This document provides an overview of power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA and describes its typical components like HMIs, RTUs, PLCs and communication infrastructure. It also outlines applications of SCADA in power generation, distribution and transmission systems. Benefits of SCADA include increased efficiency, reliability and reduced manual labor through remote monitoring and control of power systems. The document concludes that SCADA provides a common framework for experiment control and ensures consistent operator experience across different parts of complex power systems.
1. Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) is a member of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices that uses power electronics to control voltage and reactive power on AC transmission networks.
2. A Statcom consists of a voltage source converter with a DC capacitor that generates a voltage in phase or 180 degrees out of phase with the transmission line to inject or absorb reactive power.
3. Statcoms provide benefits like increasing transmission line loading capacity, improving power flow control and system stability, and dynamic reactive power compensation with response times less than 10 milliseconds.
Automatic meter reading (AMR) technology automatically collects utility meter data and transfers it to utility providers. AMR was first developed in the 1970s and allows near real-time meter readings to replace estimated billing. It provides benefits like more accurate billing and easier detection of tampering or leaks but also risks increased monitoring and reduced privacy. Common AMR methods include touch pads, radio frequency networks, mobile drives, and satellite transmitters.
This document provides an overview of the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC). It begins with the basic TCSC scheme and equations showing how the variable inductive reactance XL can change the capacitive reactance XC. It then discusses the impedance characteristics of the TCSC and how the capacitor voltage is reversed by the thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Next, it examines the TCSC operating in the capacitive and inductive regions and how it can provide phase advance or retard. The document also covers the attainable voltage-current characteristics and harmonic voltage generation in the TCSC. It describes the functional internal control schemes and concludes with notes on design considerations.
FACTS DEVICES AND POWER SYSTEM STABILITY pptMamta Bagoria
This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and power system stability. It defines FACTS as using power electronics to control power flow and enhance transmission system capacity and stability. The document outlines different types of FACTS controllers including series compensation and shunt compensation. It also classifies power system stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability and discusses factors that can lead to losses of each type of stability.
PLCC uses high voltage transmission lines to transmit speech, telemetry, and protection commands between substations in a cost effective and reliable way. The signals are modulated onto a carrier frequency between 40-500kHz and injected onto the line through coupling capacitors. Line traps allow the signals to pass through but prevent them from entering the substations. The technology provides communication without additional wiring by using the existing power infrastructure.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
The document discusses Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC), a FACTS device that uses thyristors to control the capacitive reactance of transmission lines. TCSC can enhance power flow, limit fault current, improve stability and transients. It introduces benefits like mitigating subsynchronous resonance risks, damping power oscillations, and improving post-contingency stability. TCSC operates in modes like blocking, bypass, capacitive boost and inductive boost to accurately regulate power flow and damp oscillations while increasing transmission capacity and stability.
Distribution Automation: Control functions– Communication system –Consumer Information Service– Geographical Information Systems. SCADA –block diagram –functions. Energy Management: Supply Side Management–Demand Side Management–Technologies Implementation, Dispersed Generation
This document discusses various sources of transient over-voltages on power systems including capacitor switching and lightning. It describes how capacitor switching can cause oscillations that generate transient over-voltages. Lightning can also directly or indirectly introduce surges into power systems. The document outlines issues like magnification of transients at customer locations and ferroresonance that can occur. It discusses principles of overvoltage protection like limiting voltage and diverting surge current. Protection devices like surge arresters and transient voltage surge suppressors are described.
The UPFC is a FACTS device that can control all three parameters of line power flow - voltage, impedance, and phase angle. It consists of two voltage source inverters, one connected in series with the transmission line and one connected in shunt. The shunt inverter controls reactive power flow and voltage, while the series inverter controls real and reactive power flow by injecting a controllable voltage in series with the line. Control schemes for the UPFC include phase angle control, cross-coupling control, and a generalized control scheme that provides damping against power swings for improved stability. The UPFC offers benefits like improved power transfer capacity, transient stability, and independent control of real and reactive power flows.
