.g. moulds, decomposing floor covering, tobacco smoke, outgassing from furniture.
Photoacoustic detection combined with widely tunable mid-IR laser sources provides a versatile platform for various air quality applications. High-power EC-QCL in the fingerprint regions enables measurement of many VOCs and also other gases that typically are active in the common fingerprint region. Easy to operate, miniaturization possibilities and infrequent maintenance requirement provides additional benefit.
This document describes a Wi-Fi based home automation system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system allows users to control electrical appliances in their home like lights, fans, air conditioners remotely using a smartphone. It uses a Raspberry Pi microcontroller connected to relays to switch appliances on/off based on commands sent over Wi-Fi from a mobile app. The system provides benefits like convenience, energy savings, and assistance for disabled or elderly users. It presents a low-cost and easy to install solution for remote home monitoring and control.
A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Undergroun...ijtsrd
In this paper, the 424MHz ZigBee module, which uses a relatively lower frequency for wireless transmission and reception, is found to have a much higher data transfer rate than that of the 2.4GHz XBee PRO in the presence of obstacles such as subway waiting rooms, platform like stairs, complicated structures, and crowded passengers. This indicates that low frequency radio waves have better diffraction characteristics and thus better performance in face of obstacles. Therefore, it was found that low frequency Zigbee modules are advantageous in areas with complex structures such as subways. Tae-In Hyon | Gyu-Sik Kim "A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Underground Subway Stations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26820.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26820/a-study-on-the-zigbee-wireless-communication-for-iaq-monitoring-of-underground-subway-stations/tae-in-hyon
Li-Fi Technology Transmission of Data Through Visible Light CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on Li-Fi technology, which is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission. It discusses how Li-Fi works by transmitting data through visible light communication using LED lights, providing higher speed and more secure data transmission compared to traditional Wi-Fi. The document also compares key aspects of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi such as speed, bandwidth, security, and cost. It describes the basic system architecture of a Li-Fi network including a transmitter section with an LED panel and receiver section with a photodetector. In conclusion, the document discusses the advantages and applications of Li-Fi technology and its potential to replace Wi-Fi
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
This document summarizes the top 20 most cited articles from 2021 in the field of wireless and mobile networks research published in the International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The first article proposes a wireless sensor network system to monitor air pollution in Mauritius using wireless sensors deployed across the island. The second article discusses using wireless sensor networks to automatically monitor and control greenhouse parameters for precision agriculture. The third article performs a performance comparison of different routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System for Underground Subway Stationsijtsrd
The IAQ has been recognized as a significant factor in the determination of the health and welfare of people. In this study, the air quality monitoring system based on environmental sensors was implemented to display and record the data on PM10, CO2, radon concentration, temperature, and humidity. In addition, a USN monitoring system is implemented to display and record the environmental sensor data measured in an underground subway station. To transmit and receive these measured sensor data, Wi Fi wireless communication is applied. Tae-In Hyon | Gyu-Sik Kim "Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System for Underground Subway Stations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26603.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26603/indoor-air-quality-monitoring-system-for-underground-subway-stations/tae-in-hyon
Measurement of VOCs for Air Quality Using Widely Tunable Mid-Infrared Laser S...Gasera Ltd.
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality has a large impact on health, quality of life and work efficiency. Numerous indoor air impurities are responsible for respiratory diseases , allergies, intoxication and certain types of cancer. Contaminants are caused by e.g. moulds, decomposing floor covering, tobacco smoke, outgassing from furniture.
Photoacoustic detection combined with widely tunable mid-IR laser sources provides a versatile platform for various air quality applications. High-power EC-QCL in the fingerprint regions enables measurement of many VOCs and also other gases that typically are active in the common fingerprint region. Easy to operate, miniaturization possibilities and infrequent maintenance requirement provides additional benefit.
