Static techniques allow for examining software work products like requirements, design documents, and source code manually or with tools, without executing the software. This is known as static testing. Static testing can evaluate all software work products early in the development lifecycle through review techniques. Reviews involve examining documents for defects and quality issues in a team setting. This allows information sharing and helps focus testing. Reviews have been shown to improve productivity and quality by reducing defects found later.
This document provides a quality management checklist template with sections on quality planning, checkpoints and reviews, testing, documentation reviews, and production readiness. It includes example questions to consider for each checkpoint and review. The full checklist contains over 20 sections with descriptions of quality tasks and considerations for an effective quality management process.
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development. This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of how they are conducted
Static testing involves examining a program's code and documentation without executing the code. It aims to improve quality by finding errors early. Techniques include informal reviews with minimal documentation; formal reviews following steps like planning, preparation, and follow-up; technical reviews of specifications; walkthroughs where authors explain work; and inspections led by moderators. Static testing allows early feedback but cannot find runtime issues and is time-consuming.
A software system is more than the code; it is a set of related artifacts; these may contain defects or problem areas that should be reworked or removed; quality-related attributes of these artifacts should be evaluated
Reviews allow us to detect and eliminate errors/defects early in the software life cycle (even before any code is available for testing), where they are less costly to repair
Most problems have their origin in requirements and design; requirements and design artifacts can be reviewed but not executed and tested
A code review usually reveals directly the location of a bug, while testing requires a debugging step to locate the origin of a bug
Adherence to coding standards cannot be checked by testing
Dynamic testing involves executing software with input values and examining the output, allowing defects to be detected in code. Static testing analyzes software work products like documentation without executing the code. Formal reviews have defined phases including planning, preparation where reviewers check materials, a review meeting, and follow-up on rework. The main review types are walkthroughs where the author guides discussion, technical reviews where experts focus on technical content, and inspections with more formal defect identification. Critical success factors for implementing reviews include designating a champion, focusing on important items, explicit planning and tracking, training participants, managing people issues, and continuously improving.
Static testing techniques like reviews can improve both the quality and productivity of software development. The objectives of static testing are to improve software quality by helping engineers find and fix defects early. While static testing won't solve all problems, it is very effective at finding certain types of defects without executing the software. Organizations should consider using reviews of requirements, design, code, testing and maintenance work products to gain these benefits.
Static test techniques like reviews can improve both the quality and productivity of software development by helping engineers recognize and fix defects early. While static testing will not solve all problems, it is very effective when used to review requirements, design, code, and other work products before dynamic testing. Reviews should be considered for all major aspects of work. Similarly, static analysis tools can also help identify defects by examining code and designs without executing the software. Both static testing techniques and tools are valuable in improving quality when used appropriately alongside other forms of testing.
This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overviewof how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing is to improve the quality of softwarework products by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the softwaredevelopment process. While static testing techniques will not solve all the problems, they areenormously effective. Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors.Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but allsoftware organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work includingrequirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implementautomated checks, e.g. on code
The document provides information on types of software testing, test strategy and planning, and test estimation techniques. It describes various types of testing including functional, system, end-to-end, load, security, and others. It also discusses test strategy, test planning, and creating test plans. Finally, it outlines several techniques for estimating testing efforts such as best guess, analogies, work breakdown structure, three-point estimation, and function point analysis.
A good test engineer has qualities like finding problems, paying attention to detail, communicating well, and understanding development. For QA engineers, these qualities are also important along with understanding the whole development process. QA/test managers should maintain team morale, promote cooperation, withstand pressures, and communicate with technical and non-technical people. Documentation, requirements, test plans, cases, and configuration management are critical parts of QA. Risk analysis helps determine testing focus when time is limited or requirements are changing.
This document provides a quality management checklist template with sections on quality planning, checkpoints and reviews, testing, documentation reviews, and production readiness. It includes example questions to consider for each checkpoint and review. The full checklist contains over 20 sections with descriptions of quality tasks and considerations for an effective quality management process.
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development. This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of how they are conducted
Static testing involves examining a program's code and documentation without executing the code. It aims to improve quality by finding errors early. Techniques include informal reviews with minimal documentation; formal reviews following steps like planning, preparation, and follow-up; technical reviews of specifications; walkthroughs where authors explain work; and inspections led by moderators. Static testing allows early feedback but cannot find runtime issues and is time-consuming.
