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Test design techniques

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Riski Indra Hilman

Test design techniques involve identifying test conditions, designing test cases, and implementing test procedures. Test conditions are derived from analyzing the test basis, such as requirements or code, to determine what could be tested. Test cases are then designed to be specific, with exact inputs and expected outputs. Test procedures group and specify the steps to execute test cases. There are various categories of test design techniques, including static techniques, specification-based techniques, structure-based techniques, and experience-based techniques. The appropriate technique depends on the type of testing and artifacts being tested.

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TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES Graham et.al (2006) Presented by Riski Indra Hilman 11453101775 Information System Faculty of Science and Technology State Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau 2017 Testing and Implementation
IDENTIFYING TEST CONDITIONS AND DESIGNING TEST CASES 1. Introduction Before we can actually execute a test, we need to know what we are trying to test, the inputs, the results that should be produced by those inputs, and how we actually get ready for and run the tests. In this section we are looking at three things: test conditions, test cases and test procedures (or scripts) – they are described in the sections below. Each is specified in its own document, according to the Test Documentation Standard [IEEE829]. Test conditions are documented in a Test Design Specification. We will look at how to choose test conditions and prioritize them.
CONT… 2. Formality of test documentation Testing may be performed with varying degrees of formality. Very formal testing would have extensive documentation which is well controlled, and would expect the documented detail of the tests to include the exact and specific input and expected outcome of the test. Very informal testing may have no documentation at all, or only notes kept by individual testers, but we'd still expect the testers to have in their minds and notes some idea of what they intended to test and what they expected the outcome to be. Most people are probably somewhere in between! The right level of formality for you depends on your context: a commercial safety-critical application has very different needs than a one-off application to be used by only a few people for a short time.
CONT… 3. Test analysis: identifying test conditions Test analysis is the process of looking at something that can be used to derive test information. This basis for the tests is called the 'test basis'. It could be a system requirement, a technical specification, the code itself (for structural testing), or a business process. Sometimes tests can be based on an experienced user's knowledge of the system, which may not be documented. The test basis includes whatever the tests are based on. This was also discussed in Chapter 1. From a testing perspective, we look at the test basis in order to see what could be tested – these are the test conditions. A test condition is simply something that we could test. If we are looking to measure coverage of code decisions (branches), then the test basis would be the code itself, and the list of test conditions would be the decision outcomes (True and False). If we have a requirements specification, the table of contents can be our initial list of test conditions.

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CONT… 4. Test design: specifying test cases Test conditions can be rather vague, covering quite a large range of possibilities as we saw with our mobile phone company example (e.g. a teenager in the mid-west), or a test condition may be more specific (e.g. a particular male customer on pay-as-you-go with less than $10 credit). However when we come to make a test case, we are required to be very specific; in fact we now need exact and detailed specific inputs, not general descriptions (e.g. Jim Green, age 17, living in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with credit of $8.64, expected result: add to Q4 marketing campaign). Note that one test case covers a number of conditions (teenager, male, mid-west area, pay-as-you-go, and credit of less than $10).
CONT… 5. Test implementation: specifying test procedures or scripts The next step is to group the test cases in a sensible way for executing them and to specify the sequential steps that need to be done to run the test. For example, a set of simple tests that cover the breadth of the system may form a regression suite, or all of the tests that explore the working of a given functionality or feature in depth may be grouped to be run together.
CATEGORIES OF TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES 1. Introduction There are many different types of software testing technique, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Each testing technique falls into one of a number of different categories. Broadly speaking there are two main categories, static and dynamic. Static techniques were discussed in Chapter 3. Dynamic techniques are subdivided into three more categories: specification-based (black-box, also known as behavioral
CONT… 2. Static testing techniques As we saw in Chapter 3, static testing techniques do not execute the code being examined and are generally used before any tests are executed on the software. They could be called non-execution techniques. Most static testing techniques can be used to 'test' any form of document including source code, design documents and models, functional specifications and requirement specifications. However, 'static analysis' is a tool-supported type of static testing that concentrates on testing formal languages and so is most often used to statically test source code.

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CONT… 3. Specification-based (black-box) testing techniques The first of the dynamic testing techniques we will look at are the specification-based testing techniques. These are also known as 'black-box' or input/output-driven testing techniques because they view the software as a black-box with inputs and outputs, but they have no knowledge of how the system or component is structured inside the box. In essence, the tester is concentrating on what the software does, not how it does it.
CONT… 4. Structure-based (white-box) testing techniques Structure-based testing techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the internal structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called 'white-box' or 'glass-box' techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they require knowledge of how the software is implemented, that is, how it works. For example, a structural technique may be concerned with exercising loops in the software. Different test cases may be derived to exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be done regardless of the functionality of the software.
CONT… 5. Experience-based testing techniques In experience-based techniques, people's knowledge, skills and background are a prime contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The experience of both technical and business people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and design process. Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights into what could go wrong, which is very useful for testing.
CONT… 6. Where to apply the different categories of techniques Specification-based techniques are appropriate at all levels of testing (component testing through to acceptance testing) where a specification exists. When performing system or acceptance testing, the requirements specification or functional specification may form the basis of the tests. When performing component or integration testing, a design document or low-level specification forms the basis of the tests.

