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SOFTWARE TESTING - I
Software Testing – Introduction Quality Principles Software Process SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) Project Management Contents
Requirement Management Configuration Management Software Testing Fundamentals Testing Policy Vs Quality Policy Testing Economics and Testing Cost Testing Levels Testing Techniques Contents
Test Maturity Criteria Verification Process Test Level Model Special Test Types Test Standards Testing Process Contents

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Author : Mr. Ankit Prajapati (Sr. Software Analyst) Below topics are covered in this presentation !!!  Software Testing  Skills required for Software Testing  Methods of Software Testing  Levels of Software Testing  Types of Software Testing  SDLC vs STLC  Test Management (Defect Life Cycle)  Deliverables of Software Testing  Automation Testing  Difference (Manual vs Automation)  Automation Testing Tools  References YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTPh4kHgbdM

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manual-testing
manual-testingmanual-testing
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The document discusses agile testing approaches and their benefits. Key points include: 1. Agile testing involves testing from the beginning of a project and continually throughout its lifecycle. This helps specify requirements in terms of tests and ensure 100% test coverage. 2. Keeping testers, developers, and customers in close communication helps eliminate errors caused by making incorrect assumptions. 3. Breaking projects into smaller iterations provides frequent feedback on the project's state. Many teams are successfully using agile testing to improve quality. 4. Adopting agile testing requires some training and workspace changes but yields advantages like collaborating to build in quality from the start.

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Software testing is the process of evaluation a software item to detect differences between given input and expected output. Also to assess the feature of A software item. Testing assesses the quality of the product. Software testing is a process that should be done during the development process. In other words software testing is a verification and validation process. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a computer program/application/product: • meets the requirements that guided its design and development, • works as expected, • can be implemented with the same characteristics, • and satisfies the needs of stakeholders. Software Development Process Cycle:-  PLAN (P): Device a plan. Define your objective and determine the strategy and supporting methods required to achieve that objective.  DO (D): Execute the plan. Create the conditions and perform the necessary training to execute the plan.  CHECK (C): Check the results. Check to determine whether work is progressing according to the plan and whether the results are obtained.  ACTION (A): Take the necessary and appropriate action if checkup reveals that the work is not being performed according to plan or not as anticipated.

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Software Testing STATIC DYNAMIC Structural Testing (White Box testing) Functional Testing (Black Box testing) Logical Errors Nothing else but functioning
Testing A Process of evaluating a particular product to determine whether the product contain any defects Software Testing Software Testing is a process of evaluating a system by manual or automatic means and verify that it satisfies specified requirements or identify differences between expected and actual results.
Why Software Testing ? Error Free Efficient  Secured Flexible Software Testing is important as it may cause mission failure, impact on operational performance and reliable if not done properly.
QUALITY PRINCIPLES Quality is defined as meeting the Customer’s requirements in the First time and Every time. Quality is much more than the absence of defects, which allows us to meet customer’s expectations. There are five perspective of quality- they are…

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This document provides an introduction to software testing. It discusses software engineering and the software development life cycle (SDLC). The phases of the SDLC include problem definition, requirement analysis, planning, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Testing goals are to prevent and discover bugs. Different levels of testing include unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. The document also discusses testing concepts like the pesticide paradox, dichotomies between testing and debugging, and whether complete testing is possible.

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Testing software is conducted to ensure the system meets user needs and requirements. The primary objectives of testing are to verify that the right system was built according to specifications and that it was built correctly. Testing helps instill user confidence, ensures functionality and performance, and identifies any issues where the system does not meet specifications. Different types of testing include unit, integration, system, and user acceptance testing, which are done at various stages of the software development life cycle.

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This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.