IRJET-V Wi-Fi E Switch using Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document describes a Wi-Fi based home automation system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system allows users to control electrical appliances in their home like lights, fans, air conditioners remotely using a smartphone. It uses a Raspberry Pi microcontroller connected to relays to switch appliances on/off based on commands sent over Wi-Fi from a mobile app. The system provides benefits like convenience, energy savings, and assistance for disabled or elderly users. It presents a low-cost and easy to install solution for remote home monitoring and control.
The characteristic of li fi technology comparing with wi-fizaidinvisible
This document compares Wi-Fi and Li-Fi wireless technologies. It discusses that Wi-Fi operates using radio frequencies and has limitations like bandwidth constraints and interference. Li-Fi is an emerging alternative that uses visible light communication through LED lights. It has higher data rates of up to 10 Gbps and does not experience the same interference issues as Wi-Fi. However, Li-Fi signals can be interrupted by obstacles and it requires line of sight between transmitters and receivers. The document provides tables comparing characteristics and standards of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi.
Implementation of embedded real time monitoring temperature and humidity systemJournal Papers
This document describes the implementation of an embedded real-time temperature and humidity monitoring system using Arduino for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. An Arduino microcontroller is connected to a DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor and a Dragino LoRa shield to transmit sensor readings wirelessly via LoRaWAN to a Node-RED dashboard interface. The system was deployed both indoors and outdoors to monitor temperature and humidity levels and investigate their relationship to environmental conditions. Indoor tests showed temperature and humidity increased with higher floor elevations, while outdoor readings were higher during the day than night and humidity increased as temperature decreased at night.
The document discusses various wireless technologies including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Ultra Wide Band (UWB), and cellular technologies. It provides an overview of each technology, including their advantages and disadvantages. For example, it notes that Bluetooth has a short range but low power consumption, while Wi-Fi provides higher bandwidth but lower security. The document also discusses how these various wireless standards are enabling technologies like the Digital India movement by allowing more online transactions and a reduction in cash usage. In conclusion, it states that wireless technologies can make things simpler when proper precautions are taken.
Li-Fi is a new wireless communication technology proposed by German physicist Harald Haas that uses visible light communication (VLC) to transmit data using LED light bulbs. It can provide internet speeds over 1Gbps without any decrease in speed as more devices connect. Data is transmitted by switching an LED on and off very fast in a way imperceptible to the human eye. At the receiver, a photodiode converts light signals into electrical pulses representing data. Potential applications include smart lighting, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, underwater networks, and use in homes, hospitals, and industrial settings like petrochemical plants. Li-Fi offers advantages over Wi-Fi like higher speeds, more secure communication contained in light beams,
Pollution Sensor Based Data Communication via Android DeviceIOSR Journals
This document describes a pollution sensor and data communication system using an Android device. The system collects air pollution data from sensor modules using Zigbee and transmits it to the Android device. The Android device then sends the data via GPRS to a backend server, where the pollution levels are mapped. The system aims to monitor pollution levels in cities and share real-time data and maps with users to increase environmental awareness. It collects data every 5 seconds if the user or sensors have moved more than 5 meters, and stores any unattributed data locally until connectivity is restored to send it to the server.
This document proposes an air pollution monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. The system uses sensor nodes equipped with CO, SO2, and dust sensors that transmit pollution data via Zigbee to a central server. The simulation results show the sensor nodes successfully measuring pollution levels from two areas and transmitting the data via Zigbee to be displayed on the central server in real-time. The system is designed to remotely monitor industrial air pollution and could be deployed in production industries in Tanzania to provide pollution data for decision makers.
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IRJET- Wi-Fi, WiMAX & WiGig: A Comparative StudyIRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and WiGig wireless networks. It discusses the IEEE standards, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each network. Key differences include range (WiMAX has the furthest at 30 miles), throughput (WiGig has the highest at 7Gbps), modulation techniques, security features, operating frequencies and more. While each network has strengths, the document concludes that Wi-Fi remains the most widely used today due to its lower costs and ability to provide connectivity over greater distances compared to WiGig, though WiMAX and WiGig have advantages for applications requiring higher throughput or more advanced technologies.
