The document presents a proposed adaptive approach for subjective answer evaluation. It discusses existing methods that use keyword matching and semantic similarity to evaluate long-form answers. The proposed system extracts keywords from answers, checks for similarity using KNN algorithm while also considering the relationship between keywords and sentences. It further checks for synonyms and similar words using semantic similarity to improve accuracy. Duplication detection is used to compare previous student answers and assign grades based on uniqueness. The system is implemented in ASP.NET and is shown to have better performance than existing methods in features like keywords extraction, synonyms mapping and duplication checking.
The document discusses image interpolation and its use in data hiding. It begins by explaining common interpolation methods like nearest neighbor, bilinear, and bicubic interpolation. It then proposes using neighbor mean interpolation for data hiding. The secret data is embedded in the interpolated image by modifying pixel values in 2x2 blocks. During extraction, the secret bits are recovered from differences between pixel values. An improved method is also presented where pixels are grouped to increase embedding capacity before modifying for data hiding.
1. The normal modes of vibration of a circular membrane under tension can be described by Bessel functions.
2. The boundary condition for a fixed edge membrane requires that the Bessel functions be zero at the membrane radius.
3. This leads to a discrete set of allowed wavenumbers kn,i and associated normal modes of vibration characterized by integers n and i.
This document discusses digital image processing and image enhancement. It provides an introduction to digital image processing and lists some of its applications. It describes two types of image processing - analog and digital. Digital image enhancement is then discussed in more detail, including the goals of enhancement, different techniques, and areas where enhancement is used. The document reviews several image enhancement techniques from literature and identifies some limitations. It then defines the objectives of the proposed work as resolving these limitations and comparing different enhancement techniques to select the best for specific tasks. The methodology describes using MATLAB to acquire, process, enhance and output images.
This document provides an overview and examples of using MATLAB. It introduces MATLAB, describing its origins and applications in fields like aerospace, robotics, and more. It then covers various topics within MATLAB like image processing, reading and writing images, converting images to binary and grayscales, plotting functions, and using GUI tools. Examples of code are provided for tasks like reading images, filtering noise, and capturing video from a webcam. The document also lists some common file extensions used in MATLAB and describes serial communication.
Detection of leaf diseases and classification using digital image processingNaeem Shehzad
In this presentation you can learn how to find leaf disease using k mean algorithm and gray level co-occurrence matrix and support vector machine with complete results.
In this presentation , I mention all the data in very convenient way . I hope you can take it easy.
Thank you
1. The document presents the Viola-Jones object detection framework which uses integral images, AdaBoost learning, and a cascade classifier structure for real-time object detection, such as face detection.
2. It introduces integral images as an image representation for fast feature extraction, AdaBoost for selecting important features, and a cascade structure for increased detection speed while maintaining accuracy.
3. Experiments showed the cascade classifier approach was nearly 10 times faster than a single classifier while maintaining high detection rates, enabling real-time face detection.
Using this software any 50 sec audio message can be decrypted into image file and then original message can again be recovered from image file. This project is coded in Matlab and gui is also built in Matlab.
This document summarizes an internship report submitted by Shikhar Srivastava to Eckovation about a machine learning internship. The internship focused on machine learning applications, algorithms, and implementations. Srivastava's project involved teaching a neural network to recognize handwritten text using the MNIST dataset. He used a random forest classifier algorithm for the project, which creates decision trees from random subsets of training data and aggregates the votes to determine classifications.
This document discusses image segmentation and thresholding techniques. It defines image segmentation as dividing an image into connected regions based on similarity criteria. Thresholding is introduced as a segmentation method that separates pixels into object and background classes based on a threshold value. Automatic thresholding algorithms are described, including calculating an adaptive threshold based on the mean of pixel intensities in each class.
The document describes how to detect lines in an image using the Hough transform. It explains that the Hough transform represents lines in a polar coordinate system and works by plotting the curves for each edge point and finding the intersections, which indicate collinear points that make up a line. It then outlines the steps to apply this technique: 1) load an image, 2) optionally convert to grayscale and blur, 3) perform edge detection using Canny, and 4) detect lines using Hough transform by finding intersections above a threshold.
