SCADA systems are used to monitor and control equipment and processes in industries like oil/gas, water treatment, and manufacturing. They gather data in real-time from remote locations and send control commands back. SCADA has evolved through 3 generations from standalone monolithic systems to distributed systems on local networks to today's networked systems using open standards and wide area networks. Security issues need to be addressed like encrypting communications, securing devices, auditing networks, and implementing threat protection. The future of SCADA involves more sophisticated systems that can handle huge data volumes and territories with some having artificial intelligence capabilities.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control geographically dispersed industrial processes. A SCADA system consists of field devices like PLCs and RTUs that connect to sensors and convert signals to digital data. This data is communicated to a control center via telemetry where it is processed by a data acquisition server and presented to human operators through an HMI. The system allows operators to monitor and control the industrial process. SCADA has evolved from early monolithic centralized systems to modern distributed and networked systems that utilize open standards and protocols to distribute functionality across a wide area network. SCADA is commonly used in applications like power generation, water treatment, oil and gas pipelines, and more.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems monitor and control industrial processes that are distributed over large geographical areas. They progressed through 3 generations - from co-located control in the 1970s to networked systems connected to external networks in the 2000s. A typical SCADA system has hardware components like PLCs and field devices, and software for communication, interfacing, scalability, and functionality like access control, alarms, trending, and automation through scripting. SCADA provides cost-effective monitoring and control for industrial processes compared to distributed control systems.
This document discusses industrial automation using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It describes the Mecstech group which provides industrial automation training and services. PLCs are microprocessor-based controllers that can be programmed to automate industrial processes by replacing mechanical relays. SCADA systems allow users to create visualizations of industrial processes using data collected from PLCs to monitor and control the system remotely. The document provides an overview of PLC and SCADA components, programming, communication between the two, and benefits of automation.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control geographically dispersed systems. They involve data acquisition from sensors, transmission of data via communication networks to a central control system, data presentation through HMIs, and remote control of equipment. Key components include RTUs that interface with field sensors and devices, programmable logic controllers that connect to sensors and convert signals to digital data, and HMIs that present data to operators and allow control of the system. SCADA systems are commonly used in industries like oil and gas, water treatment, manufacturing, and electric power grids.
Supervisory Contro and Data Acquisition - SCADAAhmed Elsayed
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA as combining telemetry and data acquisition to collect information from remote sites, transfer it back to a central location, analyze the data, and display it for operators. The key benefits of SCADA are remote monitoring and control to reduce costs. Core SCADA components are the master terminal unit, remote terminal units, communication network, and software interface. Typical configurations connect one master station to multiple remote stations or allow direct peer-to-peer connections between all sites.
This document discusses power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA as a system that collects data from sensors at remote locations and sends it to a central computer for monitoring and control. The key components of a SCADA system are described as remote terminal units (RTUs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), human machine interfaces (HMIs), and intelligent electronic devices. Applications of SCADA in power generation, transmission and distribution are outlined. Advantages of SCADA include efficient operation with less manpower, flexibility, reliability and rapid emergency response, while disadvantages include high initial costs and trouble alarms.
SCADA systems collect data from remote locations and transmit it to a central control station. They use RTUs to collect and format data at remote sites, PLCs to monitor input devices and control output devices, HMIs for operators to interface with controllers, telemetry systems to wirelessly transmit data, and data acquisition to measure physical phenomena and convert it to digital values for analysis. Overall, SCADA systems allow centralized monitoring and control of equipment in various locations.
The document discusses the classification of SCADA systems. It defines SCADA as a supervisory control and data acquisition system. It describes the basic elements and levels of a SCADA system. It also discusses the different types of SCADA systems and provides examples of where SCADA is commonly used, such as in water, oil & gas, and power systems. The purpose of the research is to develop a teaching module to illustrate a general SCADA system model.
The document discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It defines SCADA and provides a brief history. It describes common SCADA components like remote terminal units (RTU), programmable logic controllers (PLC), human-machine interfaces, and data acquisition servers. It discusses the system components, future trends moving to networked systems, and applications in power system automation including intelligent electronic devices and automation processes. It concludes that India is moving towards greater power grid automation for increased efficiency and standardization.
1. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control industrial processes through remote terminal units (RTUs) and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that connect to sensors in the field. They allow for centralized supervision and control of geographically dispersed processes.
2. A key component is the human-machine interface (HMI) which presents data to operators and allows them to control the process. Other components include RTUs/PLCs that connect to field devices, a communication system to connect components, and a supervisory computer system for data collection and control.