A software system is more than the code; it is a set of related artifacts; these may contain defects or problem areas that should be reworked or removed; quality-related attributes of these artifacts should be evaluated
Reviews allow us to detect and eliminate errors/defects early in the software life cycle (even before any code is available for testing), where they are less costly to repair
Most problems have their origin in requirements and design; requirements and design artifacts can be reviewed but not executed and tested
A code review usually reveals directly the location of a bug, while testing requires a debugging step to locate the origin of a bug
Adherence to coding standards cannot be checked by testing
Dynamic testing involves executing software with input values and examining the output, allowing defects to be detected in code. Static testing analyzes software work products like documentation without executing the code. Formal reviews have defined phases including planning, preparation where reviewers check materials, a review meeting, and follow-up on rework. The main review types are walkthroughs where the author guides discussion, technical reviews where experts focus on technical content, and inspections with more formal defect identification. Critical success factors for implementing reviews include designating a champion, focusing on important items, explicit planning and tracking, training participants, managing people issues, and continuously improving.
Static testing techniques like reviews can improve both the quality and productivity of software development. The objectives of static testing are to improve software quality by helping engineers find and fix defects early. While static testing won't solve all problems, it is very effective at finding certain types of defects without executing the software. Organizations should consider using reviews of requirements, design, code, testing and maintenance work products to gain these benefits.
Static test techniques like reviews can improve both the quality and productivity of software development by helping engineers recognize and fix defects early. While static testing will not solve all problems, it is very effective when used to review requirements, design, code, and other work products before dynamic testing. Reviews should be considered for all major aspects of work. Similarly, static analysis tools can also help identify defects by examining code and designs without executing the software. Both static testing techniques and tools are valuable in improving quality when used appropriately alongside other forms of testing.
This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overviewof how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing is to improve the quality of softwarework products by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the softwaredevelopment process. While static testing techniques will not solve all the problems, they areenormously effective. Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors.Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but allsoftware organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work includingrequirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implementautomated checks, e.g. on code
The document provides information on types of software testing, test strategy and planning, and test estimation techniques. It describes various types of testing including functional, system, end-to-end, load, security, and others. It also discusses test strategy, test planning, and creating test plans. Finally, it outlines several techniques for estimating testing efforts such as best guess, analogies, work breakdown structure, three-point estimation, and function point analysis.
The document summarizes the review process for documents. It discusses the phases of a formal review process including planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of those involved in the review including the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Finally, it outlines different types of reviews including walkthroughs and technical reviews.
Software development is the process of creating and maintaining software applications and components. It involves conceiving ideas, specifying requirements, designing, programming, testing, and fixing bugs. The software can be developed for a variety of purposes like custom software for clients, commercial software, or personal use. Different methodologies take structured or incremental approaches to the stages of software development which typically include analyzing problems, gathering requirements, designing, implementing, testing, deploying, and maintaining the software. The best approach depends on how well understood the problem is and whether the solution can be planned out in advance or needs to evolve incrementally.
Agile Testing: Best Practices and Methodology Zoe Gilbert
Agile testing focuses on delivering value to customers through frequent testing and feedback. It differs from the traditional waterfall model which separates development and testing. The document discusses four main agile testing methodologies: behavior driven development, acceptance test driven development, exploratory testing, and session based testing. It also covers the agile testing quadrants framework and how companies can implement best practices for agile testing.
The document discusses software project assessments and different types of assessments. It defines software assessment as a disciplined examination of software processes and projects to determine strengths and weaknesses. The assessment results are used to identify areas for process improvement. The document also describes the minimum requirements for CMM-based assessments and the typical phases involved in assessments like SCAMPI.
This document provides an overview of a course on Software Quality Assurance. It discusses several key points:
- The course introduces students to Software Quality Assurance principles as practiced in industry.
- Several methods are used for process and product assurance, including audits, inspections, reviews, testing, and assessments.
- Embedded quality assurance activities aim to detect and remove errors early in the development cycle to reduce costs.
- A case study of the Space Shuttle flight software project demonstrates how a rigorous quality assurance process using embedded activities achieved extremely high reliability.
This document discusses test management. It covers organizational structures for testing like having developers test their own code or having a dedicated testing team. It also discusses estimating testing time, monitoring testing progress through metrics like incident reports, and using configuration management to control testing activities and products. The key aspects of test management covered are organizational structures, estimation, monitoring, control, and configuration management.