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Software Quality Critical Quality Attributes Maintainability Dependability Efficiency Usability Other Attributes Completeness Compatibility Portability Internationalization Understandability Scalability Robustness Testability Reusability Customizability
Five perspective of quality 1.  Transcendent-I know when I see it. 2.  Product based- possesses desired features 3. User based – Fitness for use. 4. Development and manufacturing based – Confirms to requirements. 5. Value based – At an acceptable cost.
Why Quality? Quality is the most important factor affecting an organization's long-term performance.  Quality is the way to achieve improved productivity and competitiveness in any organization.
Cost of Quality The three categories of costs associated with producing quality products are Prevention cost : Money required to prevent errors and to do the job right the first time. Appraisal costs : Money Spent to review completed product against requirement. Failure costs : This cost associated with defective products that have been delivered to the user or moved into production.

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The document discusses the bug life cycle and defect reporting process. It defines what a bug is and outlines the typical stages a defect goes through from initial reporting as "New" to being ultimately "Closed" after being addressed. Key stages include assignment to a developer, the developer fixing and testing the fix, reopening if needed, and closing once resolved. Defects can also be rejected, deferred, or marked as duplicates. Reporting is typically done through a standardized defect report form that captures details to help reproduce and resolve the issue. Project management tools can also be used to log and track defects.

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This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like black-box testing and white-box testing. Black-box testing treats the software as a black box without any knowledge of internal implementation, while white-box testing has access to internal data structures and algorithms. The document also covers topics like functional vs non-functional testing, defects and failures, compatibility, and the roles of different teams involved in software testing.

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Software Testing - Defect/Bug Life Cycle - Complete Flow Chart of Defect States
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The document discusses the bug life cycle in software development. It defines a bug as abnormal software behavior and explains that bugs go through various states as part of a standardized life cycle process. The states are new, open, assign, test, verified, deferred, reopened, duplicate, rejected, and closed. Each state is described in terms of when a bug attains that label and what it means for the bug resolution process.

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Quality Assurance  Vs  Quality Control Quality Assurance  - process oriented        (Software development) - Defect prevention    (Identify & Rectify)  Quality Control Product Oriented (quality of the entire product is checked or tested) Defect detection
Software Process A particular method of doing some thing, generally involving a number of steps or operations is a process. The process that deals with the technical and management issues of software development is called Software Process.
Software Process Process – Projects – Products  A software process specifies a method of developing software. A software project, on the other hand, is a development project in which a software process is used. A Software product is the outcome of a software project.
ACT DO CHECK PLAN Planning & Designing Coding & Production Testing & Evaluating Necessary Actions

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This document provides an overview of software testing methods and automation testing. It discusses what software testing is, why it is necessary, and different types of testing like smoke testing, regression testing, and formal testing. It also covers the software development life cycle. The document compares manual and automation testing and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides details on Selenium, a popular tool for automation testing, including features of Selenium IDE, WebDriver, and Grid. The overall purpose is to introduce various software testing concepts and an automation testing tool.

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Slides from Software Testing Techniques course offered at Kansas State University in Spring'16 and Spring'17. Entire course material can be found at https://github.com/rvprasad/software-testing-course.

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Plan : Device a plan.  Define your objective and determine and strategy and supporting methods required to achieve that objective. Do : executive the plan.  Create the conditions and perform the necessary training to execute the plan. Check : Check the results.  Check to determine whether work is progressing according to the plan and whether the results are obtained.
SDLC (SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE) Overview of Software Development Activities Introduction to Various Lifecycles
Agenda Team Organization Deliverable Turn-in Project Assignments to be posted on the web-site Introduction to Software Development Activities Survey of Lifecycle Models
Software Engineering Layered Technology Key Process Areas Tools Methods Process Quality

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Capability Maturity Model Developed by SEI(Software Engineering Integration) Five Process Maturity Levels Level 0:  Chaos Level 1:  Initial Level 2:  Repeatable Level 3:  Defined Level 4:  Managed Level 5:  Optimizing
Process Principles Prescribes all major activities Uses resources, within a set of constraints, to produce intermediate and final products May be composed of sub-processes Each activity has entry and exit criteria Activities are organized in a sequence Has a set of guiding principles to explain goals Constraints may apply to activity, resource or product
The six Stages of SDLC process are Requirement Analysis Design Development Testing Implementation Maintenance
Requirement Analysis Study done by organization against customer’s requirement is documented as SRAS( software requirement analysis specification) The main objective of the requirements analysis is to produce a document that properly specifies all requirements of the customer.  SRS(Software Requirement Specification) is the primary output of this phase.

