This is chapter 3 of ISTQB Advance Test Manager certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Chapter 4 - Quality Characteristics for Technical Testing
The document discusses quality characteristics for technical testing, focusing on reliability testing. It provides definitions and explanations of reliability sub-characteristics like maturity, fault tolerance, and recoverability. It describes approaches to measuring software maturity and reliability over time. Types of reliability tests discussed include fault tolerance testing, recoverability (failover and backup/restore) testing, and availability testing. General guidance is provided on planning and specifying reliability tests, noting the need for production-like environments and long test durations to obtain statistically significant results.
Test Management as Chapter 5 of ISTQB Foundation 2018. Topics covered are Test Organization, Test Planning and Estimation, Test Monitoring and Control, Test Execution Schedule, Test Strategy, Risk and Testing, Defect Management
This is chapter 3 of ISTQB Advance Agile Technical Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Chapter 3 - Agile Testing Methods, Techniques and Tools
This is the chapter 3 of ISTQB Agile Tester Extension certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare content of certification.
This is chapter 5 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 4 of ISTQB Specialist Mobile Application Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 2 of ISTQB Advance Agile Technical Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Test Case Design Techniques as chapter 4 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics included are Equivalence Partition, Boundary Value Analysis, State Transition Testing, Decision Table Testing, Use Case Testing, Statement Coverage, Decision Coverage, Error Guessing, Exploratory Testing, Checklist Based Testing
This is chapter 5 of ISTQB Advance Technical Test Analyst certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is the chapter 5 of ISTQB Advance Test Automation Engineer certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare content of certification.
This is chapter 1 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 2 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 6 of ISTQB Advance Technical Test Analyst certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
The document discusses various types and stages of software testing in the software development lifecycle, including:
1. Component testing, the lowest level of testing done in isolation on individual software modules.
2. Integration testing in small increments to test communication between components and non-functional aspects.
3. System testing to test functional and non-functional requirements at the full system level, often done by an independent test group.
4. The document provides details on planning, techniques, and considerations for each type of testing in the software development and integration process.
Chapter 3 of ISTQB Foundation 2018 syllabus with sample questions. Answers about what is static testing, what is review, types of review, informal review, walkthrough, technical review, inspection.
This is chapter 4 of ISTQB Advance Test Manager certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Chapter 2 - Testing Throughout the Development LifeCycleNeeraj Kumar Singh
The document discusses testing throughout the software development life cycle. It describes different software development models including sequential, incremental, and iterative models. It also covers different test levels from component and integration testing to system and acceptance testing. The document discusses different types of testing including functional and non-functional testing. It also covers topics like maintenance testing and triggers for additional testing when changes are made.
Chapter 4 - Quality Characteristics for Technical TestingNeeraj Kumar Singh
The document discusses quality characteristics for technical testing, focusing on reliability testing. It provides definitions and explanations of reliability sub-characteristics like maturity, fault tolerance, and recoverability. It describes approaches to measuring software maturity and reliability over time. Types of reliability tests discussed include fault tolerance testing, recoverability (failover and backup/restore) testing, and availability testing. General guidance is provided on planning and specifying reliability tests, noting the need for production-like environments and long test durations to obtain statistically significant results.
Test Management as Chapter 5 of ISTQB Foundation 2018. Topics covered are Test Organization, Test Planning and Estimation, Test Monitoring and Control, Test Execution Schedule, Test Strategy, Risk and Testing, Defect Management
This is chapter 3 of ISTQB Advance Agile Technical Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is the chapter 3 of ISTQB Agile Tester Extension certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare content of certification.
This is chapter 5 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 4 of ISTQB Specialist Mobile Application Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 2 of ISTQB Advance Agile Technical Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Test Case Design Techniques as chapter 4 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics included are Equivalence Partition, Boundary Value Analysis, State Transition Testing, Decision Table Testing, Use Case Testing, Statement Coverage, Decision Coverage, Error Guessing, Exploratory Testing, Checklist Based Testing
This is chapter 5 of ISTQB Advance Technical Test Analyst certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is the chapter 5 of ISTQB Advance Test Automation Engineer certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare content of certification.