This document provides a checklist for a Test Manager to manage the testing process. It outlines key tasks organized by project phases including: Planning, Analysis, Design, Development & Testing, and Parallel Run & Deployment. For each phase, it lists tasks, deadlines, and brief descriptions to ensure important responsibilities are completed such as creating test plans, cases, data, tracking bugs, monitoring systems, and managing resources and reports. The goal is to have thorough testing to minimize risks and issues during the project lifecycle.
Formal reviews follow a six step process: 1) Planning, 2) Kick-off, 3) Preparation where reviewers identify defects individually, 4) Review meeting where defects are logged and discussed, 5) Rework by the author to address defects, and 6) Follow-up by the moderator to ensure defects were addressed. Key roles include the moderator who leads the process, author of the document, reviewers who identify defects, and scribe who logs defects discussed.
Static techniques such as reviews can improve both quality and productivity in software development. Static testing examines software work products like requirements and design documents manually or with tools before execution, finding defects early. Dynamic testing executes software with test cases. The two techniques are complementary, as static testing finds defects like missing requirements or design flaws while dynamic testing finds failures from execution. Using static testing from early in the development lifecycle provides advantages like early feedback, low rework costs, increased productivity, and greater awareness of quality issues.
This document discusses static testing techniques, including reviews. It describes the review process and roles involved in reviews. The review process consists of six main phases: planning, entry check, kick-off meeting, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Key roles include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. The goal of reviews is to improve quality and productivity by finding defects early.
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development. This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing is to improve the quality of software work products by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the software development process. While static testing techniques will not solve all the problems, they are enormously effective. Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code.
The document discusses static techniques for testing software work products like code, requirements, and design specifications. Static techniques like reviews and static analysis aim to find defects early before testing to improve productivity and reduce costs. Reviews involve examining documentation for defects, while static analysis checks code complexity, errors, and other issues without executing the code. Formal reviews follow steps like planning, kickoff meetings, preparation, review meetings, reworking defects, and follow up. Roles include managers, moderators, authors, reviewers, and scribes.
The document discusses static testing techniques, which involve examining software work products like requirements and design documents manually or with tools, without executing the software. Some key benefits of static testing mentioned are that it allows early feedback on quality issues, defects can be detected and fixed early at lower cost, and development productivity may increase as rework effort is reduced. Various types of static testing techniques are described, including reviews, inspections, coding standard checks, and code metrics analysis. Formal reviews follow defined processes with roles like moderator, author, and reviewers. Success factors for effective reviews include training participants, explicit planning, and continuous process improvement.
abdurrahimradhin Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Referensi ke Graham et.al (2006)
The document discusses static testing techniques, specifically reviews. It describes the review process, which typically involves 6 phases: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Key roles in a review include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. The moderator leads the process, while the author's goal is to improve the document. Reviews can find defects early and improve quality and productivity.
This document discusses static and dynamic testing techniques. It defines static testing as examining software work products manually or with tools without executing them, while dynamic testing executes software using input values to examine outputs. The document then describes the phases of a formal review process and defines roles in a review. It identifies the moderator, author, scribe, reviewers, and manager. Finally, it explains the differences between inspections, technical reviews, and walkthroughs, providing details on each type of review.
The document discusses static and dynamic testing methods. Static testing involves analyzing code or documentation without executing the software, while dynamic testing executes the software. Both methods find different types of defects. Key aspects of static testing include review processes, which can be informal or formal. Formal reviews involve several phases: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. The review meeting itself includes logging defects, discussing them, and deciding on next steps. Roles in the review include moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Different review types are described.
YAHDI SANDRA
11453104752
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
The document discusses static techniques for software testing, including static analysis and reviews. It describes static testing as examining software work products like code manually or with tools without executing it. Reviews can range from informal to formal, with formal reviews involving planning, preparation by reviewers finding defects, a review meeting, rework by the author, and follow-up. The roles of moderator, author, scribe and reviewer in formal reviews are also outlined. Types of reviews like walkthroughs, technical reviews and inspections are also described. Finally, the document discusses how static analysis tools can find defects in code, standards, metrics and structure.
Static techniques provide powerful ways to improve software quality and productivity. Static testing finds defects early by reviewing work products like requirements, design, code, and documentation. Reviews can be informal or formal, following a defined process. Formal reviews typically involve planning, a kickoff meeting, individual preparation, a group review meeting, reworking by the author, and follow up by a moderator. The goal is to improve quality by identifying and fixing defects early in development.