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The document discusses several key aspects of manual testing, including: - What makes a good test engineer, including having a "test to break" attitude and strong communication skills. - The qualities of a good QA engineer, such as understanding the software development process. - The traits of a good test manager, like maintaining team enthusiasm and communicating with different stakeholders. - The importance of documentation in QA and having repeatable practices. - The significance of requirements and ensuring they are clear, testable, and involve all relevant customers.

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Testing is the process of identifying bugs and ensuring software meets requirements. It involves executing programs under different conditions to check specification, functionality, and performance. The objectives of testing are to uncover errors, demonstrate requirements are met, and validate quality with minimal cost. Testing follows a life cycle including planning, design, execution, and reporting. Different methodologies like black box and white box testing are used at various levels from unit to system. The overall goal is to perform effective testing to deliver high quality software.

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Design Process Decompose entire project into units / modules and prepare dataflow diagram and communication. CDD(Comprehensive Design Document)  = HCL + LLD Design Process HCD LLD High Level Design Low Level Design
HLD High-Level Design (system Design) High-level design is the phase of the life cycle when a logical view of the computer implementation of the solution to the customer requirements is developed.
LLD Low Level Design (Detailed Design) During the detailed design phase, the view of the application developed during the high level design is broken down into modules and programs.  Logic design is done for every program.
Coding and unit testing During the build phase, the detailed design is used to produce the required programs in a programming language.  This stage produces the source code, executable, and databases applicable.

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Testing Unit testing Integration testing System testing STATIC(Reviewing) DYNAMIC (Execution)
Integration testing Integration is a systematic approach to building the complete software structure specified in the design from unit-tested modules. Integration plan must specify the order in which the modules are integrated.
System Testing System testing is an activity to validate the software product against the requirement specification. This stage is intended to find defects that can be exposed only by testing the entire system.
Acceptance and Installation Acceptance and installation is the phase in the software life cycle during which a software product is integrated into its operational environment and tested in this environment to ensure that it performs as required. The two basic tasks- getting the software accepted and installing the software at the customer site.

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This document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions, types of testing, and the software testing lifecycle. It defines software testing as a method to assess software functionality. The key points covered are: - Software testing ensures software does what it's intended to do and remains functional after changes. - Types of testing include unit, integration, system, and regression testing. - The software testing lifecycle includes planning, developing test cases, executing tests, and closing test cycles. - Cloud testing can reduce regression testing time by using virtualized hardware and software services.

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Software testing is a process used to identify issues and ensure quality in developed software. It involves techniques like unit testing of individual code components, integration testing of interface between components, and system testing of the full application. While exhaustive testing of all possible inputs is not feasible due to time constraints, techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and error guessing help prioritize test cases. The goal is to thoroughly test the most important and error-prone areas with the time available.

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Project Management Project Management is nothing but organising, Planning,ans scheduling software projects. Project staffing Project planning Project scheduling Project monitoring
Risk Management Software Risks  1. Risk identification : Identify project, product and business risks. 2. Risk analysis : Assess the likelihood and consequences of these risks. 3. Risk planning : Draw up plans to avoid or minimize the effects of the risk. 4. Risk monitoring : Monitor the risks throughout the project
Requirements Management Requirements management is managing changes in the evolving software in a cost effective manner.  Changes may come externally or internally. External changes may be due to problem,customer, environment. Internal changes may be due to requirements, design, implementation, testing, maintenance
Configuration Management Standards and procedures for managing changes in an evolving software product is configuration management.  New versions of software systems are created as they change for different machines/OS, offering different functionality. Software systems are sometimes called baselines as they are a starting point for further development.