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 2Mark MaterialsSanthosh Kumar
The document provides information about HVDC transmission, including:
1. It lists two merits of AC transmission (power can be generated at high voltages, maintenance of AC substations is easy and cheaper) and two merits of DC transmission (it requires only two conductors, there is no skin effect).
2. It discusses types of DC link including monopolar, bipolar, and homopolar links.
3. It lists types of power devices used for HVDC transmission including thyristor, IGBT, GTO, LTT, and MCT.
4. It provides advantages and disadvantages of HVDC transmission such as full control over power, reduced transmission lines, and inability to change voltage
The document discusses Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems. It describes AMR as the remote collection of meter data from customer premises via communication links. The presentation covers how AMR systems work using components like the encoder-receiver-transmitter, meter interface unit, data concentrator unit and host central station. Benefits of AMR include reduced costs, improved customer service, and better detection of leaks or theft. The document provides an overview of AMR system architecture and its advantages over conventional meter reading.
The document discusses smart meters and the smart grid. It defines the electric grid and how smart grids modernize it using communication technologies. Smart meters are two-way communicating electric meters that provide more detailed energy usage data to utilities in real-time. They are different than conventional meters by being bi-directional and able to connect to home networks and the smart grid. The benefits of smart meters include more accurate billing, outage detection, load management capabilities, and energy savings.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION - 2 LAB MANUAL (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER SYSTEMS) Mathankumar S
This document provides an overview of small signal stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. It defines small signal stability and describes how small disturbances can cause non-oscillatory or oscillatory instability. The swing equation and linearised swing equation are presented, which model the rotor motion and form the basis for small signal stability analysis. The linearised equations are used to derive the characteristic equation and determine the system's damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation from the roots. The objectives are to understand SMIB system modelling, examine small signal stability through simulation, and obtain parameters like damping ratio from the linearised model.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control geographically dispersed industrial processes. A SCADA system consists of field devices like PLCs and RTUs that connect to sensors and convert signals to digital data. This data is communicated to a control center via telemetry where it is processed by a data acquisition server and presented to human operators through an HMI. The system allows operators to monitor and control the industrial process. SCADA has evolved from early monolithic centralized systems to modern distributed and networked systems that utilize open standards and protocols to distribute functionality across a wide area network. SCADA is commonly used in applications like power generation, water treatment, oil and gas pipelines, and more.
The document discusses miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) and principles of arc interruption in circuit breakers. It provides details on the working principles of MCBs and the two main methods of arc interruption - the high resistance method and current zero interruption method. It also explains recovery rate theory and energy balance theory which describe how arc interruption occurs at current zero. The concepts of restriking voltage, recovery voltage and rate of rise of restriking voltage (RRRV) are defined. Current chopping phenomenon in circuit breakers is also introduced.
The document discusses synchronous motors used to drive textile and paper mill equipment. It describes different types of synchronous motors including wound field, permanent magnet, synchronous reluctance, and hysteresis motors. It explains that synchronous motors can operate in an adjustable frequency control mode called self-controlled mode, where the supply frequency is controlled by an inverter receiving signals from a frequency controlled oscillator. In this mode, the motor exhibits constant torque behavior up to base speed and flux weakening at higher speeds, with fast transient response similar to a DC motor but smaller rotor inertia.
This document discusses smart grids and the role of advanced metering infrastructure in India. It notes that India has one of the weakest electrical grids in the world with high transmission losses. A smart grid uses communication and information technologies to better manage electricity distribution and demand. Advanced metering infrastructure is a key component, allowing two-way communication between utilities and customers to provide energy usage data and enable demand response programs. This can help improve grid reliability and efficiency while empowering consumers.