This is chapter 1 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 2 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 6 of ISTQB Advance Technical Test Analyst certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
The document discusses various types and stages of software testing in the software development lifecycle, including:
1. Component testing, the lowest level of testing done in isolation on individual software modules.
2. Integration testing in small increments to test communication between components and non-functional aspects.
3. System testing to test functional and non-functional requirements at the full system level, often done by an independent test group.
4. The document provides details on planning, techniques, and considerations for each type of testing in the software development and integration process.
Continuous integration, testing, and delivery processes aim to provide fast feedback on code changes. This is done through frequent automated testing and deployment of code changes. Some key aspects discussed are:
- Continuous integration involves automatically testing code changes through builds and running automated tests. Frequent and immediate feedback is the goal but all tests may be too time-consuming.
- Continuous testing executes tests early and often based on code modifications to provide quick feedback.
- Continuous delivery deploys code changes to testing environments after builds to allow more testing, including performance and load tests. Continuous deployment then automatically deploys to production.
Prioritizing tests, running different test configurations, increasing non-UI testing, and splitting test
The document discusses fundamentals of software testing including definitions of testing, why testing is necessary, seven testing principles, and the test process. It describes the test process as consisting of test planning, monitoring and control, analysis, design, implementation, execution, and completion. It also outlines the typical work products created during each phase of the test process.
This document discusses static testing techniques, including reviews. It describes the review process, roles in reviews, types of reviews, and static analysis using tools. Reviews are a formal process typically involving planning, preparation, a review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Roles include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. Types of reviews serve different purposes at different stages. Static analysis tools can check coding standards and metrics, as well as code structure.
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development. This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of how they are conducted
This document provides a quality management checklist template with sections on quality planning, checkpoints and reviews, testing, documentation reviews, and production readiness. It includes example questions to consider for each checkpoint and review. The full checklist contains over 20 sections with descriptions of quality tasks and considerations for an effective quality management process.
This document discusses static testing techniques, including reviews. It describes the review process and roles involved in reviews. The review process consists of six main phases: planning, entry check, kick-off meeting, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Key roles include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. The goal of reviews is to improve quality and productivity by finding defects early.
Construction quality management plan (Construction Productivity Analysis)Jayson Narito
The document discusses quality management in construction projects. It defines quality management as ensuring projects meet requirements and customer needs. Quality management includes quality planning, assurance, and control activities. It also discusses developing a quality management plan to define quality standards and responsibilities. The plan should include quality control reviews, audits, and reports to ensure standards are followed.
Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code
This document discusses static and dynamic testing techniques. It defines static testing as examining software work products manually or with tools without executing them, while dynamic testing executes software using input values to examine outputs. The document then describes the phases of a formal review process and defines roles in a review. It identifies the moderator, author, scribe, reviewers, and manager. Finally, it explains the differences between inspections, technical reviews, and walkthroughs, providing details on each type of review.
Static techniques provide powerful ways to improve software quality and productivity. Static testing finds defects early by reviewing work products like requirements, design, code, and documentation. Reviews can be informal or formal, following a defined process. Formal reviews typically involve planning, a kickoff meeting, individual preparation, a group review meeting, reworking by the author, and follow up by a moderator. The goal is to improve quality by identifying and fixing defects early in development.
Static test techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development. This chapter describes static test techniques, including reviews, and provides an overview of how they are conducted. The fundamental objective of static testing is to improve the quality of software work products by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the software development process. While static testing techniques will not solve all the problems, they are enormously effective. Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code.
Dynamic testing involves executing software with input values and examining the output, allowing defects to be detected in code. Static testing analyzes software work products like documentation without executing the code. Formal reviews have defined phases including planning, preparation where reviewers check materials, a review meeting, and follow-up on rework. The main review types are walkthroughs where the author guides discussion, technical reviews where experts focus on technical content, and inspections with more formal defect identification. Critical success factors for implementing reviews include designating a champion, focusing on important items, explicit planning and tracking, training participants, managing people issues, and continuously improving.