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Verification and release management Invent identification scheme for system versions plan when new system version is to be produced.  Ensure that version management procedures and tools and properly applied.  Plan and distribute new system releases.
version/variants/releases Version : An instance of a system, which is functionally distinct in some way from other system instances. Variant: An instance of a system, which is functionally identical but non-functionally distinct from other instances of a system. Release : An instance of a system, which is distributed to users outside of the development team.
Version derivation structure V 1.1 V 1.2 V 1.1a V 1.1b V 1.1.1 V 2.0 V 1.0 V 2.1 V 2.2
Software Testing Fundamentals Primary role of software testing? determine whether the system meets specification (producer view) determine whether the system meets business and user needs (customer view).

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STF What is Defects ? The purpose of testing is to find defects.  A defect is a variance from a desired product attribute.  Two categories of defects are Variance from product specifications. Variance from customer/user expectation.
Defects 1. Wrong : The specifications have been implemented incorrectly.  This defect is a variance from customer / user specification. (correctly mentioned in specification but wrongly implemented) 2. Missing : A specified or wanted requirement is not in the built product.  This can be a variance from specification, an indication that the specification was not implemented.  ( given in specification but missed out in application) 3. Extra : A requirement incorporated into the product that was not specified.  This is always a variance from specifications, but may the user of the product desire an attribute. (any thing that dissatisfies)
Test case Set of procedures written by a tester which execute in our system to find defect. Positive test case negative test case A test case is said to be effective only when both positive and negative cases are prepared.
Testing Economics & Cost Traditional Testing   Continuous Testing    Accumulated Accumulated Test cost Error  Error Test cost   Remaining Remaining   0     20   10   $ 10   0   40   15   $ 25   0   60   18   $ 42 $ 480   12   4   $ 182 $1690    0   0   $ 582 Requirement Design Code Testing Production

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This document discusses software engineering and software testing. Software engineering is concerned with developing large software through applying engineering principles. The challenge is to produce high quality software within budget and schedule constraints. Software testing is the process of finding errors in software and involves both manual and automated testing. Different types of testing include unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. The goal of testing is to uncover defects early and reduce costs.

TESTING LEVELS Unit Testing Integration Testing System Testing Acceptance Testing
Unit Testing Unit testing is a testing in which the individual unit of the software are tested in isolation from other parts of a program. Advantage  : To catch the defects that occurs at the early stage of software development. To minimize the ration of defects before moving to next level
Integration Testing Integration testing refers to the testing in which  software units of an application combined and tested for a communication interfaces between them. Big Bang Testing Bottom Up Testing Top Down Testing
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Big Bang Testing A type of integration in which software components of an application are combined all at once into a overall system according to this approach Advantage :   To check the data flow from one module to another Communication between various modules is checked
Integration Bottom-up Integration testing : In bottom up integration, all modules are added or combined from lower level hierarchy to higher level hierarchy I.e., the lower level model is tested in isolation first, then the next set of higher level modules are tested with the previously tested lower modules. Worker modules are grouped into builds and integrated.

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16103271 software-testing-ppt