Annotation tools for ADAS & Autonomous DrivingYu Huang
The document lists over 30 tools for annotating images, videos, and point cloud data. Many of the tools are open source and used for tasks like object detection, segmentation, and labeling. The tools cover a wide range of domains from natural images to LiDAR point clouds and include both online and desktop-based annotation solutions.
This document discusses different types of error free compression techniques including variable-length coding, Huffman coding, and arithmetic coding. It then describes lossy compression techniques such as lossy predictive coding, delta modulation, and transform coding. Lossy compression allows for increased compression by compromising accuracy through the use of quantization. Transform coding performs four steps: decomposition, transformation, quantization, and coding to compress image data.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). CBIR allows users to search for digital images in large databases based on the images' visual contents like color, shape, and texture, rather than keywords. The seminar covers the inspiration for CBIR, different types of image retrieval, how CBIR works by extracting features from images, applications like crime prevention and biomedicine, advantages like efficient searching, and limitations like accuracy issues. The goal of CBIR research is to develop algorithms that can characterize and understand images like human vision.
Recon Outpost system is designed to make available tools for home security and investigators that need to research surrounding ambient with video data in real time. The system can analyse and identify biometric faces in live video, and provide real time surveillance in adverse weather conditions.
Color based image processing , tracking and automation using matlabKamal Pradhan
Image processing is a form of signal processing in which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame. The output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. This project aims at processing the real time images captured by a Webcam for motion detection and Color Recognition and system automation using MATLAB programming.
In color based image processing we work with colors instead of object. Color provides powerful information for object recognition. A simple and effective recognition scheme is to represent and match images on the basis of color histograms.
Tracking refers to detection of the path of the color once the color based processing is done the color becomes the object to be tracked this can be very helpful in security purposes.
Automation refers to an automated system is any system that does not require human intervention. In this project I’ve automated the mouse that work with our gesture and do the desired tasks.
Image Processing using Matlab ( using a built in Highboost filtering,averagin...Majd Khaleel
1) The document describes a student's implementation of highboost filtering in MATLAB. The student used an averaging filter to blur an image, then applied a Laplacian filter with a factor of k=3 to the blurred image, making it sharper than the original.
2) Figures 2.1 and 2.2 show the original image, blurred image, and output of applying the code to the blurred image.
3) The student tested different values of the factor k, including k=5, k=1, k=9, and k=18, and found that the best value was k=1.5.
IRJET- An Automated Approach to Conduct Pune University’s In-Sem ExaminationIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automated system for evaluating descriptive answers on technical exams in Pune University. The system would take students' written answers as input and assess them based on predefined model answers, scoring answers based on keywords, context, structure, and cosine similarity to the model answers. This would help address issues with current evaluation methods like human error, inconsistency, and resource intensiveness. The proposed system uses natural language processing and machine learning techniques to classify answers and determine scores. It aims to provide a more accurate and efficient evaluation process.
Comparison Intelligent Electronic Assessment with Traditional Assessment for ...CSEIJJournal
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as E-examination systems
have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly
designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions.
This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in
instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity.
The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and
grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The
examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing
efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
COMPARISON INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT WITH TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT FOR ...cseij
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as E-examination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity.
The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
COMPARISON INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT WITH TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT FOR ...cseij
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as E-examination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
COMPARISON INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT WITH TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT FOR ...cseij
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as E-examination systems
have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly
designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions.
This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in
instructor and student answers.
INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT FOR SUBJECTIVE EXAMS cscpconf
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as Eexamination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
Online Examination and Evaluation SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on existing online examination and evaluation systems. It reviews 20 papers on different approaches for objective and subjective answer evaluation, including keyword matching, cosine similarity, machine learning algorithms, and natural language processing. The papers describe systems that automate the grading of exams through online proctoring, question banks, and tools to analyze student responses against model answers. The document concludes that a comprehensive examination system is needed that incorporates proctoring, online testing, and evaluation of both subjective and objective question types.