Static testing methods examine software work products like requirements and design documents without executing the software. This allows defects to be found early. Some advantages of static testing include early feedback on quality, low rework costs from finding defects early, and increased development productivity. Formal reviews follow a defined process with roles like moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Reviews can find defects, improve quality, and create common understanding. Static analysis tools can check for adherence to coding standards and metrics.
The document discusses requirement validation which involves checking requirements documentation for completeness, consistency, and to ensure it provides an adequate basis for system design. It describes various validation techniques including reviews, translating requirements to alternative forms like user manuals and diagrams, and developing prototypes or test cases. The goal is to identify any issues with the documented requirements and get stakeholder agreement that their needs are properly represented.
This document discusses the formal review process and types of reviews. It provides details on the typical phases of a formal review process: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. It also describes different types of reviews - walkthroughs, inspections, and their key characteristics. Finally, it lists some critical success factors for implementing formal reviews, such as finding a champion, training participants, and continuously improving the review process.
This document discusses different types of software reviews including informal reviews, walkthroughs, and formal inspections. Formal inspections follow a defined process and are the most rigorous type of review. They involve preparation, inspection of the material by attendees to find defects, reworking defects, and follow up. Usability testing is discussed which involves testing a product with real users performing real tasks and observing them to identify usability issues. Methods like expert reviews and user testing are covered. Data is gathered during testing and analyzed to identify problems and inform recommendations.
Chater 3 Static Technic (by Eva Normala)EvaNormala
This document discusses static testing techniques for improving software quality. It describes static testing as evaluating software work products, like requirements and code, without executing them to find defects early. Static testing provides various advantages, including early feedback to detect defects cheaply before costly rework. Formal reviews are described as a common static testing technique involving planning, preparation and meetings to discuss defects. The document also discusses static analysis tools, coding standards, code metrics and structure as additional static testing methods.
The document discusses software inspections and defect management. It defines key terms like defects, defect classification, and causes of defects. It explains that rework makes up 44% of project costs and discusses how inspections can help reduce defects and rework. Formal inspections involve individual preparation, overview meetings, review planning, inspection meetings, and follow up action to identify and address defects early. Benefits of inspections include increased productivity, reduced defects, and preparation for subsequent phases.
Pengenalan control & audit teknologi informasiSiti Rubayati
membahas tentang pengenalan contro audit dan dasar-dasar audit sistem teknologi,informasi. pada pembahasn ini juga menyinggung tentang pentingnya control dan audit teknologi informasi
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pengertian dan jenis-jenis motivasi serta teori-teori yang terkait dengan motivasi seperti teori higiene, harapan, dan keadilan. Motivasi berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kinerja karyawan dan produktivitas perusahaan. Bentuk-bentuk motivasi meliputi kompensasi, pengarahan, penetapan pekerjaan, dan kesejahteraan. Langkah peningkatan motivasi adalah memberikan pelatihan, reward, pendekatan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang dasar-dasar pengambilan keputusan menurut beberapa ahli. Terdapat 5 dasar pengambilan keputusan menurut George R. Terry yaitu intuisi, pengalaman, fakta, wewenang, dan rasional. Juga dibahas faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan seperti posisi, masalah, situasi, kondisi, dan tujuan. Selain itu dijelaskan pula jenis-jen
Pengajuan membahas fungsi pengawasan (controlling) dalam manajemen. Fungsi ini merupakan proses untuk memastikan bahwa tujuan dan rencana organisasi dan manajemen tercapai dengan menetapkan standar, mengukur kinerja, dan mengambil tindakan korektif apabila terjadi penyimpangan. Terdapat tiga jenis pengawasan yaitu pendahuluan, selama proses, dan umpan balik setelah proses selesai. Proses pengaw
Testing Throughout The Software Life CycleSiti Rubayati
The document discusses software testing throughout the software development life cycle. It describes four main test levels in the V-model: component testing, system testing, integration testing, and acceptance testing. It also discusses iterative and agile development models like Rapid Application Development, Dynamic System Development Methodology, and Extreme Programming. These models emphasize iterative development, customer feedback, and testing code frequently throughout development. The document stresses that testing activities should correspond to development activities at each stage of the software life cycle.
The document discusses fundamentals of software testing. It defines software testing as a process that involves various activities like planning, preparation, execution of static and dynamic tests, and evaluation. The role of testing is to identify defects in software by demonstrating that the software satisfies requirements and is fit for its intended purpose. It also compares software testing to driving tests, noting that both involve plans, preparation, execution of different types of tests, and objective evaluation against requirements. The goal is to detect defects, not evaluate for perfection, but for meeting requirements to pass the test.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
1. Static techniques
Siti Rubayati : 11453201587
Jurusan Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim
Riau
2. REVIEW SAND THE
TEST PROCESS With dynamic testing methods, software is executed using a set of input
values and its output is thenexamined and compared to what is expected.