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Test design techniques

  • 1. TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES Graham et.al (2006) Presented by Riski Indra Hilman 11453101775 Information System Faculty of Science and Technology State Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau 2017 Testing and Implementation
  • 2. IDENTIFYING TEST CONDITIONS AND DESIGNING TEST CASES 1. Introduction Before we can actually execute a test, we need to know what we are trying to test, the inputs, the results that should be produced by those inputs, and how we actually get ready for and run the tests. In this section we are looking at three things: test conditions, test cases and test procedures (or scripts) – they are described in the sections below. Each is specified in its own document, according to the Test Documentation Standard [IEEE829]. Test conditions are documented in a Test Design Specification. We will look at how to choose test conditions and prioritize them.
  • 3. CONT… 2. Formality of test documentation Testing may be performed with varying degrees of formality. Very formal testing would have extensive documentation which is well controlled, and would expect the documented detail of the tests to include the exact and specific input and expected outcome of the test. Very informal testing may have no documentation at all, or only notes kept by individual testers, but we'd still expect the testers to have in their minds and notes some idea of what they intended to test and what they expected the outcome to be. Most people are probably somewhere in between! The right level of formality for you depends on your context: a commercial safety-critical application has very different needs than a one-off application to be used by only a few people for a short time.
  • 4. CONT… 3. Test analysis: identifying test conditions Test analysis is the process of looking at something that can be used to derive test information. This basis for the tests is called the 'test basis'. It could be a system requirement, a technical specification, the code itself (for structural testing), or a business process. Sometimes tests can be based on an experienced user's knowledge of the system, which may not be documented. The test basis includes whatever the tests are based on. This was also discussed in Chapter 1. From a testing perspective, we look at the test basis in order to see what could be tested – these are the test conditions. A test condition is simply something that we could test. If we are looking to measure coverage of code decisions (branches), then the test basis would be the code itself, and the list of test conditions would be the decision outcomes (True and False). If we have a requirements specification, the table of contents can be our initial list of test conditions.
  • 5. CONT… 4. Test design: specifying test cases Test conditions can be rather vague, covering quite a large range of possibilities as we saw with our mobile phone company example (e.g. a teenager in the mid-west), or a test condition may be more specific (e.g. a particular male customer on pay-as-you-go with less than $10 credit). However when we come to make a test case, we are required to be very specific; in fact we now need exact and detailed specific inputs, not general descriptions (e.g. Jim Green, age 17, living in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with credit of $8.64, expected result: add to Q4 marketing campaign). Note that one test case covers a number of conditions (teenager, male, mid-west area, pay-as-you-go, and credit of less than $10).
  • 6. CONT… 5. Test implementation: specifying test procedures or scripts The next step is to group the test cases in a sensible way for executing them and to specify the sequential steps that need to be done to run the test. For example, a set of simple tests that cover the breadth of the system may form a regression suite, or all of the tests that explore the working of a given functionality or feature in depth may be grouped to be run together.
  • 7. CATEGORIES OF TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES 1. Introduction There are many different types of software testing technique, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Each testing technique falls into one of a number of different categories. Broadly speaking there are two main categories, static and dynamic. Static techniques were discussed in Chapter 3. Dynamic techniques are subdivided into three more categories: specification-based (black-box, also known as behavioral
  • 8. CONT… 2. Static testing techniques As we saw in Chapter 3, static testing techniques do not execute the code being examined and are generally used before any tests are executed on the software. They could be called non-execution techniques. Most static testing techniques can be used to 'test' any form of document including source code, design documents and models, functional specifications and requirement specifications. However, 'static analysis' is a tool-supported type of static testing that concentrates on testing formal languages and so is most often used to statically test source code.
  • 9. CONT… 3. Specification-based (black-box) testing techniques The first of the dynamic testing techniques we will look at are the specification-based testing techniques. These are also known as 'black-box' or input/output-driven testing techniques because they view the software as a black-box with inputs and outputs, but they have no knowledge of how the system or component is structured inside the box. In essence, the tester is concentrating on what the software does, not how it does it.
  • 10. CONT… 4. Structure-based (white-box) testing techniques Structure-based testing techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the internal structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called 'white-box' or 'glass-box' techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they require knowledge of how the software is implemented, that is, how it works. For example, a structural technique may be concerned with exercising loops in the software. Different test cases may be derived to exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be done regardless of the functionality of the software.
  • 11. CONT… 5. Experience-based testing techniques In experience-based techniques, people's knowledge, skills and background are a prime contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The experience of both technical and business people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and design process. Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights into what could go wrong, which is very useful for testing.
  • 12. CONT… 6. Where to apply the different categories of techniques Specification-based techniques are appropriate at all levels of testing (component testing through to acceptance testing) where a specification exists. When performing system or acceptance testing, the requirements specification or functional specification may form the basis of the tests. When performing component or integration testing, a design document or low-level specification forms the basis of the tests.
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