Automated Question Paper Generator And Answer Checker Using Information Retri...Sheila Sinclair
This document summarizes an automated system for generating question papers and checking answers. The system allows faculty to generate randomized question papers that cover selected chapters from a database of questions tagged by type, topic, difficulty level, and cognitive skill. It also proposes an automated scoring approach using Jaro-Winkler string similarity to compare a student's answer to a model answer and assign a score. The system aims to reduce the time and effort required for manual question paper generation and marking by faculty.
The document proposes a new framework called Quasi Framework to detect disengagement in online learning. It analyzes log file data from an online learning system to identify attributes related to disengagement. The framework merges log file information with student database information and uses it to predict disengagement. Experimental results on a real student dataset show the Quasi Framework achieves higher accuracy than an existing system called iHelp, particularly for predicting disengaged students. The study suggests considering both reading and assessment attributes are important for accurate disengagement detection.
The document presents a method for automatically evaluating handwritten student essays using longest common subsequence. It involves 3 phases: 1) constructing a reference material from multiple study materials by comparing sentences semantically, 2) extracting text from scanned handwritten essays using image processing techniques, and 3) grading essays by comparing the extracted text to the reference material using longest common subsequence to calculate a score and assign a grade. The method aims to automatically evaluate essays similar to human evaluation and explores the accuracy and effectiveness of using longest common subsequence for semantic comparison between texts.
Automatic Generation of Multiple Choice Questions using Surface-based Semanti...CSCJournals
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are a popular large-scale assessment tool. MCQs make it much easier for test-takers to take tests and for examiners to interpret their results; however, they are very expensive to compile manually, and they often need to be produced on a large scale and within short iterative cycles. We examine the problem of automated MCQ generation with the help of unsupervised Relation Extraction, a technique used in a number of related Natural Language Processing problems. Unsupervised Relation Extraction aims to identify the most important named entities and terminology in a document and then recognize semantic relations between them, without any prior knowledge as to the semantic types of the relations or their specific linguistic realization. We investigated a number of relation extraction patterns and tested a number of assumptions about linguistic expression of semantic relations between named entities. Our findings indicate that an optimized configuration of our MCQ generation system is capable of achieving high precision rates, which are much more important than recall in the automatic generation of MCQs. Its enhancement with linguistic knowledge further helps to produce significantly better patterns. We furthermore carried out a user-centric evaluation of the system, where subject domain experts from biomedical domain evaluated automatically generated MCQ items in terms of readability, usefulness of semantic relations, relevance, acceptability of questions and distractors and overall MCQ usability. The results of this evaluation make it possible for us to draw conclusions about the utility of the approach in practical e-Learning applications.
Machine Learning Techniques with Ontology for Subjective Answer Evaluationijnlc
Computerized Evaluation of English Essays is performed using Machine learning techniques like Latent
Semantic Analysis (LSA), Generalized LSA, Bilingual Evaluation Understudy and Maximum Entropy.
Ontology, a concept map of domain knowledge, can enhance the performance of these techniques. Use of
Ontology makes the evaluation process holistic as presence of keywords, synonyms, the right word
combination and coverage of concepts can be checked. In this paper, the above mentioned techniques are
implemented both with and without Ontology and tested on common input data consisting of technical
answers of Computer Science. Domain Ontology of Computer Graphics is designed and developed. The
software used for implementation includes Java Programming Language and tools such as MATLAB,
Protégé, etc. Ten questions from Computer Graphics with sixty answers for each question are used for
testing. The results are analyzed and it is concluded that the results are more accurate with use of
Ontology.
A scoring rubric for automatic short answer grading systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
During the past decades, researches about automatic grading have become an interesting issue. These studies focuses on how to make machines are able to help human on assessing students’ learning outcomes. Automatic grading enables teachers to assess student's answers with more objective, consistent, and faster. Especially for essay model, it has two different types, i.e. long essay and short answer. Almost of the previous researches merely developed automatic essay grading (AEG) instead of automatic short answer grading (ASAG). This study aims to assess the sentence similarity of short answer to the questions and answers in Indonesian without any language semantic's tool. This research uses pre-processing steps consisting of case folding, tokenization, stemming, and stopword removal. The proposed approach is a scoring rubric obtained by measuring the similarity of sentences using the string-based similarity methods and the keyword matching process. The dataset used in this study consists of 7 questions, 34 alternative reference answers and 224 student’s answers. The experiment results show that the proposed approach is able to achieve a correlation value between 0.65419 up to 0.66383 at Pearson's correlation, with Mean Absolute Error (푀퐴퐸) value about 0.94994 until 1.24295. The proposed approach also leverages the correlation value and decreases the error value in each method.