Gi-Fi (Gigabit Fidelity) or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first handset incorporated on a solitary chip that works at 60GHz on CMOS process.
It transfers data at the rate of 5Gbps
It provides low power utilization in a scope of 10 meters .
The most striking feature of Gi-Fi technology is high security.
Gi-Fi refers to the faster versions of IEEE 802.11 standards.
It’s a 5x5 mm chip , Its small size makes it portable and deployment is quick.
Gi-Fi is a remote transmission framework which is multiple times quicker than Wi-Fi .
Now the files like videos, audios, or anything which has a large amount of data can be transferred from one device to another in a matter of seconds.
IRJET - Prediction of Air Pollutant Concentration using Deep LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used artificial neural networks to predict PM2.5 air pollutant concentration levels in Manali, Chennai, India. The study collected data on PM2.5 levels as well as factors like NO2, SO2, CO, relative humidity, and wind speed over a three year period. An artificial neural network model with feed-forward backpropagation was developed using this data, with 6 input nodes (for each pollutant/factor) and 1 output node (for PM2.5 levels). The model was trained on 70% of the data and tested on the remaining 15%, achieving a correlation coefficient between predicted and observed PM2.5 of 0.8. The study demonstrated that artificial neural
Gi-Fi is a new wireless technology that offers faster data transfer rates of up to 5 gigabits per second, ten times faster than current WiFi speeds. It utilizes a small chip and antenna to transmit data wirelessly over short distances of around 10 meters, with lower power consumption than WiFi. Gi-Fi integrated the transmitter and receiver onto a single chip using CMOS technology to allow for wireless transfer of large files like videos within seconds. It could enable wireless home networks of the future with high-speed broadband connections and the transfer of large files.
IRJET- Home Automation using Light Fidelity TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for home automation. It proposes a system using a PIC microcontroller and LED lights to control devices locally or remotely through light signals. The system would consist of a transmitter that encodes commands into light pulses from LEDs and a receiver that decodes the light pulses and controls devices accordingly. Li-Fi provides high-speed wireless communication through light similar to Wi-Fi but with greater security and bandwidth. The document compares Li-Fi to Wi-Fi and outlines potential applications of Li-Fi technology.
This document proposes an automated control system for air pollution detection in vehicles. The system would use semiconductor sensors at the vehicle's emission outlets to detect pollutant levels and indicate them on a meter. If pollution levels exceed a threshold, the vehicle would buzz and the driver would have a cushion period to park it. Then the GPS would locate the nearest service station and after the timer expires, fuel to the engine would cut off and the vehicle must be towed for maintenance. The microcontroller would synchronize and execute the entire process to benefit society by reducing air pollution.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a wireless sensor network system for air pollution monitoring using Zigbee technology. The system uses sensors to monitor levels of pollutants like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other gases. An ARM processor interfaces with the sensors and transmits the sensed data wirelessly via Zigbee modules. The data is stored in a system and can be accessed through a .Net application to monitor pollution levels and take necessary precautions. The system aims to accurately measure pollution in real-time using a flexible and wireless approach.
An Efficient Tracking System for Air and Sound.pdfAakash Sheelvant
This document describes a proposed system for efficiently tracking air and sound pollution using IoT technology. The system uses sensors to monitor air quality and sound levels, sending the data to a microcontroller and then to the cloud over the internet. This allows authorities to remotely monitor pollution levels in various areas and take appropriate action if levels exceed thresholds. The system is intended to help control pollution and its health impacts on people.
IRJET- Web-Based Air and Noise Pollution Monitoring and Alerting SyetemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an IOT-based system to monitor air and noise pollution levels in a particular region using sensors connected to a Raspberry Pi microcontroller. The sensors detect parameters like gas, humidity, and sound levels, and send the data via GSM module to the cloud for remote monitoring and analysis. The system also includes an alerting mechanism to notify users if pollution levels exceed certain thresholds.