  • 2. Software Testing – Introduction Quality Principles Software Process SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) Project Management Contents
  • 3. Requirement Management Configuration Management Software Testing Fundamentals Testing Policy Vs Quality Policy Testing Economics and Testing Cost Testing Levels Testing Techniques Contents
  • 4. Test Maturity Criteria Verification Process Test Level Model Special Test Types Test Standards Testing Process Contents
  • 5. Software Testing STATIC DYNAMIC Structural Testing (White Box testing) Functional Testing (Black Box testing) Logical Errors Nothing else but functioning
  • 6. Testing A Process of evaluating a particular product to determine whether the product contain any defects Software Testing Software Testing is a process of evaluating a system by manual or automatic means and verify that it satisfies specified requirements or identify differences between expected and actual results.
  • 7. Why Software Testing ? Error Free Efficient Secured Flexible Software Testing is important as it may cause mission failure, impact on operational performance and reliable if not done properly.
  • 8. QUALITY PRINCIPLES Quality is defined as meeting the Customer’s requirements in the First time and Every time. Quality is much more than the absence of defects, which allows us to meet customer’s expectations. There are five perspective of quality- they are…
  • 9. Software Quality Critical Quality Attributes Maintainability Dependability Efficiency Usability Other Attributes Completeness Compatibility Portability Internationalization Understandability Scalability Robustness Testability Reusability Customizability
  • 10. Five perspective of quality 1. Transcendent-I know when I see it. 2. Product based- possesses desired features 3. User based – Fitness for use. 4. Development and manufacturing based – Confirms to requirements. 5. Value based – At an acceptable cost.
  • 11. Why Quality? Quality is the most important factor affecting an organization's long-term performance. Quality is the way to achieve improved productivity and competitiveness in any organization.
  • 12. Cost of Quality The three categories of costs associated with producing quality products are Prevention cost : Money required to prevent errors and to do the job right the first time. Appraisal costs : Money Spent to review completed product against requirement. Failure costs : This cost associated with defective products that have been delivered to the user or moved into production.
  • 13. Quality Assurance Vs Quality Control Quality Assurance - process oriented (Software development) - Defect prevention (Identify & Rectify) Quality Control Product Oriented (quality of the entire product is checked or tested) Defect detection
  • 14. Software Process A particular method of doing some thing, generally involving a number of steps or operations is a process. The process that deals with the technical and management issues of software development is called Software Process.
  • 15. Software Process Process – Projects – Products A software process specifies a method of developing software. A software project, on the other hand, is a development project in which a software process is used. A Software product is the outcome of a software project.
  • 16. ACT DO CHECK PLAN Planning & Designing Coding & Production Testing & Evaluating Necessary Actions
  • 17. Plan : Device a plan. Define your objective and determine and strategy and supporting methods required to achieve that objective. Do : executive the plan. Create the conditions and perform the necessary training to execute the plan. Check : Check the results. Check to determine whether work is progressing according to the plan and whether the results are obtained.
  • 18. SDLC (SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE) Overview of Software Development Activities Introduction to Various Lifecycles
  • 19. Agenda Team Organization Deliverable Turn-in Project Assignments to be posted on the web-site Introduction to Software Development Activities Survey of Lifecycle Models
  • 20. Software Engineering Layered Technology Key Process Areas Tools Methods Process Quality
  • 21. Capability Maturity Model Developed by SEI(Software Engineering Integration) Five Process Maturity Levels Level 0: Chaos Level 1: Initial Level 2: Repeatable Level 3: Defined Level 4: Managed Level 5: Optimizing
  • 22. Process Principles Prescribes all major activities Uses resources, within a set of constraints, to produce intermediate and final products May be composed of sub-processes Each activity has entry and exit criteria Activities are organized in a sequence Has a set of guiding principles to explain goals Constraints may apply to activity, resource or product
  • 23. The six Stages of SDLC process are Requirement Analysis Design Development Testing Implementation Maintenance
  • 24. Requirement Analysis Study done by organization against customer’s requirement is documented as SRAS( software requirement analysis specification) The main objective of the requirements analysis is to produce a document that properly specifies all requirements of the customer. SRS(Software Requirement Specification) is the primary output of this phase.
  • 25. Design Process Decompose entire project into units / modules and prepare dataflow diagram and communication. CDD(Comprehensive Design Document) = HCL + LLD Design Process HCD LLD High Level Design Low Level Design
  • 26. HLD High-Level Design (system Design) High-level design is the phase of the life cycle when a logical view of the computer implementation of the solution to the customer requirements is developed.
  • 27. LLD Low Level Design (Detailed Design) During the detailed design phase, the view of the application developed during the high level design is broken down into modules and programs. Logic design is done for every program.