The document discusses trends in SCADA systems and architectures. It summarizes that SCADA systems are evolving to include features like improved control room management, alarm management, and change management. The architectures are expanding to include test and development systems, decision support systems, log servers, mobile access, and integration with technologies like GIS and video surveillance. Collaboration tools are being used to improve incident response. Future innovations may include more advanced HMI technologies, drones for monitoring infrastructure, and adoption of emerging computing technologies like virtualization.
This document discusses various components of an industrial automation and control system. It describes remote terminal units (RTUs) that collect field data and transfer it to other devices. It also explains instruments like current transformers and potential transformers that convert power signals to lower levels, as well as transducers that convert analog outputs. Additional components covered include meters, digital fault recorders, load tap changers, protective relays, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The document provides details on the functions of these various components that make up automation and control systems.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to monitor and control industrial processes. The document discusses the history and components of SCADA, including how it collects data from sensors using RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) and sends control signals. It also describes how SCADA is important for maintaining efficiency in power plants by remotely monitoring operations and reducing maintenance costs. SCADA plays a key role in hydroelectric power plants by integrating maintenance workstations, communicating alarm signals, and supporting future maintenance strategies through its database of equipment information.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses key topics including automation, PLC architecture and programming, SCADA features and software, dynamic process graphics, alarms, trends, security, and recipe management. The presentation aims to explain how PLCs and SCADA systems are used for industrial automation and process control.
Power system automation involves using microprocessor-based intelligent electronic devices to automatically control power systems through data acquisition, supervision and control. Common communication protocols for power system automation include Modbus, DNP3, IEC-60870-5, and IEC-61850. These protocols define specifications for communication layers, data models, and transmission services to enable communication between master stations and remote terminal units or intelligent electronic devices in an automated power system.
PPT on Substation Automation through SCADAANKIT SURANA
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on substation automation. It discusses BSES company profile, SCADA system architecture including hardware components like RTUs and PCUs and software like DE 400 and PED 500. It also covers need for SCADA automation to improve system monitoring, reduce power theft and fault restoration times. Key components discussed are remote terminal units, master control centre, networking, data engineering and scheduling department functions.
This document discusses power system protection settings and provides information on calculating protection settings. It covers the functions of protective relays and equipment protection, the required information for setting calculations such as line parameters and fault studies, and the process of calculating, checking, and implementing protection settings. The goal is to set protections to operate dependably, securely, and selectively during faults while meeting clearance time requirements.
The document discusses automation and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes how automation delegates human control functions to equipment to achieve higher productivity, superior product quality, efficient energy usage, and improved safety. It then defines PLCs, explaining that they are industrial computers that monitor inputs, make decisions based on programs, and control outputs to automate processes. PLCs have input and output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and power supply. They use ladder logic programming and have advantages like increased reliability but also disadvantages like high initial costs. The document also briefly introduces supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
My Final Year Project - Individual Control Home Automation SystemMichael Olafusi
This project involves the design and construction of an individual control home
automation system using RS232, GSM technology and a microcontroller.
Home automation is the automatic or semi-automatic control and monitoring of
household appliances and residential house features like doors, gate and even the windows.
This project is a demonstration of how to design and build a multi purpose remotely
controlled system that can switch OFF and ON any electrical household appliance (including the security light), by dialling a phone already interfaced via RS232 to a microcontroller that controls a relay for the automatic switching on and off of the appliance and the phone will send a feedback short message service text indicating the new state of the appliance, whether switched ON or OFF.
The results of this project show that a microcontroller is a very powerful device for
building smart electronic devices that can automatically control electrical appliances, with little circuitry complexities and components.
This document discusses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical architecture of a three-layer SCADA system, including a supervisory control layer, process control layer, and field instrumentation layer. The process control layer often uses PLCs to control devices and sensors are in the field instrumentation layer. Benefits of SCADA systems include increased reliability, lower costs, and assisting operators with decision making, while disadvantages include high initial costs and security issues from internet accessibility.