3. Security is a major concern as SCADA systems often have vulnerabilities like hardcoded passwords and lack of authentication. Successful cyber attacks could disrupt
The document discusses SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems. A SCADA system monitors and controls remote equipment via coded signals over communication channels. It performs functions like data acquisition, communication, monitoring, and control. A SCADA system consists of hardware components like master terminal units and remote terminal units, and software for data acquisition, control, user interfaces, and alarms. SCADA systems have evolved through generations from monolithic to distributed to networked systems and now include internet of things capabilities. Examples of SCADA system uses include industrial processes, infrastructure, and facilities. The document also discusses the Ignition SCADA software platform.
WHAT IS SCADA AND BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT IT.kgaurav113
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is a system that allows industrial processes to be monitored and controlled remotely. It consists of data acquisition and process control features. SCADA systems communicate with field instruments using various protocols and can control processes from a distance. They provide benefits like remote monitoring and control, data logging, alarms, and process visualization. SCADA systems connect to controllers like PLCs that are connected to field instruments to monitor and control industrial processes.
The document discusses distributed control systems (DCS), including their evolution, architecture, components, and applications in power plants. A DCS decentralizes control of an entire plant or manufacturing system across multiple controllers that communicate with each other. It allows for monitoring and control of all processes, identification of faults, and improved safety. A typical DCS architecture includes servers to collect and share data, archives for data storage, operator stations to monitor processes and alarms, engineering stations to configure the system, master controllers to supervise devices and modules, and field devices where the actual processes take place. DCS systems are hierarchical with lower-level controllers handling basic functions and higher-level controllers coordinating plant-wide control.
This document provides an overview of industrial automation and its components. It discusses the history of automation from manual control to modern programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software. PLCs are now widely used as the control hardware in automation systems. They read input signals from sensors and execute user-programmed instructions to control downstream machines. SCADA software collects data from PLCs and allows remote monitoring and operation of automated processes. Engineers play an important role in designing, implementing, maintaining and troubleshooting industrial automation systems.
SCADA systems are used to control geographically dispersed assets where centralized monitoring and control are important. They integrate data acquisition from field sites with transmission systems and HMIs to provide centralized monitoring of numerous inputs and outputs from a single location in real time. SCADA systems typically consist of MTUs at a control center, communication equipment between the control center and field sites, and RTUs or PLCs at field sites that perform local control and sensor monitoring.
This document discusses SCADA systems and power control centers. It defines SCADA as a system that allows remote monitoring and control of equipment from a central location. SCADA systems have components at power stations, substations, and a central control center. The control center coordinates activities and monitors the power grid using SCADA. The document outlines the evolution of SCADA systems from early hardwired models to modern computer-based systems using networks. It also describes the typical components and functions of a control center and requirements for power control centers.
This document provides an overview of PLC and SCADA systems. It defines PLC as an industrial computer that monitors inputs, makes decisions based on its program, and controls outputs to automate processes. The history and components of PLCs are described, including the power supply, I/O modules, processor, and programming devices. Programming languages for PLCs include ladder logic, functional block diagrams, and sequential function charts. SCADA is defined as software used for process control that allows users to monitor, control, generate alarms and acquire data from remote facilities. The document discusses the composition, advantages, and applications of SCADA systems.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are central control systems that coordinate critical infrastructure elements like electricity generation and distribution. They acquire data from programmable logic controllers and remote terminal units to monitor infrastructure components. Failures or attacks on SCADA systems can disable wide areas of infrastructure by causing equipment to malfunction or shut down. SCADA has evolved from isolated first generation systems to modern third generation systems that are networked and internet-connected, introducing vulnerabilities. SCADA performs key functions of data acquisition, control, communications, and presentation to operate infrastructure systems.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It discusses what SCADA is, its architecture and components, functionality, and how it is used to control industrial processes. Security issues are also covered, along with the evolution of SCADA systems from early monolithic designs to modern distributed and networked architectures. The future of SCADA is described as incorporating more sophisticated capabilities through artificial intelligence and greater network integration.
This document discusses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical architecture of a three-layer SCADA system, including a supervisory control layer, process control layer, and field instrumentation layer. The process control layer often uses PLCs to control devices and sensors are in the field instrumentation layer. Benefits of SCADA systems include increased reliability, lower costs, and assisting operators with decision making, while disadvantages include high initial costs and security issues from internet accessibility.