IRJET - Study on Smart Air Pollution Monitoring System based on IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on developing a smart air pollution monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses how IoT can be used to effectively monitor air quality levels using sensors to detect gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and more. The system would use sensors connected to a Raspberry Pi microcontroller to collect air quality data and transmit it wirelessly to a server. This would allow air quality levels to be monitored remotely in real-time. The document outlines the different layers of the system, including the perception layer with sensors, system layer for wireless data transmission, and application layer for processing and analyzing the air pollution data. Related works applying IoT and sensors for air pollution monitoring are also summarized.
IRJET- An IoT based Low Cost Air Pollution Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based low-cost air pollution monitoring system. The system uses sensors to measure levels of pollutants like CO, CO2, and NO2. An ARM7 processor collects data from the sensors via a WiFi module. The data is displayed on an LCD screen and uploaded to a web server. This allows air quality to be monitored remotely using a phone or computer. The system is designed to be low-cost compared to traditional methods, making widespread monitoring more feasible. It aims to address the growing problem of air pollution and provide a way to easily track pollution levels over an area.
IOT Based Air & Sound Pollution Monitoring system using Raspberry piIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based air and sound pollution monitoring system using a Raspberry Pi. The system collects data from gas sensors, a sound sensor, and a temperature sensor about air quality and noise levels. The Raspberry Pi processes this sensor data and sends it over WiFi to the cloud for storage and remote access via mobile devices. The data is also displayed locally on an LCD screen and alarms sound if pollution/noise thresholds are exceeded. The system provides real-time environmental monitoring and aims to increase awareness about air and noise pollution levels.
Air Quality Monitoring and Control System in IoTijtsrd
The document describes a proposed air quality monitoring and control system using IoT. The system uses sensors to monitor pollutants like carbon monoxide, ammonia, methane and oxygen in real-time. The sensor data is processed by a microcontroller and transmitted wirelessly via ESP8266 modules to a Google Cloud server. The system can generate alerts if air quality deteriorates below thresholds. It also provides air quality information to a mobile app to help commuters choose less polluted routes, indirectly reducing pollution. The system aims to not just monitor pollution but also enable traffic and industrial control measures to improve air quality.
Design and Implementation of Smart Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring Sys...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the design and implementation of a Smart Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring System (SEAPMS) based on IoT. The SEAPMS uses sensors to detect concentrations of gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, dust, smoke, temperature and humidity. The sensor data is sent to a Particle Photon microcontroller, which then sends the data to the UBIDOTS IoT platform and cloud for analysis and visualization. The system also includes a fire extinguishing component that will activate when smoke concentration exceeds a threshold limit.
OPC Protocol Application for Real-Time Carbon Monitoring System for Industria...IJECEIAES
Global warming is referred to the rise in average surface temperatures on earth primarily due to the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions such as Carbon Dioxide (CO ). Monitoring the emissions, either direct or indirect from the industrial processes, is important to control or to minimize their impact on the environment. Most of the existing environmental monitoring system is being designed and developed for normal environment monitoring. Hence, the aim of this project is to develop industrial CO 2 emission monitoring system which implements industrial Open Platform Communications (OPC) protocol in an embedded microcontroller. The software algorithm based on OPC data format has been designed and programmed into the Arduino microcontroller to interface the sensor data to any existing industrial OPC compliant Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. The system has been successfully tested in a lab with the suitable environment for real-time CO emissions measurement. The real-time measurement data has been shown in an industrial SCADA application which indicates successful implementation of the OPC communications protocol.
IRJET-E-Waste Management using RoboticsIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed air quality monitoring system for cities using IoT technology. The system would use sensors to measure pollutants, temperature, humidity and air quality index in various locations. The sensor data would be wirelessly transmitted via Wi-Fi modules to a server hosting a website. The website would display the sensor readings in tabular form and provide alerts, news, and surveys about air pollution levels to raise public awareness. The proposed system was intended to be implemented using Arduino boards connected to sensors and ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules to transmit data to a cloud-based server and website.