  • 28. Coding and unit testing During the build phase, the detailed design is used to produce the required programs in a programming language. This stage produces the source code, executable, and databases applicable.
  • 29. Testing Unit testing Integration testing System testing STATIC(Reviewing) DYNAMIC (Execution)
  • 30. Integration testing Integration is a systematic approach to building the complete software structure specified in the design from unit-tested modules. Integration plan must specify the order in which the modules are integrated.
  • 31. System Testing System testing is an activity to validate the software product against the requirement specification. This stage is intended to find defects that can be exposed only by testing the entire system.
  • 32. Acceptance and Installation Acceptance and installation is the phase in the software life cycle during which a software product is integrated into its operational environment and tested in this environment to ensure that it performs as required. The two basic tasks- getting the software accepted and installing the software at the customer site.
  • 33. Project Management Project Management is nothing but organising, Planning,ans scheduling software projects. Project staffing Project planning Project scheduling Project monitoring
  • 34. Risk Management Software Risks 1. Risk identification : Identify project, product and business risks. 2. Risk analysis : Assess the likelihood and consequences of these risks. 3. Risk planning : Draw up plans to avoid or minimize the effects of the risk. 4. Risk monitoring : Monitor the risks throughout the project
  • 35. Requirements Management Requirements management is managing changes in the evolving software in a cost effective manner. Changes may come externally or internally. External changes may be due to problem,customer, environment. Internal changes may be due to requirements, design, implementation, testing, maintenance
  • 36. Configuration Management Standards and procedures for managing changes in an evolving software product is configuration management. New versions of software systems are created as they change for different machines/OS, offering different functionality. Software systems are sometimes called baselines as they are a starting point for further development.
  • 37. Verification and release management Invent identification scheme for system versions plan when new system version is to be produced. Ensure that version management procedures and tools and properly applied. Plan and distribute new system releases.
  • 38. version/variants/releases Version : An instance of a system, which is functionally distinct in some way from other system instances. Variant: An instance of a system, which is functionally identical but non-functionally distinct from other instances of a system. Release : An instance of a system, which is distributed to users outside of the development team.
  • 39. Version derivation structure V 1.1 V 1.2 V 1.1a V 1.1b V 1.1.1 V 2.0 V 1.0 V 2.1 V 2.2
  • 40. Software Testing Fundamentals Primary role of software testing? determine whether the system meets specification (producer view) determine whether the system meets business and user needs (customer view).
  • 41. STF What is Defects ? The purpose of testing is to find defects. A defect is a variance from a desired product attribute. Two categories of defects are Variance from product specifications. Variance from customer/user expectation.
  • 42. Defects 1. Wrong : The specifications have been implemented incorrectly. This defect is a variance from customer / user specification. (correctly mentioned in specification but wrongly implemented) 2. Missing : A specified or wanted requirement is not in the built product. This can be a variance from specification, an indication that the specification was not implemented. ( given in specification but missed out in application) 3. Extra : A requirement incorporated into the product that was not specified. This is always a variance from specifications, but may the user of the product desire an attribute. (any thing that dissatisfies)
  • 43. Test case Set of procedures written by a tester which execute in our system to find defect. Positive test case negative test case A test case is said to be effective only when both positive and negative cases are prepared.
  • 44. Testing Economics & Cost Traditional Testing Continuous Testing Accumulated Accumulated Test cost Error Error Test cost Remaining Remaining 0 20 10 $ 10 0 40 15 $ 25 0 60 18 $ 42 $ 480 12 4 $ 182 $1690 0 0 $ 582 Requirement Design Code Testing Production
  • 45. TESTING LEVELS Unit Testing Integration Testing System Testing Acceptance Testing
  • 46. Unit Testing Unit testing is a testing in which the individual unit of the software are tested in isolation from other parts of a program. Advantage : To catch the defects that occurs at the early stage of software development. To minimize the ration of defects before moving to next level
  • 47. Integration Testing Integration testing refers to the testing in which software units of an application combined and tested for a communication interfaces between them. Big Bang Testing Bottom Up Testing Top Down Testing
  • 48. Big Bang Testing Module - 1 System Module - 4 Module - 2 Module - 3 Module - 5 Module - 6
  • 49. Big Bang Testing A type of integration in which software components of an application are combined all at once into a overall system according to this approach Advantage : To check the data flow from one module to another Communication between various modules is checked
  • 50. Integration Bottom-up Integration testing : In bottom up integration, all modules are added or combined from lower level hierarchy to higher level hierarchy I.e., the lower level model is tested in isolation first, then the next set of higher level modules are tested with the previously tested lower modules. Worker modules are grouped into builds and integrated.

Editor's Notes

  1. Software testing – 2
  2. Qp-2