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Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
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The document discusses static testing techniques, specifically reviews. It describes the review process, which typically involves 6 phases: planning, kick-off, preparation, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. Key roles in a review include the moderator, author, scribe, and reviewers. The moderator leads the process, while the author's goal is to improve the document. Reviews can find defects early and improve quality and productivity.
Static techniques like reviews and static analysis tools can find defects in software work products like requirements, design, and code without executing the software. Reviews vary in formality from informal discussions to more structured inspections and walkthroughs. Static analysis examines software artifacts automatically using tools to identify defects before dynamic testing begins.
Software Testing adds organizational value in quantitative and qualitative ways. Successful organizations recognize the importance of quality. Establishing a quality-oriented mindset is the responsibility of business leadership.
The document discusses static techniques for testing software work products like code, requirements, and design specifications. Static techniques like reviews and static analysis aim to find defects early before testing to improve productivity and reduce costs. Reviews involve examining documentation for defects, while static analysis checks code complexity, errors, and other issues without executing the code. Formal reviews follow steps like planning, kickoff meetings, preparation, review meetings, reworking defects, and follow up. Roles include managers, moderators, authors, reviewers, and scribes.
Quality management is a sphere gaining a lot of importance in project management as well as in other global industries. Its importance has become evident in recent times when industries emphasize maintaining a proper quality standard for their services and products.
To secure the position of project management professional, a candidate needs to have in-depth knowledge about quality management interview questions. These questions help candidates secure a good job in the market.
Check Out The Full Blog Given in the URL Below
https://www.sprintzeal.com/blog/quality-management-interview-questions
Tool Support for Testing as Chapter 6 of ISTQB Foundation 2018. Topics covered are Tool Benefits, Test Tool Classification, Benefits of Test Automation and Risk of Test Automation
Test Management as Chapter 5 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics covered are Test Organization, Test Planning and Estimation, Test Monitoring and Control, Test Execution Schedule, Test Strategy, Risk Management, Defect Management
Test Case Design Techniques as chapter 4 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics included are Equivalence Partition, Boundary Value Analysis, State Transition Testing, Decision Table Testing, Use Case Testing, Statement Coverage, Decision Coverage, Error Guessing, Exploratory Testing, Checklist Based Testing
Chapter 3 of ISTQB Foundation 2018 syllabus with sample questions. Answers about what is static testing, what is review, types of review, informal review, walkthrough, technical review, inspection.
The document discusses testing throughout the software development life cycle. It describes different software development models including sequential, incremental, and iterative models. It also covers different test levels from component and integration testing to system and acceptance testing. The document discusses different types of testing including functional and non-functional testing. It also covers topics like maintenance testing and triggers for additional testing when changes are made. Also covers concepts of Agile including DevOps, Shift Left Approach, TDD, BDD, ATDD, Retrospective and Process Improvement
The document discusses fundamentals of software testing including definitions of testing, why testing is necessary, seven testing principles, and the test process. It describes the test process as consisting of test planning, monitoring and control, analysis, design, implementation, execution, and completion. It also outlines the typical work products created during each phase of the test process.
Chapter 4 - Mobile Application Platforms, Tools and EnvironmentNeeraj Kumar Singh
This is chapter 4 of ISTQB Specialist Mobile Application Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Chapter 3 - Common Test Types and Test Process for Mobile ApplicationsNeeraj Kumar Singh
This is chapter 3 of ISTQB Specialist Mobile Application Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 2 of ISTQB Specialist Mobile Application Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Chapter 1 - Mobile World - Business and Technology DriversNeeraj Kumar Singh
This is chapter 1 of ISTQB Specialist Mobile Application Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is a Sample Question Paper of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is the answer to Sample Questions of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
ISTQB Performance Tester Certification Syllabus and Study MaterialNeeraj Kumar Singh
This is Syllabus of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
This is chapter 4 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
Chapter 3 - Performance Testing in the Software LifecycleNeeraj Kumar Singh
The document discusses performance testing activities across different software development lifecycles. It describes how performance testing should be conducted iteratively throughout sequential development models, with testing at each stage from concept to acceptance. For iterative models, performance testing is also iterative and can be part of continuous integration. Specific activities discussed include test planning, monitoring, analysis, design, implementation, execution and completion. Performance risks are also discussed for different architectures.