Design and Implementation of Smart Air Pollution Monitoring System Based on I...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article that designed and implemented a smart air pollution monitoring system in Mosul, Iraq based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses low-cost sensors to detect concentrations of pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, dust, and humidity. A Particle Photon microcontroller collects data from the sensors and sends it via MQTT protocol to the UBIDOTS IoT platform for storage, analysis and visualization. The system aims to provide low-cost, real-time air pollution monitoring at different locations in Mosul.
IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based air pollution monitoring system using Arduino. The system uses sensors to monitor the levels of pollutants like CO2, smoke, LPG, and other gases. It displays the air quality levels in parts per million (PPM) on an LCD screen and web page. When pollution levels exceed certain thresholds, it triggers an alarm. The system aims to allow monitoring of air pollution from anywhere using the internet. It uses an Arduino microcontroller, WiFi module, gas sensors, LCD display, and buzzer. The sensors detect pollution and send data to Arduino, which transmits it over WiFi. This allows authorities to monitor levels in different areas and take appropriate action when
IRJET- AI to Analyze and Extract Data to Gain Insights About the Spread o...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that uses sensors and machine learning to analyze air quality and predict pollution levels. The system collects data from sensors that measure gases like carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. This data is processed using machine learning algorithms to analyze current pollution levels and predict future levels over the next 24 hours. The system aims to provide reliable air quality information to help governments and organizations address pollution issues. It offers a low-cost and mobile alternative to existing stationary sensor systems.
IRJET- IOT Based Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based air and sound pollution monitoring system. The system uses sensors to detect levels of air pollutants like CO2, SO2, and CO as well as sound pollution. An Arduino board collects data from the sensors and sends it via WiFi to a mobile application. When pollution levels exceed thresholds, alerts like buzzers and LEDs are activated. The system is designed to allow authorities and local residents to monitor pollution levels remotely using a mobile app in order to take appropriate actions to control pollution.
IRJET- Real Time Monitoring of Air PollutionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for real-time monitoring of air pollution using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Sensors are used to collect data on air pollutant levels, which is then sent to the cloud via an Arduino microcontroller and WiFi module. This allows the pollution data to be accessible from anywhere via the internet. The goal is to provide information to help reduce air pollution and promote worker health and safety in industries.
IRJET- A Study on: Wireless Sensing Network (WSN) Gas Leakage Detection S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on a wireless sensing network (WSN) gas leakage detection system using IoT. The system uses a gas sensor interfaced with a NodeMCU microcontroller to detect gas leaks. When gas is detected, the NodeMCU sends data to the cloud and activates a buzzer. The system aims to detect leaks early to prevent fires and explosions. It allows monitoring gas levels remotely without human interaction using WSN and IoT technologies.
HOSTILE GAS MONITORING SYSTEM USING IoTIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a hostile gas monitoring system using IoT that monitors air pollution levels. It uses sensors to detect pollutants like CO, NO2, O3, and particulate matter.
2. The system uses an Arduino board connected to gas sensors and a WiFi module to transmit sensor data to a cloud database on the ThingSpeak server. This allows for continuous remote monitoring of pollution levels and analysis of the data.
3. The system is intended to be deployed in any location to monitor indoor or outdoor air quality and identify highly polluted areas so remedial measures can be taken.
IRJET- Air Quality and Dust Level Monitoring using IoTIRJET Journal
This document presents a real-time air quality monitoring system using IoT. The system detects carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity, dust, and formaldehyde using various sensors connected to a Node MCU microcontroller. The sensor data is transmitted via WiFi to a cloud server and displayed on an OLED screen and mobile app. Test results show the system can successfully monitor changes in air pollutants and environmental conditions in real-time.