Automatic Essay Grading System For Short Answers In English LanguageDon Dooley
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an automatic essay grading system for short answers in English. The system generates alternative model answers using synonyms and evaluates student answers by comparing them to model answers using three algorithms: Common Words, Longest Common Subsequence, and Semantic Distance. The system was tested on 40 questions answered by three students, achieving 82% correlation with human grading, outperforming other state-of-the-art systems.
This document describes a Computer Aided Testing System (CATS) designed to provide insight into students' reasoning patterns. CATS administers online tests and tracks students' responses, including response times and notes made on questions. It aims to emulate paper test-taking strategies. Test questions are randomly selected from pools of various difficulty levels. Student and teacher reports link performance to patterns in students' reasoning to support reflection and improve instruction.
This document summarizes a journal article that evaluates an e-assessment system for automatically scoring short-answer free-text questions. The system uses natural language processing techniques to match student responses to predefined model answers. A study was conducted using this system to assess Open University students. Results found the system could accurately score responses, with accuracy similar to or greater than human markers. The system provides immediate feedback to students to help them learn from mistakes.
Implementation of Semantic Analysis Using Domain OntologyIOSR Journals
The document describes a semantic analysis system that analyzes feedback from an organization using domain ontology. The system first collects feedback data from students in an unstructured format. It then preprocesses the feedback using part-of-speech tagging to extract meaningful information. The system architecture includes preprocessing the feedback, matching entities in the feedback to an organization ontology using Jaccard similarity, and generating a summarized analysis of the feedback based on the ontology entities. The goal is to group related words and phrases expressed by students under the same entity to produce a meaningful summary for the organization.
Question Retrieval in Community Question Answering via NON-Negative Matrix Fa...IRJET Journal
The document proposes using statistical machine translation via non-negative matrix factorization to address word ambiguity and mismatch problems in question retrieval for community question answering systems. It translates questions into other languages using Google Translate to leverage contextual information, representing the original and translated questions together in a matrix. Experimental results on a real CQA dataset show this approach improves over methods relying only on surface text matching.
IRJET- Sentimental Analysis for Students’ Feedback using Machine Learning App...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning approaches to perform sentiment analysis on students' feedback. Specifically, it proposes using a random forest classifier to analyze descriptive feedback collected through an online student portal and classify it as having positive, negative, or neutral sentiment. The proposed system would collect real-time feedback, preprocess it by removing stop words and tagging parts of speech, extract sentiment-related features, and use the trained random forest model to classify unseen feedback with 90% accuracy. The goal is to more accurately analyze both objective and descriptive feedback to evaluate teacher performance.
IRJET- Analysis of Question and Answering Recommendation SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses a literature review on question and answering recommendation systems. It analyzes various techniques used in QA systems including recommendation engines, identifying leading users, frequently asked question detection, and open information extraction. The review identifies the merits and limitations of different approaches to help develop an efficient QA system. Technologies considered for building the system are Flutter, machine learning, Flask, and Dart. The ideal process is identified to make the forum effective across devices.
Similar to An Adaptive Approach for Subjective Answer Evaluation (20)
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This document discusses the importance of leadership in leading an organization towards improvement and development. It states that leadership is responsible for providing a clear vision and strategy to successfully achieve that vision. Effective leadership can impact the success of an organization by controlling its direction and motivating employees. Leadership is different from traditional management in that it guides employees towards organizational goals through open communication and motivation, rather than simply directing work. The paper concludes that only leadership can lead an organization to change according to its evolving environment, while management may simply follow old rules. Leadership is key to adapting to new market needs and trends.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
The document summarizes research on a nano composite polymer gel electrolyte containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Key points:
1. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene polymer was used as the base polymer mixed with propylene carbonate, magnesium perchlorate, and SiO2 nanoparticles to synthesize the nano composite polymer gel electrolyte.