This document discusses trends in threats to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It notes that as SCADA systems increasingly use commercial off-the-shelf software and connect to the internet, they have become more vulnerable to cyber threats. The document outlines how SCADA systems work and components like RTUs, PLCs, and HMIs. It also discusses issues like the mistaken belief that SCADA systems are secure due to physical security or isolation from the internet. The conclusion suggests that as capabilities and opportunities for threats increase, the future operational environment will be more vulnerable if an actor emerges with the intent to cause harm.
ICSA 2019 Architectural Security Weaknesses in Industrial Control SystemsDanielleGonzalez25
Architectural Security Weaknesses in Industrial Control Systems; An Empirical Study Based on Disclosed Software Vulnerabilities
Presented March 2019 at the IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA) in Hamburg, Germany
The National Smart Grid Mission was established in India to plan and monitor smart grid policies and programs. Its objectives are to make the power infrastructure more cost-effective, reliable, and ensure 24x7 power availability across India. It is headed by the Chairperson of the Central Electricity Authority. Key smart transmission technologies discussed include supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems (EMS), phasor measurement units (PMU), and wide area measurement systems (WAMS). The document also describes components of SCADA systems, features of substation automation, monitoring devices, and various control techniques and objectives of EMS.
Practical Troubleshooting & Problem Solving of Industrial Data CommunicationsLiving Online
This document provides an overview of industrial data communications. It describes modern instrumentation and control systems, including distributed control systems, programmable logic controllers, SCADA systems, and smart instruments. It also discusses common industrial communication standards and protocols, such as RS-232, RS-485, fiber optics, Modbus, HART, DeviceNet, Profibus, Ethernet, and TCP/IP. The document introduces the OSI model and explains how protocols define the structure of information frames transmitted across communication systems.
This document provides details about a project to create an environment and power monitoring panel using an ARM microcontroller board. It includes an introduction describing the importance of automation and sensor monitoring in industrial systems. It then provides details on the hardware and software used, including a Texas Instruments LM3S9D92 microcontroller board, sensors, and a graphical user interface design. The project aims to remotely monitor and display parameters from an industrial cabinet to improve maintenance and optimization.
This document discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control industrial processes and infrastructure by collecting data from remote field devices and sensors. The document outlines the key components and functions of SCADA, including data acquisition, communication between remote terminal units and the central control system, data presentation to operators, and remote control capabilities. Examples are given of SCADA applications in various industries such as water distribution, manufacturing, oil and gas, and railways.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a SCADA system to control an induction motor. It begins with an introduction to SCADA technology and its applications. It then describes the hardware components used, including the induction motor, PLC, and other electrical components. The document outlines the working of the overall control system, with the PLC controlling the motor based on inputs to the SCADA interface. It also discusses the development of the SCADA interface and screens to monitor and control the motor remotely. Screenshots are provided of the SCADA screens under different operating conditions of the induction motor.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to monitor and control industrial processes. The document discusses the history and components of SCADA, including how it collects data from sensors using RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) and sends control signals. It also describes how SCADA is important for maintaining efficiency at power plants by remotely monitoring operations and automating processes to reduce costs. SCADA plays a key role in hydroelectric power plants by integrating maintenance systems and enabling remote monitoring and control to optimize maintenance scheduling.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control equipment and processes in industries like oil/gas, water treatment, and manufacturing. They gather data in real-time from remote locations and send control commands back. SCADA has evolved through 3 generations from standalone monolithic systems to distributed systems on local networks to today's networked systems using open standards and wide area networks. Security issues need to be addressed like encrypting communications, securing devices, auditing networks, and implementing threat protection. The future of SCADA involves more sophisticated systems that can handle huge data volumes and territories with some having artificial intelligence capabilities.
Fundamentals of Automation Technology 20EE43P C-20 Lab Manual SCADA.pdfTHANMAY JS
1.Meaning of SCADA
-Functions of each component of SCADA system,
-Describe SCADA Hardware and software
-Applications of SCADA.