Scada system architecture, types and applicationsUchi Pou
This document discusses the architecture, types, and applications of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It describes the basic components of SCADA systems including human-machine interfaces, programmable logic controllers, remote terminal units, communication infrastructure, and SCADA programming. It outlines the four generations of SCADA systems from early monolithic to modern networked and internet-based systems. Finally, it provides examples of SCADA applications in manufacturing, wastewater treatment, power systems, and wireless SCADA systems.
SCADA systems are control system architectures used in industrial and infrastructural processes that use networked communications and GUIs for high-level process supervision and management. They implement distributed databases containing tags or points throughout the plant that represent input or output values monitored and controlled by the centralized SCADA system. Programmable logic controllers and remote terminal units connect to sensors and actuators in the process and are networked to the supervisory computer system. SCADA systems have evolved from early monolithic systems using minicomputers to modern distributed and networked systems that can leverage cloud computing and internet of things technologies. Security of SCADA systems is important as compromise could impact dependent infrastructure, though older systems were not designed with modern cybersecurity challenges
This document discusses trends in threats to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It notes that as SCADA systems increasingly use commercial off-the-shelf software and connect to the internet, they have become more vulnerable to cyber threats. The document outlines how SCADA systems work and components like RTUs, PLCs, and HMIs. It also discusses issues like the mistaken belief that SCADA systems are secure due to physical security or isolation from the internet. The conclusion suggests that as capabilities and opportunities for threats increase, the future operational environment will be more vulnerable if an actor emerges with the intent to cause harm.
Scada Industrial Control Systems Penetration Testing Yehia Mamdouh
Scada Industrial Control Systems Penetration Testing
Start from Types of Scada Networks, then Penetration testing, finally what Security should be follow
The document discusses penetration testing of SCADA industrial control systems. It begins with an overview of SCADA systems, including what they are, where they are used, benefits, and basic concepts like the communication between the SCADA server and RTUs/PLCs. It then covers SCADA protocols like Modbus and DNP3. The document outlines various attack vectors like denial of service attacks, unauthorized access, and vulnerabilities in common protocols. It proposes a penetration testing methodology that involves discovery, protocol analysis, data manipulation, and security recommendations like firewalls, IDS, and training to improve SCADA security.
This document provides a tutorial on SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA as a system that collects data from sensors measuring processes, transmits the data to central computers, and issues commands to remote terminal units to control processes. The document outlines the basic components of SCADA systems including sensors, remote terminal units, the master terminal unit, and the communications network. It also discusses modern SCADA features and provides an example of a SCADA system implementation in Egypt for electricity distribution.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a SCADA system to control an induction motor. It begins with an introduction to SCADA technology and its applications. It then describes the hardware components used, including the induction motor, PLC, and other electrical components. The document outlines the working of the overall control system, with the PLC controlling the motor based on inputs to the SCADA interface. It also discusses the development of the SCADA interface and screens to monitor and control the motor remotely. Screenshots are provided of the SCADA screens under different operating conditions of the induction motor.
The document discusses distributed control systems (DCS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It provides an introduction and overview of key concepts for both DCS and SCADA. For DCS, it describes the components, functions, applications and how a DCS works. For SCADA, it outlines where SCADA is used, hardware and software architectures, and how SCADA systems function through data acquisition, communication, presentation and control.
SCADA_SYSTEM in industrial automation .pptxViju Jigajinni
The document describes a SCADA system for monitoring and controlling a water distribution system. A SCADA system consists of a master system that communicates with remote terminal units to gather data on parameters like pressure, temperature, and water density. This allows for optimized functioning of the water distribution system. SCADA systems are regularly implemented in water industries to improve maintenance and ensure reliable and secure water supply to customers. The document discusses SCADA basics, components, architecture, evolution, applications, and concludes that SCADA technology reduces errors caused by humans in industrial monitoring and control.
SCADA_SYSTEM in Industrial Autiomation.pptxViju Jigajinni
The document describes a SCADA system for monitoring and controlling a water distribution system. A SCADA system consists of a master system that communicates with remote terminal units to gather data on parameters like pressure, temperature, and water density. This allows for optimized functioning of the water distribution system. SCADA systems are regularly implemented in water industries to improve maintenance and ensure reliable and secure water supply to customers. The document discusses SCADA basics, components, architecture, evolution, applications, and concludes that SCADA technology reduces errors caused by humans in industrial monitoring and control.
The document discusses SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It provides definitions of key SCADA components and concepts, including RTUs, PLCs, HMIs, and protocols. It also outlines security challenges for SCADA systems given their critical infrastructure functions and discusses approaches to improving SCADA security.