2. The electrolyte was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR which confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and increased amorphous nature of the electrolyte, enhancing its ion conductivity.
3. XRD showed decreased crystallinity and disappearance of polymer peaks upon addition of SiO2. SEM revealed
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
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An Adaptive Approach for Subjective Answer Evaluation
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An Adaptive Approach for Subjective Answer Evaluation
Vishal Bhonsle1
, Priya Sapkal2
, Dipesh Mukadam3
, Prof. Vinit Raut4
Department of Computer Engineering, Viva Institute of Technology, Virar
Abstract: In current academic environment, assignments and home works are very necessary so that students
can increase their final grades. This assignments and home works are checked manually by teachers, due to this
it consumes lots of time and efforts. Due to manual checking sometimes human error may occur which may affect
to student’s grades. Students may misplace their hard copies of assignments because of this they have to rewrite
it again. In order to overcome these problems, the proposed system will convert the manual work to digital, in
which student will submit their assignments to the system and the system will generate and assign appropriate
grades. In the proposed system, by using K Nearest Neighbor Algorithm, it will collect keywords check for the
similarity and will generate similarity score. It will also check the relation of the keyword with respect to sentence.
To comparing the keywords with synonyms and similar meaning words Semantic Similarity Measure algorithm
will be used. After getting the similarity score the grades are assigned accordingly.
Keywords – data mining, duplication, grading system, KNN, semantics, subjective evaluation.
1. INTRODUCTION
In most of the online answer assessment systems almost all of the questions are multiple choice questions
which can be easily evaluated using binary matching. But in our education system most of the question and
answers are not in multiple choice format rather they are long answers which cannot be easily evaluated using
binary matching. These long answers are written by students so these answers are bound to be different for each
student and in order to evaluate this kind of answers a subjective evaluation of the answers is needed. By subjective
evaluation means that the answer written by student should be logically right as each person can write same thing
in their own different way. Previous attempts to evaluate this type of answers only used keyword matching
approach for checking the correctness of the answer, which in on itself is not wrong approach but it doesn’t give
as accurate results as we can expect from a human who is checking the answers. So in order to increase this
accuracy the proposed system will incorporate a synonyms matching approach along with the previously
mentioned method, which is explained in section 3 of this paper. By using the proposed system in our education
system, the tremendous load of evaluating all the term-work of all the student will be reduced from teacher’s side.
Also it will help students in long run as they would have to go through the study material to give answers instead
of just copying the whole work without going through it. And this system will help students to get a fair evaluation
for their work on the quality of the efforts they put in it.
2. RELATED WORKS
An There are some automatic scoring systems found in literature. These system uses K- Nearest
Neighboring algorithm [3] [6] for subjective scoring. To assign the scores the main process involves generation
of supplied test set, split the answer text to the list of words or phrases and lastly apply KNN classifier. To check
the similarity, word matching and word ordering is done if word gets matched and have the same ordering the
result shows the similarity is high. As per the similarity scores are generated. W. Xueli, J. Zhiyong, Y. Dahai [10]
proposed a system where K-nearest neighboring algorithm based kernel method and attribute reduction is used
for characteristics simplicity and efficiency so that accurate result can obtain. By comparing the base KNN
algorithm and purpose algorithm by using four UCI dataset. Then the best result is shown that stepwise KNN
algorithm works better than the original KNN algorithm.
R. Goswami, S. Karmakar, A. Bisai, A.R. Pal proposed a system for a long answer evaluation that has
been done by using lexical and semantic measures [2]. In this user answers are paired or matched with the standard
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answer which the examiner will give by using lexical similarity measure. The system resolves and find accuracy
according to human decision. Now in next step both the answers are compared using semantic similarity
synonymous words of the keywords from both the answers are taken from the semantic dictionary. K. Meena, R.