ISTQB Technical Test Analyst Answers to Sample Question PaperNeeraj Kumar Singh
Here are the answers and justification for the sample question paper for ISTQB Advance Technical Test Analyst for certification preparation. This is a standard paper from ISTQB.
This document contains a sample exam for the ISTQB Advanced Level Technical Test Analyst certification. It includes 45 multiple choice questions on topics such as test coverage types, risk analysis, and defect targeting. The questions aim to assess knowledge related to test design, test analysis, and test management. It also provides the exam structure and responsibilities of the exam working group as defined by ISTQB.
ISTQB Advance level syllabus 2019 Technical Test AnalystNeeraj Kumar Singh
Technical Test Analysts contribute to risk-based testing in the following ways:
1) They help identify technical product risks such as those related to security, reliability, and performance, drawing on their technical expertise.
2) They assess identified risks by estimating their likelihood and impact.
3) They help mitigate risks by designing and executing technical tests that reduce the risks to an acceptable level.
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The Rise of Supernetwork Data Intensive ComputingLarry Smarr
Invited Remote Lecture to SC21
The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis
St. Louis, Missouri
November 18, 2021
Transcript: Details of description part II: Describing images in practice - T...BookNet Canada
This presentation explores the practical application of image description techniques. Familiar guidelines will be demonstrated in practice, and descriptions will be developed “live”! If you have learned a lot about the theory of image description techniques but want to feel more confident putting them into practice, this is the presentation for you. There will be useful, actionable information for everyone, whether you are working with authors, colleagues, alone, or leveraging AI as a collaborator.
Link to presentation recording and slides: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/details-of-description-part-ii-describing-images-in-practice/
Presented by BookNet Canada on June 25, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kief Morris rethinks the infrastructure code delivery lifecycle, advocating for a shift towards composable infrastructure systems. We should shift to designing around deployable components rather than code modules, use more useful levels of abstraction, and drive design and deployment from applications rather than bottom-up, monolithic architecture and delivery.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Data Privacy Trends: A Mid-Year Check-InTrustArc
Six months into 2024, and it is clear the privacy ecosystem takes no days off!! Regulators continue to implement and enforce new regulations, businesses strive to meet requirements, and technology advances like AI have privacy professionals scratching their heads about managing risk.
What can we learn about the first six months of data privacy trends and events in 2024? How should this inform your privacy program management for the rest of the year?
Join TrustArc, Goodwin, and Snyk privacy experts as they discuss the changes we’ve seen in the first half of 2024 and gain insight into the concrete, actionable steps you can take to up-level your privacy program in the second half of the year.
This webinar will review:
- Key changes to privacy regulations in 2024
- Key themes in privacy and data governance in 2024
- How to maximize your privacy program in the second half of 2024
Best Practices for Effectively Running dbt in Airflow.pdfTatiana Al-Chueyr
As a popular open-source library for analytics engineering, dbt is often used in combination with Airflow. Orchestrating and executing dbt models as DAGs ensures an additional layer of control over tasks, observability, and provides a reliable, scalable environment to run dbt models.