This document discusses the application of SCADA systems for controlling electrical power system networks. It provides background on SCADA and describes how it is used to remotely operate, monitor, and control transmission and distribution systems in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Specifically, it notes that SCADA is used to control 132kV and 33kV circuit breakers and monitor daily operations, load management, and detect system faults to manage the overall power grid with minimal human supervision. It also gives an overview of the typical components of a SCADA system including RTUs, communication networks, and control servers.
SCADA (Supervisory Control & data Acquisation) PPTDeepeshK4
PowerPoint Presentation(PPT) on SCADA
This PPT includes:
* What is Scada
* Applications of Scada
* Need of Scada
* Components of Scada
* Objectives of Scada
* Why Scada is used/ Where is the SCADA system used
* What is controlled by SCADA in Power sysem
* Advantages & Disadvantages
* How SCADA works?
* Working Procedure of SCADA
Thanks for visiting my slide
SCADA Systems Vulnerabilities and Blockchain Technologyijtsrd
SCADA systems are one of the most important part of industrial operations. Before SCADA, plant personnel had to monitor and control industrial process via selector switches, pushbuttons and dials for analog signals. As manufacturing grew and sites became more remote, relays and timers were used to assist supervision. With the onset of technology and advent of network based protocols, these systems became more reliable, fast and it became easy to troubleshoot problems. Indeed progress also brings vulnerabilities, which was no new for SCADA. The IP protocols brought threat to the security of these systems. The devastation that cyber predators on SCADA can inflict, could be illustrated by the Stuxnet virus attack. This paper discusses what SCADA systems are, their uses, protocols being used by these systems, vulnerabilities and ways to combat those vulnerabilities. It focusses on the use of Blockchain Technology as a step in security of such systems. Diksha Chhonkar | Garima Pandey "SCADA Systems: Vulnerabilities and Blockchain Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31586.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31586/scada-systems-vulnerabilities-and-blockchain-technology/diksha-chhonkar
The paper describes the SCADA used in various run-time processes such as Electric power generation, transmission and distribution, Water and sewage: State and municipal water utilities,Buildings, facilities and environments, to regulate electricity to subways, trams and trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to track and locate trains and buses; and to control railroad crossing gates.
• Traffic signals: SCADA regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow and detects out-of-order signals.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, including basic terminology, components, architecture, communication protocols, applications, security vulnerabilities, and threats. It defines sensors, actuators, relays, PLCs, HMIs, RTUs. It describes the typical SCADA architecture with a master system collecting data from remote units via communication networks. Examples of common industrial protocols like Modbus are provided. Applications of SCADA for monitoring, control, alarm handling and data logging are outlined. Security risks from malware, insiders, hackers and terrorists exploiting vulnerabilities in old operating systems and web interfaces are summarized. The 2015 Ukraine grid cyberattack is reviewed as a case study.
SCADA systems are used to remotely monitor and control equipment and industrial processes. They consist of a central master computer system that collects real-time data from remote terminal units (RTUs) connected to sensors and machinery. The master system interfaces with human operators through human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that present data and status information. SCADA systems allow industrial processes to be automated and monitored remotely, improving productivity and reducing costs compared to manual operation and monitoring. They are commonly used in applications like power generation, water and sewage systems, manufacturing, and buildings.
This document provides an overview of power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA and describes its typical components like HMIs, RTUs, PLCs and communication infrastructure. It also outlines applications of SCADA in power generation, distribution and transmission systems. Benefits of SCADA include increased efficiency, reliability and reduced manual labor through remote monitoring and control of power systems. The document concludes that SCADA provides a common framework for experiment control and ensures consistent operator experience across different parts of complex power systems.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
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For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
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Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
How to Create Sequence Numbers in Odoo 17Celine George
Sequence numbers are mainly used to identify or differentiate each record in a module. Sequences are customizable and can be configured in a specific pattern such as suffix, prefix or a particular numbering scheme. This slide will show how to create sequence numbers in odoo 17.
How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
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How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
1. INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
CHITTAGONG
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Power System Operation and Contro
EEE-4875
PRESENTATION ON
SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)
Presented by
Towfiqur Rahman
ET091010
8th Semester
2. OBJECTIVES:
• To discuss the concept of SCADA and its branches
• Protection for SCADA
• Future of SCADA
4. WHAT IS SCADA?
SCADA stands Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. As the name indicates, it is not a full control
system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. It is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real
time data.
SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small
office building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power
plant or the activity of a municipal water system.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as
telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. A SCADA
system gathers information, such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred, transfers the information back
to a central site, alerting the home station that the leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and
control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized
fashion.
6. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF SCADA:
• Data acquisition,
• Alarms and event monitoring,
• Database and data logging,
• Operator interface,
• Non real time control,
• Logging,
• MMI (men- machine interface) use,
• Automation, and
• Report generation
7. CONTROLLING PROCESSES :
• Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power
generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch,
repetitive, or discrete modes.
• Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment
and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines,
electrical power transmission and distribution, wind farms and large
communication systems.
• Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including
buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC,
access, and energy consumption
8. COMPONENTS OF SCADA
o HMI (Human Machine Interface): It is an apparatus that is operated by
human to monitor and control various processes.
o PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): This controller is used because they
are very flexible, and economical than Remote Terminal Units
o Supervisory System: It collects process data and sends control commands to
the process.
o RTU (Remote Terminal Units): This process is connected with sensors to
convert sensor signals into digital and sends digital data to Supervisory
System
o Communication Infrastructure: It is connecting Supervisory System to RLU’s.
9. SCADA systems have evolved in parallel with the growth and sophistication of modern computing
technology. The following sections will provide a description of the following three generations of
SCADA systems:
10. First generation: Monolithic System; when SCADA systems were first
developed, the concept of computing in general centered on “mainframe” systems.
Networks were generally non-existent, and each centralized system stood alone. As a
result, SCADA systems were standalone systems with virtually no connectivity to
other systems. Wide Area Networks were later designed by RTU vendors to
communicate with the RTU. The communication protocols used were often
proprietary at that time. The first-generation SCADA system was redundant since a
back-up mainframe system was connected at the bus level and was used in the event
of failure of the primary mainframe.
12. Second generation: Distributed; the next generation of SCADA systems
took advantage of developments and improvement in system miniaturization and
Local Area Networking (LAN) technology to distribute the processing across
multiple systems. Multiple stations, each with a specific function, were
connected to a LAN and shared information with each other in real-time. These
stations were typically of the mini-computer class, smaller and less expensive
than their first generation processors.
14. Third generation: Networked; The current generation of SCADA master station
architecture is closely related to that of the second generation, with the primary
difference being that of an open system architecture rather than a vendor controlled,
proprietary environment. There are still multiple networked systems, sharing master
station functions. There are still RTUs utilizing protocols that are vendor-proprietary. The
major improvement in the third generation is that of opening the system architecture,
utilizing open standards and protocols and making it possible to distribute SCADA
functionality across a WAN and not just a LAN.
16. SECURITY ISSUES:
The following are TSI’s (The Security Institute, a United Kingdom based professional body for security professionals)
recommendations to address some lingering security issues for SCADA:
1. Security of network communications: Implementation of strong encryption over the SCADA network
communications, to ensure that both monitored data and control commands are encrypted.
2. Turning on security: Implementation of security features with devices on the network, especially authentication.
Using secure protocols whenever possible.
3. Knowing your SCADA network: Identifying all connections to external networks including wire-less
networks, corporate LANs and WANs, and the Internet. Also, securing the network by eliminating all unnecessary
connections to external networks.
4. Hardening of the SCADA environment: Removing all unnecessary services from the hosts on the network. Also, just
as in the corporate network environment, ensuring that all systems are patched and up to date.
5. Conducting regular security audits: Ensuring that security practices and procedures, such as incident response, are
defined and implemented. Penetration testing of the network environment should also be prudently conducted
with inspection for potential back doors into the SCADA network.
6. Implementing real-time threat protection: With the increasing number and complexity of attacks, it's insufficient to
simply patch the systems or maintain access/service control. One alternative is to implement real-time threat
protection in the form of network intrusion-prevention systems. Unlike standard packet-filter firewalls, these
systems perform application-layer inspection to identify attacks that are carried in the payload and block the
offending traffic in real time.
17. THE FUTURE OF SCADA SYSTEM:
The large territories and huge volumes of data SCADA can handle form a formidable
combination. Today’s SCADA systems can manage anything from a few thousands to
one million of input/output channels.
The technology is still evolving in terms of sophistication as well. SCADA systems as
they are now can perform a large variety of tasks and some systems have artificial
intelligence built into them. They are also more network-enabled, thus paving the way
for voice-data-control data convergence. With proper planning and a custom-made
installation, a SCADA system becomes a valuable asset.