Experiment 01: Moving of Object from one Place to Another
Experiment 02: Filling up of Tank
Experiment 03: Lighting a Bulb
Experiment 04: Starting of Fan
The document discusses the evolution of process control systems from early pneumatic and analog electronic implementations to modern digital implementations using distributed control systems (DCS). It describes the key components and advantages of DCS, including flexibility, reliability, and the ability to implement advanced digital control strategies. DCS networks allow different control modes and distributed control for large, complex processes.
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Modbus Protocols Living Online
This manual focuses on the main issues of troubleshooting the industrial data communications network of today, enabling you to walk onto your plant or facility to troubleshoot and fix problems as quickly as possible. The focus is on the Modbus suite of protocols and their associated standards.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-troubleshooting-and-problem-solving-modbus-protocols-196
Automation and Robotics 20ME51I_ Week_1_Practicals.pdfGandhibabu8
The document discusses various topics related to industrial automation including the hierarchy of industrial automation, levels of automation, importance of automation in manufacturing, modern tools used, and challenges of implementing industry 4.0. Specifically, it describes the five levels of the industrial automation pyramid from the field level to the enterprise level. It also outlines the benefits of automation for increased productivity and efficiency as well as challenges such as high costs and workforce retraining. Modern automation tools discussed include programmable automation controllers, SCADA systems, HMIs, and AI/IIoT technologies.
Feasible Interfacing and Programming of Industrial Control Technology Unit wi...theijes
This document discusses the interfacing and programming of an industrial control technology unit with PLCs and robots. It begins with an abstract that describes how the unit assembles components using sensors, actuators, and a PLC for control. A PLC program is presented to control the unit and interface it with a 6-axis robot for workpiece transfer using a pneumatic gripper. The document then reviews literature on using PLCs compared to microprocessors for industrial control. It presents the project requirements, software used, and PLC and robot programming methods. The conclusion discusses the benefits of PLCs for industrial control and their interfacing with robots.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It discusses what SCADA is, its architecture and components, functionality, and how it is used to control industrial processes. Security issues are also covered, along with the evolution of SCADA systems from early monolithic designs to modern distributed and networked architectures. The future of SCADA is described as incorporating more sophisticated capabilities through artificial intelligence and greater network integration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses substation automation in smart grids. It describes how substation automation has evolved from mechanical relays and meters with no communication capabilities to modern systems that use intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and standards like IEC 61850 to enable communication. The key components of a substation automation system are IEDs, Ethernet switches, local HMIs, and connections to SCADA systems. The document also introduces the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM) framework, which provides a way to represent interoperability across different layers and domains involved in electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption.
This document discusses the design of a GUI based remote control system for a Gas Reduction System (GRS) using a PIC microcontroller. The GRS is currently controlled manually from a control room about 150m away, which can lead to human errors. The proposed system would automate the monitoring and control of the GRS through a GUI and PIC microcontroller to reduce human errors. A PIC16F877A microcontroller is selected for its low power consumption and integrated peripherals. The system would interface with the GRS through input/output circuits on the PIC to remotely control gas pressure, temperature and other functions from the GUI.
Scada Based Online Circuit Breaker Monitoring SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the design and implementation of an online monitoring system for circuit breakers using SCADA technology. The system would monitor key parameters of circuit breakers like currents, voltages, pressures and temperatures. Sensors would collect data which would be sent to a data acquisition unit and then to a central computer via a communication network. The computer would store data histories and use SCADA software to allow remote monitoring. The system architecture includes sensors, intelligent electronic devices for data collection, and a central computer running analysis software to evaluate breaker condition and guide maintenance. The online monitoring allows reliable supervision of circuit breakers to improve power system reliability.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
How to Handle the Separate Discount Account on Invoice in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, separate discount account can be set up to accurately track and manage discounts applied on various transaction and ensure precise financial reporting and analysis
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
(T.L.E.) Agriculture: Essentials of GardeningMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏.𝟎)-𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
Lesson Outcome:
-Students will understand the basics of gardening, including the importance of soil, water, and sunlight for plant growth. They will learn to identify and use essential gardening tools, plant seeds, and seedlings properly, and manage common garden pests using eco-friendly methods.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
How to Create Sequence Numbers in Odoo 17Celine George
Sequence numbers are mainly used to identify or differentiate each record in a module. Sequences are customizable and can be configured in a specific pattern such as suffix, prefix or a particular numbering scheme. This slide will show how to create sequence numbers in odoo 17.