This webinar will cover a step-by-step guide to Cosmos, an open source package from Astronomer that helps you easily run your dbt Core projects as Airflow DAGs and Task Groups, all with just a few lines of code. We’ll walk through:
- Standard ways of running dbt (and when to utilize other methods)
- How Cosmos can be used to run and visualize your dbt projects in Airflow
- Common challenges and how to address them, including performance, dependency conflicts, and more
- How running dbt projects in Airflow helps with cost optimization
Webinar given on 9 July 2024
Advanced Techniques for Cyber Security Analysis and Anomaly DetectionBert Blevins
Cybersecurity is a major concern in today's connected digital world. Threats to organizations are constantly evolving and have the potential to compromise sensitive information, disrupt operations, and lead to significant financial losses. Traditional cybersecurity techniques often fall short against modern attackers. Therefore, advanced techniques for cyber security analysis and anomaly detection are essential for protecting digital assets. This blog explores these cutting-edge methods, providing a comprehensive overview of their application and importance.
Quality Patents: Patents That Stand the Test of TimeAurora Consulting
Is your patent a vanity piece of paper for your office wall? Or is it a reliable, defendable, assertable, property right? The difference is often quality.
Is your patent simply a transactional cost and a large pile of legal bills for your startup? Or is it a leverageable asset worthy of attracting precious investment dollars, worth its cost in multiples of valuation? The difference is often quality.
Is your patent application only good enough to get through the examination process? Or has it been crafted to stand the tests of time and varied audiences if you later need to assert that document against an infringer, find yourself litigating with it in an Article 3 Court at the hands of a judge and jury, God forbid, end up having to defend its validity at the PTAB, or even needing to use it to block pirated imports at the International Trade Commission? The difference is often quality.
Quality will be our focus for a good chunk of the remainder of this season. What goes into a quality patent, and where possible, how do you get it without breaking the bank?
** Episode Overview **
In this first episode of our quality series, Kristen Hansen and the panel discuss:
⦿ What do we mean when we say patent quality?
⦿ Why is patent quality important?
⦿ How to balance quality and budget
⦿ The importance of searching, continuations, and draftsperson domain expertise
⦿ Very practical tips, tricks, examples, and Kristen’s Musts for drafting quality applications
https://www.aurorapatents.com/patently-strategic-podcast.html
The DealBook is our annual overview of the Ukrainian tech investment industry. This edition comprehensively covers the full year 2023 and the first deals of 2024.
Quantum Communications Q&A with Gemini LLM. These are based on Shannon's Noisy channel Theorem and offers how the classical theory applies to the quantum world.
Best Programming Language for Civil EngineersAwais Yaseen
The integration of programming into civil engineering is transforming the industry. We can design complex infrastructure projects and analyse large datasets. Imagine revolutionizing the way we build our cities and infrastructure, all by the power of coding. Programming skills are no longer just a bonus—they’re a game changer in this era.
Technology is revolutionizing civil engineering by integrating advanced tools and techniques. Programming allows for the automation of repetitive tasks, enhancing the accuracy of designs, simulations, and analyses. With the advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning, engineers can now predict structural behaviors under various conditions, optimize material usage, and improve project planning.
RPA In Healthcare Benefits, Use Case, Trend And Challenges 2024.pptxSynapseIndia
Your comprehensive guide to RPA in healthcare for 2024. Explore the benefits, use cases, and emerging trends of robotic process automation. Understand the challenges and prepare for the future of healthcare automation
UiPath Community Day Kraków: Devs4Devs ConferenceUiPathCommunity
We are honored to launch and host this event for our UiPath Polish Community, with the help of our partners - Proservartner!
We certainly hope we have managed to spike your interest in the subjects to be presented and the incredible networking opportunities at hand, too!