During static testing, software work products are examinedmanually, or
with a set of tools, but not executed. As a consequence, dynamic testing
can only be appliedto software code. Dynamic execution is applied as a
technique to detectdefects and to determine quality attributes of the code.
This testing option isnot applicable for the majority of the software work
products. Among the questions that arise are: How can we evaluate or
analyze a requirements document,a design document, a test plan, or a
user manual? How can we effectively pre-examine the source code
before execution? One powerful technique that can beused is static
testing, e.g. reviews. In principle all software work products can betested
using review techniques.
The definition of testing outlines objectives that relate to evaluation, revealing
defects and quality. Asindicated in the definition two approaches can be used to
achieve these objectives, static testinganddynamic testing.
2
3. Studies have shown that as a result of reviews,
a significant increase in productivity and
product quality can be achieved [Gilb and
Graham, 1993], [vanVeenendaal, 1999].
Reducing the number of defects early in the
product lifecycle also means that less time has
to be spent on testing and maintenance.
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com
In addition to finding defects, the objectives of reviews are
often alsoinformational, communicational and educational,
whereby participantslearn about the content of software
work products to help them understandthe role of their own
work and to plan for future stages of development.Reviews
often represent project milestones, and support the
establishmentof a baseline for a software product. The type
and quantity of defects foundduring reviews can also help
testers focus their testing and select effectiveclasses of
tests. In some cases customers/users attend the review
meetingand provide feedback to the development team, so
reviews are also a meansof customer/user communication.
3
4. Tosummarize, the use of static testing, e.g. reviews, on software work products hasvarious advantages:
Start early
Since static testing can start early in the life
cycle, early feedback on qualityissues can be
established, e.g. an early validation of user
requirements andnot just late in the life cycle
during acceptance testing.
Rework
By detecting defects at an early stage, rework
costs are most often relativelylow and thus a
relatively cheap improvement of the quality
of software products can be achieved
Productivity
Since rework effort is
substantially reduced,
development productivity
figures are likely to increase.
Exchange of information
The evaluation by a team has the
additional advantage that there is an
exchange of information between the
participants
Awareness
Static tests contribute to an
increased awareness of
quality issues.
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 4
5. REVIEW PROCESS
Reviews vary from very informal to formal (i.e. well structured and
regulated).Although inspection is perhaps the most documented and
formal review technique, it is certainly not the only one. The formality
of a review process isrelated to factors such as the maturity of the
development process, any legal orregulatory requirements or the need
for an audit trail. In practice the informalreview is perhaps the most
common type of review. Informal reviews areapplied at various times
during the early stages in the life cycle of a document.A two-person
team can conduct an informal review, as the author can ask a
colleague to review a document or code. In later stages these reviews
often involvemore people and a meeting. This normally involves peers
of the author, who tryto find defects in the document under review and
discuss these defects in areview meeting. The goal is to help the
author and to improve the quality of thedocument. Informal reviews
come in various shapes and forms, but all have onecharacteristic in
common – they are not documented.
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6. Phases of a formal review
Planning
Kick-off
Preparation
Review meeting
Rework
Follow-up.
In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal process. Atypical formal review process
consists of six main steps:
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7. Planning
Although more and other
entry criteriacan be
applied, the following
can beregarded as the
minimum set for
performing the entry
check:
1 A short check of a product sample by the moderator (or expert) does notreveal a
large number of major defects. For example, after 30 minutes ofchecking, no more
than 3 major defects are found on a single page or fewerthan 10 major defects in
total in a set of 5 pages.
2 The document to be reviewed is
available with line numbers.
3 The document has been cleaned up by running
any automated checksthat apply.
4 References needed for the inspection are stable and available.
The document author is prepared to join the review
team and feels confidentwith the quality of the
document. 7
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•The document author is prepared to join the review team and feels confidentwith the quality of the document.
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Within reviews the following focuses
can be identified:
# focus on higher-level documents, e.g. does
the design comply to therequirements;
focus on standards, e.g. internal consistency,
clarity, naming conventions,templates
focus on related documents at the same level, e.g.
interfaces between software functions
focus on usage, e.g. for testability or
maintainability.