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
National Learning Camp( Reading Intervention for grade1)
Power system automation
1. i
SEMINAR REPORT
On
POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION
By
SHAIK ABBAS (1604-13-734-302)
B.E 4/4 II-Semester (EEE)
SUBMITTED
TO
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering & Technology
(Affiliated to Osmania University& Recognized by AICTE)
Road No.3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-34.
2. ii
2016-2017
VISION
To produce proficient engineers who illuminate the
nation, drive the industry and innovate in the field of power
and automation.
MISSION
Provide futuristic and comprehensive technical
education to equip students with core competencies and
relevant skills sets through effective teaching learning
methods and state of art laboratories thus preparing them for
global careers.
3. iii
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
1. Graduates will demonstrate core competence and
leadership in their chosen fields of employment by
identifying, formulating, analyzing and implementing
engineering solutions using current techniques and
tools.
2. Graduates will communicate effectively as individuals
or team members and be successful in local and global
cross cultural working environment.
3.Graduates will demonstrate lifetime learning through
continuing education and professional development.
4.Graduates will be successful in providing viable and
sustainable solutions within societal, professional,
environment and ethical contexts.
4. iv
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATION
2 SCADA
2.1 Introduction
2.2 WONDERWARE-INTOUCH
2.3 Manufacturers of SCADA
2.4 Components of SCADA
2.5 Potential benefits of SCADA
2.6 Where SCADA is used ?
2.7 Applications of SCADA in power system
3 FUTURE SCOPE
4 CONCLUSION
References
5. 5
1. INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATION
Automation is the use of control systems such as
computers to control indus- trial machinery and
process,reducing the need for human intervention. In the
scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond
mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery to assist them with physical
requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need
for human sensory and mental requirements as well.
Processes and systems can also be automated.
Automation Impacts:
1. It increases productivity and reducecost.
2. It gives emphasis on flexibility and convertibility of
manufacturing pro- cess.
3. Automation is now often applied primarily to increase
quality in the man- ufacturing process, where
automation can increase quality substantially.
4. Increase the consistency ofoutput.
5. Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous
environments.
2 SCADA
2.1 Introduction
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition. As the name indicates, it is not a full control
system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. As such, it
is a purely software package that is positioned on top of hard-
ware to which it is interfaced, in general via PLC. SCADA
systems are now also penetrating the experimental physics
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laboratories for the controls of ancillary systems such as
cooling, ventilation, power distribution, etc. More recently they
were also applied for the controls of smaller size particle
detectors such as the L3 moon detector and the NA48
experiment, to name just two examples at CERN.
SCADA systems have made substantial progress over the
recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they are an alternative to in house
development even for very demanding and complex control
systems as those of physicsexperiments.
The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility
based as described below:
1. Industrial Process: it includes those of manufacturing,
production, power generation, fabrication and refining
and process may be in continuous, batch, repetitive or
discretemodes.
2. Infrastructure Process: it may be public or private, and
water treatment and distribution, wastewatercollection
and treatment, oil and gaspipelines, electrical power
transmission and distribution, and large communication
systems.
3. Facility Process: it occur both in public facilities and
private ones, in- cluding buildings, airports, ships and
space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access and
energy consumption.
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A SCADA System usually consists of the following Subsystems:
1. A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is the apparatus which
presents pro- cess data to a human operator, and through
this, the human operator mon- itors and controls the
process.