Check out our proposed agenda below 👇👇
08:30 ☕ Welcome coffee (30')
09:00 Opening note/ Intro to UiPath Community (10')
Cristina Vidu, Global Manager, Marketing Community @UiPath
Dawid Kot, Digital Transformation Lead @Proservartner
09:10 Cloud migration - Proservartner & DOVISTA case study (30')
Marcin Drozdowski, Automation CoE Manager @DOVISTA
Pawel Kamiński, RPA developer @DOVISTA
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
09:40 From bottlenecks to breakthroughs: Citizen Development in action (25')
Pawel Poplawski, Director, Improvement and Automation @McCormick & Company
Michał Cieślak, Senior Manager, Automation Programs @McCormick & Company
10:05 Next-level bots: API integration in UiPath Studio (30')
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
10:35 ☕ Coffee Break (15')
10:50 Document Understanding with my RPA Companion (45')
Ewa Gruszka, Enterprise Sales Specialist, AI & ML @UiPath
11:35 Power up your Robots: GenAI and GPT in REFramework (45')
Krzysztof Karaszewski, Global RPA Product Manager
12:20 🍕 Lunch Break (1hr)
13:20 From Concept to Quality: UiPath Test Suite for AI-powered Knowledge Bots (30')
Kamil Miśko, UiPath MVP, Senior RPA Developer @Zurich Insurance
13:50 Communications Mining - focus on AI capabilities (30')
Thomasz Wierzbicki, Business Analyst @Office Samurai
14:20 Polish MVP panel: Insights on MVP award achievements and career profiling
論文紹介:A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation ...Toru Tamaki
Jindong Gu, Zhen Han, Shuo Chen, Ahmad Beirami, Bailan He, Gengyuan Zhang, Ruotong Liao, Yao Qin, Volker Tresp, Philip Torr "A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation Models" arXiv2023
https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12980
3. Since reviews are a form of static testing, Test Managers may be responsible for their overall success, particularly
with respect to testware products. In the wider context of software projects, however, this responsibility should be
a matter of organizational policy.
Given the possible widespread application of formal reviews across many disciplines, both before and within
software projects, the responsible party may be a Test Manager, or a Quality Assurance Manager, or a trained
Review Coordinator. In this syllabus, the responsible party (whoever that is) is referred to as the review leader.
The review leader should ensure that an environment exists that is conducive to the implementation of the success
factors. In addition, the review leader should devise a measurement plan to ensure that the reviews provide
effective value.
Participants in reviews should have review training to better understand their respective roles in any review
process. All review participants must be committed to the benefits of a well-conducted review.
When done properly, reviews are the single biggest, and most cost-effective, contributor to overall delivered
quality. It is thus of paramount importance that review leaders are able to implement efficient reviews in their
projects and demonstrate the benefits of these reviews.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Introduction
4. Possible reviews within a project include:
Contractual reviews, initiated at project inception and at major project milestones
Requirements reviews, initiated when the requirements are available for review, which ideally cover both functional
and non-functional requirements
Top level design reviews, initiated when the overall architectural design is available for review
Detailed design reviews, initiated when the detailed design is available for review
Code reviews, carried out as individual modules of software are created, which may include the unit tests and their
results as well as the code itself
Test work product reviews, which may cover the test plan(s), test conditions, quality risk analysis results, tests, test
data, test environments, and test results
Test entry (test readiness) reviews and test exit reviews for each test level, which respectively check the test entry
criteria prior to starting test execution and the test exit criteria prior to concluding testing
Acceptance reviews, used to obtain customer or stakeholder approval for a system
In addition to these, Test Managers may also be involved in:
Management reviews
Audits
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Introduction
6. Management reviews are used to monitor progress, assess status, and make decisions about future actions. These
reviews support decisions about the future of the project, such as adapting the level of resources, implementing
corrective actions or changing the scope of the project.
The following are key characteristics of management reviews:
Conducted by or for managers having direct responsibility for the project or system
Conducted by or for a stakeholder or decision maker, e.g., a higher level manager or director
Check consistency with and deviations from plans
Check adequacy of management procedures
Assess project risks
Evaluate impact of actions and ways to measure these impacts
Produce lists of action items, issues to be resolved and decisions made
Management reviews of processes, such as project retrospectives (i.e., lessons learned), are an integral part of
process improvement activities.
Test Managers should participate in and may initiate management reviews of testing progress.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Management Reviews
7. Audits are usually performed to demonstrate conformance to a defined set of criteria, most likely an applicable
standard, regulatory constraint, or a contractual obligation.
As such, audits are intended to provide independent evaluation of compliance to processes, regulations, standards,
etc.