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9. Kick-off
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1 image and description
An optional step in a review procedure is a kick-off meeting. The goal of thismeeting is to get everybody on the
same wavelength regarding the documentunder review and to commit to the time that will be spent on checking. Also
theresult of the entry check and defined exit criteria are discussed in case of a moreformal review. In general a kick-
off is highly recommended since there is astrong positive effect of a kick-off meeting on the motivation of reviewers
andthus the effectiveness of the review process. At customer sites, we have measured results up to 70% more major
defects found per page as a result of performing a kick-off, [van Veenendaal and van der Zwan, 2000]
During the kick-off meeting the reviewers receive a short introduction on theobjectives of the review and the
documents. The relationships between the document under review and the other documents (sources) are explained,
especially if the number of related documents is high.
Role assignments, checking rate, the pages to be checked, process changesand possible other questions are also
discussed during this meeting. Of coursethe distribution of the document under review, source documents and
otherrelated documentation, can also be done during the kick-off.
10. Preparation
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The participants work individually on the document under review using therelated documents, procedures, rules
and checklists provided. The individualparticipants identify defects, questions and comments, according to
theirunderstanding of the document and role. All issues are recorded, preferablyusing a logging form. Spelling
mistakes are recorded on the document underreview but not mentioned during the meeting. The annotated
document will begiven to the author at the end of the logging meeting. Using checklists duringthis phase can
make reviews more effective and efficient, for example a specificchecklist based on perspectives such as user,
maintainer, tester or operations,or a checklist for typical coding problems.
A critical success factor for a thorough preparation is the number of pageschecked per hour. This is called the
checking rate. The optimum checkingrate is the result of a mix of factors, including the type of document, its
complexity, the number of related documents and the experience of the reviewer.Usually the checking rate is in
the range of five to ten pages per hour, butmay be much less for formal inspection, e.g. one page per hour.
Duringpreparation, participants should not exceed this criterion. By collecting dataand measuring the review
process, company-specific criteria for checkingrate and document size (see planning phase) can be set,
preferably specificto a document type.
11. Review meeting
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The meeting typically consists of the following elements (partly depending onthe review type): logging
phase, discussion phase and decision phase.
During the logging phase the issues, e.g. defects, that have been identifiedduring the preparation are
mentioned page by page, reviewer by reviewer andare logged either by the author or by a scribe. A
separate person to do thelogging (a scribe) is especially useful for formal review types such as an
inspection. To ensure progress and efficiency, no real discussion is allowed during thelogging phase. If
an issue needs discussion, the item is logged and then handledin the discussion phase. A detailed
discussion on whether or not an issue is adefect is not very meaningful, as it is much more efficient to
simply log it andproceed to the next one. Furthermore, in spite of the opinion of the team, a discussed
and discarded defect may well turn out to be a real one during rework
12. Major defects could cause a downstream effect
(e.g. a fault in a design canresult in an
error in the implementation).
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Every defect and its severity should be logged. The participant who identifiesthe defect proposes the
severity. Severity classes could be:
Minor defects are not likely to cause
downstream damage (e.g. non-
compliance with the standards and
templates).
Critical defects will cause downstream damage;
the scope and impact of thedefect is
beyond the document under inspection
13. Rework
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Based on the defects detected, the author will improve
the document underreview step by step. Not every
defect that is found leads to rework. It is theauthor's
responsibility to judge if a defect has to be fixed. If
nothing is doneabout an issue for a certain reason, it
should be reported to at least indicate thatthe author
has considered the issue.
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Changes that are made to the document should be
easy to identify duringfollow-up. Therefore the author
has to indicate where changes are made (e.g.using
'Track changes' in word-processing software).
14. Follow-up
In order to control and optimize the review process, a number of
measurements are collected by the moderator at each step of the
process. Examples ofsuch measurements include number of
defects found, number of defects foundper page, time spent
checking per page, total review effort, etc. It is the responsibility of
the moderator to ensure that the information is correct and stored
forfuture analysis.
The moderator is responsible for ensuring that satisfactory
actions have beentaken on all (logged) defects, process
improvement suggestions and changerequests. Although the
moderator checks to make sure that the author hastaken
action on all known defects, it is not necessary for the
moderator to checkall the corrections in detail. If it is decided
that all participants will check theupdated document, the
moderator takes care of the distribution and collectsthe
feedback. For more formal review types the moderator
checks for compliance to the exit criteria.
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15. Sumber : Graham et.al (2011)
Thank you
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