2. A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring)
data on the pro- cess and sending commands (control) to
theprocess.
3. Remote Terminal Units (RTU) connecting to sensors in the
process, con- verting sensor signals to digital data and
sending digital data to the super- visory system.
4. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) used as field devices
because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and
configurable than special- purpose RTUs.
5. Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory
system to the Remote Terminal Units.
2.2 WONDERWARE-INTOUCH
Intouch is worlds leading supervisory control and data
acquisition software. The InTouch software package consist of
Tags (Memory + I/O). The package is available in 64, 256, 1000
and 64,000 Tags with the threeoptions:
1. D+R+N ( Development +Run +Networking)
2. R+N ( Run +Networking )
3. Factory focus
With DRN package one can develop as well as run the
application but in case of RN one cannot develop/modify the
application. The application can be de- veloped by using DRN
package and can be installed on RN package.
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2.3 Manufacturers of SCADA
1. Allen Bradley : RS View
2. Siemens: win cc
3. Wonderware : Intouch
2.4 Components of SCADA
1.Instrument transformer
2.Transducer
3.Relay
4.RTU
5.Meter
6.Digital fault recorder
7.PLC
8.HMI
1. Instrument Transformers
Instrument transformers are used to sense power system
current and voltage values. They are physically connected
to power syste apparatus and convert the actual power
system signals ,which include high voltage and current
magnitudes, down to lower signal levels
CT
PT
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2. Transducers
Transducer is device which sense the changes in power
system parameter like voltage, load current, reactive
power, real power and status of circuit breaker, isolator
and when converted in suitable form ,which is useful for
further process
Types-
1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Relay
A protective relay is an IED designed to sense power system
disturbances and automatically perform control actions on the
I&C system and the power system to protect personnel and
equipment.
Relays create metering information, collect system status
information, and store historical records of power system
operation
4.Remote Thermal Unit
RTU is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device that
interfaces transducer & MTU by
transmitting telemetry data to a master system, and by
using messages from the master supervisory system to
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control connected objects. Another term that may be used
for RTU is remote tele-control unit.
Unit of RTU-
1) AE (analog input card),
2) DE (digital input card)
5.Meters
A meter is an IED that is used to create accurate
measurements of power system current, voltage, and power
values. Metering values such as demand and peak are saved
within the meter to create historical information about the
activity of the power system
6. Digital Fault Recorder
A digital fault recorder (DFR), is an IED that records
information about power system disturbances.
It is capable of storing data in a digital format when
triggered by conditions detected on the power system.
Harmonics, frequency, and voltage are examples of data
captured by DFRs.
7.Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
A programmable logic controller (PLC), or
programmable controller is an industrial digital
computer which has been ruggedised and adapted for the
control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines,
or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high
reliability control and ease of programming and process
fault diagnosis.
For protection, control and metering Logical operations are
made by using switches
PLC performs the logical operations and displayed the
operation on computer screen
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8. Human Machine Interface(HMI)
Human Machine Interface commonly known as HMI are
deployed for control and visualization interface between a
human and a process, machine, application and appliance.
Increasingly, HMIs are becoming an integral part of Factory
Automation.
2.7 Application of SCADA in Power System
SCADA for Power Generating Stations:
With the use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
hardware and powerful bus communication links along with
SCADA software and hardware’s in power generating stations,
delivering an optimal solution for each and every process
operation is flexible with advanced control structures. The above
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figure shows the SCADA structure in power generation where it
supervises several operations, including protection, controlling
and monitoring. The functions of SCADA in power generation
include
Continuous monitoring of Speed and Frequency
Geographical monitoring of coal delivery and water
treatment processes
Supervising the status of circuit breakers, protective relays
and other safety related operations
Generation operations planning
Active and reactive power control
Turbine protection
Load scheduling
Historical data processing of all generation related
parameters
SCADA for Power Distribution System:
Power distribution system deals with transmission of electric
power from generating station to the loads with the use of
transmission and distribution substations. Most of the power
distribution or utility companies rely on manual labor to perform
the distribution tasks like interrupting the power to loads, all the
parameter hourly checking, fault diagnosis, etc. The
implementing SCADA to the power distribution not only reduces
the manual labor operation and its cost but facilitates automatic
smooth operations with minimizing disruptions.