Lawrance proposes Assessment algorithm [4] for evaluation of detailed type answer. For reducing the size of
answer preprocessing is done. It includes pruning and stemming. After this clustering is done using self-organizing
map. The cosine similarity formula is applied in each cluster and checked for the similarity by comparing the
vectors. After getting the result the scores are assigned to the detailed type answers.
P.A.A. Dumarl, W.K.D Shanika, S.A.D. Pathinayake [5] proposed an E-learning systems which has gain
a greater attraction in the field of using online educational resources. This research study has based on developing
a system to optimize the evaluation of text based answers automatically and to overcome the issues which has not
been addressed by the existing systems. In this research it has been addressed structured and essay type questions.
By referencing to prior work, this project solution has come up with a total solution where the tutors can add
questions to the question-bank, creating assignments and get the final scores automatically. The learners are
facilitated in providing the answers for the assessments and get feedback immediately.
For duplication detection, R. Sutoyo, I. Ramadhani, A.D. Ardiatma [1] proposed two algorithms which
are used that is winnowing algorithm and web-based k-gram for detection of documents similarity. The work of
robin karp is to search for the substring pattern in text using hashing algorithm and k gram method. Work of
winnowing is that it uses the window containing the hash value. The smallest values of each winnow is selected.
Plagiarism level can be determined based on the degree of similarity in the use of words that appear in sequence
in document. E.M.B. Nagoudi, H. Cherroul, A. Alshehri proposed the two approaches that have been done to
assist uses in detecting plagiarism in Arabic natural language text. The first approach is on word embedding [12],
word alignment and words weighting so that semantic similarity relation among the text will be searched. The
second approach was on machine learning where the characters will get performed at the sentence level. After the
lexical feature is used to assist the detection task.
For Spell checking V.V. Bhaire, A.A. Jadhav, P.A. Pashte proposed a system using autosuggestion
technique [8] for spell checking and correction. The main goal of the spell checker is to provide unified treatment
of various spell correction. Y. Bassi, M. Alwani proposed ‘spell checking’ which is the process which in any text
document detects and suggest corrections for incorrectly spelled words. This paper proposes context-sensitive
spelling correction method [7] for detection along with correction for misspelled words in digital text documents.
The proposed method comprises an error detector that detects misspellings, a candidate spellings generator based
on a character 2-gram model that generates correction suggestions, and an error corrector that performs contextual
error correction. F Ahmed, E. Willian De Luca, A. Nürnberger [9] proposed a system called ‘language-
independent spell-checker’ is a tool that is based on an enhanced n-gram model. N. Gupta, P. Mathur [11]
proposed a system in which various spell checking techniques are used to find the text with error. In developing
upon the type of error, non-word error and real word error. If error is detected for any word. In the sentence spell
checker search the proper word or matches the word from the dictionary that resemble the error of the word.
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
From the above literature study the system is proposed for subjective answer evaluation. The system
first receives solution sets from admin and student’s answers. Then stop words are removed from them in order
to generate keywords. After keyword generation it checks for similarity and by calculating similarity it also checks
the relation of the keywords along with sentences with the sentences in the dataset which finds the exact similarity
and correctness of the sentence with the datasets. If the sentences match with the datasets it generates similarity
score as per the overlapping percentage. It also checks the synonyms and similar words before relating the
keywords in order to increase the accuracy of the overlap. Data duplication technique is used to compare the
previous answers submitted by students and on the basis of uniqueness of answers, grades are generated. The
proposed system is explained using fig 1, fig 2 and fig 3.
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Fig. 1. Admin Model
As shown in fig. 1, admin first inputs question and answers in the system, which are saved in database.
Along with it stop words such as “a”, “an”, “the”, “but” etc. are removed and remaining answer is send to Answer
Evaluation Section.
Fig. 2. Student Model
As shown in fig. 2 student types their answers as a input in the system, which are saved in database.
Along with it, stop words such as “a”, “an”, “the”, “but” etc. are removed and remaining answer is send to Answer
Evaluation Section.