IRJET- IoT Air Pollution Monitoring System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT air pollution monitoring system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses sensors to measure air quality parameters like carbon dioxide, noise levels, and other pollutants. The sensor data is transmitted to the Arduino microcontroller for processing. The Arduino then transmits the sensor data over the internet using an ESP8266 WiFi module. This allows authorities to remotely monitor air pollution levels in different areas. The system is intended to help authorities control air pollution and promote healthier living conditions.
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1. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.4, No.4, August 2013
DOI : 10.5121/ijasuc.2013.4405 59
DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTANT USING
ZIGBEE
Darshana N. Tambe and Ms. Nikita Chavan
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering,
G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
darshana_tahoo.inambe143@y
niki.chavan@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In this paper we describe use of ZigBee, sensor nodes, GPS to construct distributed system for urban air
pollution monitoring and control. Zigbee module and pollution server is interfaced with GPS system to
display real-time pollutants levels and there location on a 24h/7 days basis.
KEYWORDS
ZigBee, Sensor node, Air pollution, GPS
1. INTRODUCTION
With fast development of the industrialization and urbanization process in the world,
environmental pollution problems become more common. At present environment contains air
pollution, water pollution and soil pollution worldwide. Air pollution is the presence of
contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or
produce other harmful environmental effects. The World Health Organization states that 2.4
million people die each year because of polluted air. Based on the fact above mentioned, the
human should focus on designing air pollution monitoring system.
Pure air and human health goes Hand in Hand. Air pollution is harmful for human health. It
causes difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and many respiratory problems. Currently
there are two methods to monitor air pollution at present. First one is nonautomatic and other is
automatic. The advantages of nonautomatic sampling method are monitoring devices is simple
and inexpensive but it monitors the parameters for certain period. It does not provide the real time
monitoring. While the nonautomatic sampling method provides the real time monitoring of
harmful substances in the air. The nonautomatic sampling method uses the sensors to monitor the
parameters, and send the data to central control center.
At present, for monitoring air pollution in wireless network the system includes the GSM, GPRS,
etc. But these wireless nodes installation and maintenance are costly. That’s why wireless sensor
2. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.4, No.4, August 2013
60
network have been rapidly developed. The wireless sensor network has many advantages
application in military and industries.
Many air pollution systems which monitor air pollution due to hazardous health problems of this
the government of Tiwan use various air quality monitoring systems [1]. In this they use MAC
medium access control protocol for monitoring air quality in wireless sensor network.
Khunarak et al. proposed E-nose electronic nose architecture for real time monitoring of indoor
chemical polluted materials such as CO, NO2. These chemical materials are highly toxic and
cause respiratory failure [2]. The ARIMA prediction model is used to monitor air quality in
wireless sensor network. The ARIMA model predicts the carbon dioxide level in the air in [3]. A
conceptual framework for the deployment of wireless sensor network for environment monitoring
of Bangalore urban city is proposed in [4]. An outdoor air pollution monitoring system which
uses ZigBee networks for monitoring air pollution in ubiquitous cities was reported in [5]. This
system integrates wireless sensor board and CO2 sensors which also integrates with the dust,
temperature and humidity and ZigBee module. In China, Zhang Qian et al. compared the
advantages of ZigBee with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and give a wireless solution based on ZigBee
technology for greenhouse monitoring [6]. Although some authors use ZigBee to monitor air
pollution, its application in air pollution monitoring stay little.
The exploitation of the technology of the wireless sensor network and ZigBee module, focusing
on the air pollution monitoring system.
2. AIR QUALITY
The air pollution means presence of one or more contaminants for temporal duration that can
become injurious to human life, vegetable, and animal. The air contaminants include smokes,
gases, dusts, paper hashes, poisonous chemical products and many polluted materials.
Certain polluted materials react with each other and produces other pollutants. These pollutants
called as secondary pollutants. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide produced by automobiles
motors, lead to the development of ozone.