The following are key characteristics of audits:
Conducted and moderated by a lead auditor
Evidence of compliance collected through interviews, witnessing and examining documents
Documented results include observations, recommendations, corrective actions and a pass/fail assessment
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Audits
9. Reviews should be planned to take place at natural break points or milestones within the software project.
Typically, reviews should be held after requirements and design definitions, with associated reviews starting with
the business objectives and working down to the lowest level of design.
Management reviews should take place at major project milestones, often as part of a verification activity before,
during, and after test execution and other significant project phases. The review strategy must be coordinated
with the test policy and the overall test strategy.
Before formulating an overall review plan at the project level, the review leader (who may be a Test Manager)
should take into account:
What should be reviewed (product and processes)
Who should be involved in specific reviews
Which relevant risk factors to cover
Early in the project planning phase, the review leader should identify the items to be reviewed and select the
appropriate review type (informal review, walkthrough, technical review or inspection, or a mixture of two or
three types) and level of formality.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Managing Reviews
10. The return on investment for reviews is the difference between the cost of conducting the review, and the cost of
dealing with the same defects at a later stage (or missing them altogether) if the review had not been done. The
Cost of Quality calculation, can be used to help determine this number.
Determining the optimal time to perform reviews depends on the following:
The availability of the items to review in a sufficiently final format
The availability of the right personnel for the review
The time when the final version of the item should be available
The time required for the review process of that specific item
Adequate metrics for review evaluation should be defined by the review leader during test planning. If inspections
are used, then brief inspections should be conducted at the author's request, as document fragments are
completed (e.g., individual requirements or sections).
The objectives of the review process must be defined during test planning. This includes conducting effective and
efficient reviews and reaching consensus decisions regarding review feedback.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Managing Reviews
11. Review planning should address the risks associated with technical factors, organizational factors and people issues
when performing reviews. The availability of reviewers with sufficient technical knowledge is critical to a
successful review.
All teams within the project should be involved in planning for the reviews, which should ensure that each team is
committed to the success of the review process. Planning must ensure that each organization is allocating
sufficient time for required reviewers to prepare for, and participate in, the reviews at appropriate points in the
project schedule.
Time should also be planned for any required technical or process training for the reviewers. Backup reviewers
should be identified in case key reviewers become unavailable due to changes in personal or business plans.
During the actual execution of formal reviews, the review leader must ensure that:
Adequate measurements are provided by the participants in the reviews to allow evaluation of review
efficiency
Checklists are created, and maintained to improve future reviews
Defect severity and priority evaluation are defined for use in defect management of issues found during
reviews
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Managing Reviews
12. After each review, the review leader should:
Collect the review metrics and ensure that the issues identified are sufficiently resolved to meet the specific
test objectives for the review
Use the review metrics as input when determining the return on investment (ROI) for reviews
Provide feedback information to the relevant stakeholders
Provide feedback to review participants
To evaluate the effectiveness of reviews, Test Managers can compare actual results found in subsequent testing
(i.e., after the reviews) with the results from the review reports. In the case where a work product is reviewed,
approved based on the review, but later found defective, the review leader should consider ways in which the
review process might have allowed the defects to escape.
Likely causes include problems with the review process (e.g., poor entry/exit criteria), improper composition of
the review team, inadequate review tools (checklists, etc.), insufficient reviewer training and experience, and too
little preparation and review meeting time.
A pattern of escaped defects (especially major defects), repeated across several projects, indicates that there are
significant problems with the conduct of reviews.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Managing Reviews
14. Review leaders (who, as mentioned in the previous sections, may be Test Managers) must ensure that metrics are
available to:
Evaluate the quality of the reviewed item
Evaluate the cost of conducting the review
Evaluate the downstream benefit of having conducted the review
Review leaders can use the measurements to determine the return on investment and efficiency of the reviews.
These metrics can also be used for reporting and for process improvement activities.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Metrics for Reviews
15. For each work product reviewed, the following metrics can be measured and reported for product evaluation:
Work-product size (pages, lines of code, etc.)