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Fig. 3. System Flow
In this system, firstly the solution set from admin and student answers are collected in text format from
this solution sets stop words are removed from both administrators as well as student’s solution set. After that
keywords are extracted from the remaining words. While keyword matching, keywords are matched with both the
sets along with this relation of the keywords are analysed using K- Nearest Neighboring algorithm. The remaining
words which are not matched in previous steps are checked for synonyms and similar meaning words using
semantic similarity measuring algorithm. For duplication checking which is based on timestamp provided to each
answers submitted by students the solution of the students are checked. Depending on the duplication level and
the similarity score generated by KNN and Semantic Analysis Grades are assigned to each student. A detailed
report of the solution of the student is generated by system and is saved in .pdf format also this report is sent to
respective student.
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4. IMPLEMENTATION
The proposed system is implemented in ASP.NET. The .NET Framework is a computing platform that
simplifies application development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. ASP .NET can use to
develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to
applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.
5. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
The below Table 1, shows the results of the Features analysis on various parameters for Subjective
Answer Evaluation. The table shows that the proposed system derives better results than all the systems referred
so far.
TABLE 1. FEATURES ANALYSIS ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR SUBJECTIVE ANSWER EVALUATION
Features Keywords Extraction Synonyms mapping Duplication checking
K.Sriwanna [3] More Not Available Not Available
R. Goswami [2] More More Not Available
P.A.A Dumal [5] Less More Not Available
Proposed system More More Available
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In this paper, we have studied various methods for evaluating answers which contained various keyword
matching algorithms, semantics approach toward the problem as well as different duplication detection method to
further advanced the system for subjective answer evaluation. As for evaluation of any long type answer, only
keyword matching is not sufficient but the relation of those keywords for their given sentence should be subjective
or in relation with each other. Among all these K-Nearest Neighboring algorithm along with semantic similarity
measure gives better accuracy for evaluating subjective type answers. As in this system, while pre-processing
most of the notations and symbols are removed it becomes easy to overlap the text but in case of mathematical
problems the pre-processing removes most of the important symbols and features. So for mathematical questions
it gives poor results as compared to textual format questions. This system can be implemented for an education
institutes for evaluation of term work of students. As manually checking all students term work can be very hectic
work for teachers. In future work, the system should be able to evaluate the mathematical type content and should
give the score.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Sutoyo, I. Ramadhani, A.D. Ardiatma, “Detecting Documents Plagiarism using Winnowing Algorithm and K-Gram
Method”, IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Computational Intelligence 2017.
[2] R. Goswami, S. Karmakar, A. Bisai, A.R. Pal, “A Knowledge based Approach for Long Answer Evaluation”, 2017 2nd
IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends in Electronics Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT).
[3] K. Sriwanna, “Text Classification for Subjective Scoring Using K-Nearest Neighbours”, The 3rd International
Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (ICDAMT2018).
[4] K. Meena, R. Lawrance, “Semantic Similarity Based Assessment of Descriptive Type Answers”, 2016.
[5] P.A.A Dumal, W.K.D Shanika, S.A.D Pathinayake, T.C. Sandanayake, “Adaptive and Automated Online Assessment
Evaluation System”, 2017 11th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and
Applications (SKIMA).
[6] Y. Zhao, Y. Qian, C. Li, “Improved KNN Text Classification Algorithm with MapReduce Implementation”, The 2017
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4th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2017).
[7] Y. Bassil, M. Alwani, “Context-sensitive Spelling Correction Using Google Web 1T 5-Gram”, LACSC - Lebanese
Association for Computational Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon.
[8] V. Bhaire, A. Jadhav, P. Pashte, P.G. Magdum, “Spell checker”, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, April 2015.
[9] F. Ahmed, E.W. De Luca, A. Nürnberger, “Revised N-Gram based Automatic Spelling Correction Tool to Improve
Retrieval Effectiveness”, 2009.
[10] W. XueliˈJiang, Z. Dahai, “An Improved KNN algorithm Based on Kernel Methods and Attribute Reduction”, 2015 Fifth
International Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control.
[11] N. Gupta, P. Mathur, “Spell Checking Techniques in NLP”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science and Software Engineering, 2012.
[12] E.M.B. Nagoudi, H. Cherroun, A. Alshehri, “Disguised Plagiarism Detection in Arabic Text Documents”, 2018.
1.