Air pollution has consequences for human health. It causes respiratory problems and even death.
It also contributes the acid rain and reduction of ozone layer.
The proposed system is able to measuring the following gases in the environment.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO) – Carbon monoxide is a pale, flavorless, unscented nonirritating
gas produced when sources of carbon, such as fuels or wood are burned. Common
sources of human exposure include, smoke inhalation from fires automobile exhaustion,
cigarette smoke. It causes respiratory problems.
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) – Sulphur Dioxide is pale gas, detectable by the different odor
and flavor. It is due to fossil fuels burning. In high concentrations may cause respiratory
problems, in sensitive groups, like asthmatics. It contributes to acid rains.
3. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.4, No.4, August 2013
61
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – Nitrogen Dioxide is a brownish gas, easily noticeable for its
smell, very acidic and highly oxidant. It is produced because of fossil fuels burning. It
also contributes to acid rain.
3. ZIGBEE STANDARD
The ZigBee is the small range, low power, low data rate wireless networking technology for
many wireless applications. It is present at the bottom three layers i.e. physical, data link, and
network layer. This is the recently published IEEE 802.15.4 standards for personal area networks.
ZigBee is embattled at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, extended
battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global
standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks.
Figure 1. ZigBee Architecture
ZigBee network layer supports star, mesh and tree topologies. The ZigBee coordinator is
responsible for initiating and maintaining the devices present in the network and other end
devices directly communicate with the ZigBee coordinator.
The IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) standard provides three frequency bands for operation: these are
868MHz, 916MHz, and 2.4GHz for ZigBee. 868MHz band used in only Europe and has the
20Kbps data rate of transmission and contain only one channel with BPSK modulation technique.
916MHz band is used in Americas having the 40Kbps data rate of transmission and contain 10
channels with BPSK modulation technique. 2.4GHz frequency bands used throughout the world
because of ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band. It has 250Kbps data rate of transmission
and 16 channels with O-QPSK modulation technique. Transmission distance is within the range
from 30 meters in an indoor non-line of sight of environment and 100 meters in line of sight
environment. The range problem can be solved by using various routing algorithms at the
network layer.
4. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
The proposed system is designed by integrating the following hardware modules as shown in
figure.
4. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.4, No.4, August 2013
62
Figure 2. System H/W Basic Building Block
Here two communication protocols are used for wireless communication. One is UART and other
is ZigBee. UART is nothing but Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. UART used for
wireless communication. UART supports serial communication which is required for wireless
communication. In proposed system CO, NO2 and SO2 sensors are connected to the timer
switching circuits which is later connected to the programmer logic circuits Microcontroller.
Analog to digital ADC is connected to the Microcontroller circuit which converts analog signal
coming from the sensors into digital form and send the digital data to client side.
ZigBee communication protocol has ZigBee coordinator and ZigBee end device. ZigBee
coordinator is responsible for initiating and maintaining the the devices on the network and other
end device nothing but the ZigBee end device is directly communicate with the ZigBee
coordinator. The central server is a standard personal computer. The pollution sensors are
conncted to to the ZigBee module via RS -232 communication standard. The pollution
information send from each ZigBee end devices are collected to ZigBee coordinator module and
then data are saved to the central server.
5. CONCLUSION
The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of urban air pollution monitoring
application. Our work is enabled by ZigBee ,pollution sensors and database sensors i.e. attached
to pollution server for storing the pollutants levels for future usage by various clients for
measuring pollutants in air accurately at short intervals. The system measures air pollutant gases
5. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.4, No.4, August 2013
63
such as CO, NO2, and SO2. This paper will give clear idea to move towards real time measuring
in an urban area to ultimately improve quality of life on earth.
REFERENCES
[1] Hsu-Cheng Lu , Jen-Hao Liu , Joe-Air Jiang ; Tzai- Hung Wen , Chih-Hong Sun , Jehn-Yih Juang ,
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