Preparation time (prior to the review)
Time to conduct the review
Rework time to fix defects
Duration of the review process
Number of defects found and their severity
Identification of defect clusters within the work product (i.e., areas that have a higher defect density)
Type of review (informal review, walkthrough, technical review or inspection)
Average defect density (e.g., defects per page or per thousand lines of code)
Estimated residual defects (or residual defect density)
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Metrics for Reviews
16. For each review the following metrics can be measured and reported for process evaluation:
Defect detection effectiveness (taking into account defects found later in the lifecycle)
Improvement of review process effort and timing
Percent coverage of planned work products
Types of defects found and their severity
Participant surveys about effectiveness and efficiency of the review process
Cost of quality metrics for review defects versus dynamic test defects and production defects
Correlation of review effectiveness (review type versus defect detection effectiveness)
Number of reviewers
Defects found per work-hour expended
Estimated project time saved Average defect effort (i.e., the total detection and fix time divided by the
number of defects)
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Metrics for Reviews
18. The ISTQB Foundation Level syllabus describes the different phases of a formal review: planning, kick-off,
individual preparation, review meeting, rework and follow-up. To correctly implement formal reviews, review
leaders need to ensure that all steps in the review process are followed.
Formal reviews have a number of characteristics such as:
Defined entry and exit criteria
Checklists to be used by the reviewers
Deliverables such as reports, evaluation sheets or other review summary sheets
Metrics for reporting on the review effectiveness, efficiency, and progress
Prior to initiating a formal review, fulfillment of the review prerequisites (as defined in the procedure or in the list
of entry criteria) should be confirmed by the review leader.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Managing Formal Reviews
19. If the prerequisite conditions for the formal review are not fulfilled, the review leader may propose one of the
following to the review authority for final decision:
Redefinition of the review with revised objectives
Corrective actions necessary for the review to proceed
Postponement of the review
As part of controlling a formal review, these reviews are monitored in the context of the overall (higher level)
program, and are associated with project quality assurance activities. Control of formal reviews includes feedback
information using product and process metrics.
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Reviews
Managing Formal Reviews
20. Reviews
1 Testing Process 2 Test Management 3 Reviews
Software Testing - ISTQB Advance
Test Manager Exam Preparation
Chapter 3
Neeraj Kumar Singh
4 Defect Management
5 Improving Process 6 Test Tools 7 People Skills
22. 1. As a test manager, you are participating in a meeting with other members of the project management team. The
agenda of the meeting is to discuss whether the project can begin acceptance testing based on the system test exit
criteria, the acceptance test entry criteria, and other business considerations.
Which of the following statements is true?
Select ONE option.
Answer Set
a. The meeting is a management review, because the project management team is evaluating the situation and
determining the next steps.
b. The meeting is an audit, because the project management team is checking compliance against defined criteria by
checking evidence.
c. The meeting is a management review, because the project management team is checking to ensure that progress is
being made on the project.
d. The meeting is an audit, because the project management team is going to issue a pass/fail assessment against the
criteria. .
Reviews
Sample Question
23. 2. You are the test manager working on an agile project developing information apps. Due to missing and incorrect
functionality reported by users, formal reviews of all user stories are planned. The reviews are led by you, the test
manager. The main objective of the reviews is the agreement of all stakeholders on the user story format,
granularity, completeness, and preciseness. The following persons play the role of reviewers: chief developer (CD),
test analyst (TA), product manager (PM), and domain expert (DE). During the kickoff-meeting, the CD complains
about being pulled off his real duty. After the individual reviews, the following table depicts the number of defects
found by each of the three reviewers:
You have to decide how to proceed with the review. Which of the following options should be chosen by the test
manager?
Select ONE option.
Answer Set
a. Ask for a discussion between the TM and the CD moderated by a third person to get the CD involved.
b. Postpone the review session and redefine the review with the objectives of the CD.
c. Proceed timely with the review session, with the role “scribe” assigned to the CD.
d. Cancel the review, write a report to upper management emphasizing the missing involvement of the CD.
Reviews
Sample Question