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SCADA for Power Distribution System
The figure shows the structure of SCADA in power system where
it collects the entire data from various electrical substations
(even at remote locations) and correspondingly process the data.
Programmable logic controllers in substations continuously
monitor the substation components and corresponding transmits
that to centralized PC based SCADA system. In the event of any
outages of power this SCADA allows to detect the exact location of
fault therefore without waiting for the calls from customers
SCADA gives an alarm system to the operators for identifying and
preventing it. And also in substations SCADA automatically
controls isolator switches and circuit breakers for violating
parameter limits, thereby continuous inspection of parameters
are performed without a line worker. Some of the functions of
SCADA in power distribution system are given below.
Improving power system efficiency by maintaining an
acceptable range of power factor
Limiting peak power demand
Continuous monitoring and controlling of various electrical
parameters in both normal and abnormal conditions
Trending and alarming to enable operators by addressing
the problem spot
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Historian data and viewing that from remote locations
Quick response to customer service interruptions
2.5 Potential benefits of SCADA
The benefits one can expect from adopting a SCADA system for
the control of experimental physics facilities can be summarised
as follows:
1. The amount of specific development that needs to be
performed by the end-user is limited, especially with
suitableengineering.
2. Reliability and robustness: These systems are used for
mission critical industrial processes where reliability and
performance are paramount. In addition, specific
development is performed within a well-established
framework that enhances reliability androbustness.
3. Technical support and maintenance by thevendor.
2.6 Where SCADA is used?
1. Electric power generation, transmission and
distribution: Electric utilities detect current flow and line
voltage, to monitor the operation of circuit breakers, and to
take sections of the power grid online or offline.
2. Buildings, facilities and environments: Facility managers
use SCADA to control HVAC, refrigeration units, lighting and
entry systems.
3. Manufacturing: manage parts inventories for just-in-time
manufacturing, regulate industrial automation and robots,
and monitor process and quality control.
4. Mass transit: regulate electricity to subways, trams and
trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to
track and locate trains and buses; and to control railroad
crossing gates.
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5. Water and sewage: State and municipal water utilities use
SCADA to monitor and regulate water flow, reservoir levels,
pipe pressure and other factors.
6. Traffic signals: regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow
and detects out-of-order signals.
3 Future Scope
1. This project can be implemented practically when SCADA
is connected with PLC. More enhanced features can be
added up to it. For e.g. Reverse Osmosis purification system
can beadded.
2. The project based on sewage can be extended to water
purification sys- tems, oil refinery systems inindustries.
3. The project can also be extended to packaged drinking
water industries where water is first purified, then filled
into bottles, capped, labelled and then sold in bottles.
4 CONCLUSION
With the speed of changing technology today it is easy to lose
sight or knowl- edge of the basic theory or operation of
programmable logic. Most people sim- ply use the hardware to
produce the results they desire. Hopefully, this report has given
the reader a deeper insight into the inner workings of
programmable logic and its role in mechanical operations. The
idea of programmable logic is very simple to understand, but it
is the complex programs that run in the lad- der diagrams that
make them difficult for the common user to fully understand.
Hopefully this has alleviated some of thatconfusion.
SCADA is used for the constructive working, using a SCADA
system for control ensures a common framework not only for
the development of the spe- cific applications but also for
operating the detectors. Operators experience the same ”look
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and feel” whatever part of the experiment they control.
However, this aspect also depends to a significant extent on
proper engineering.
References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA
2. http://www.iosrjournals.org
3. http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/09/scada-
systems-for-electrical-distribution.html
4. http://applicationofscada.blogspot.in/?m=1