The document discusses the clinical anatomy of the neck. It begins by describing the structures located in the neck that allow for thinking, speaking, seeing, hearing, tasting, and smelling. It then discusses the cervical spine, fascial compartments of the neck including the carotid sheath, tissue spaces of the neck including the prevertebral space, and triangles of the neck including the anterior and posterior triangles. It also summarizes key structures in the neck including the thyroid gland, larynx, pharynx, trachea, great vessels, and cervical sympathetic trunk.
This document provides information on radiographic and surface anatomy of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of common radiographic imaging techniques used to examine the head and neck such as CT scans and MRI. Next, it details important surface landmarks of the skull, face and neck that can be palpated. These include the external occipital protuberance, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, and cricoid cartilage. It concludes with descriptions of salient anatomical structures that can be felt in the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck, such as the thyroid gland and brachial plexus.
The document discusses the deep fascia of the neck, including its boundaries and layers. It notes that the deep fascia is composed of three layers - the investing layer, pretracheal layer, and prevertebral layer. These layers surround and help compartmentalize the structures of the neck. The document also discusses the spaces that can form around the neck between the fascial layers, including the retropharyngeal space and parapharyngeal spaces.
The document discusses the deep fascia of the neck, which compartmentalizes the structures in the neck into four major fascial compartments. The deep fascia consists of three layers - the investing layer, pretracheal layer, and prevertebral layer. The investing layer surrounds the neck, while the pretracheal layer encloses the infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus. The prevertebral layer forms a sheath for the vertebral column and associated deep cervical muscles. Between these layers are the neurovascular compartments containing the carotid arteries, internal jugular veins, vagus nerves and deep cervical lymph nodes.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax. It describes the thorax as being divided into an upper thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, with the skeletal thoracic cage protecting the lungs and heart. It details the bones that make up the thoracic cage including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. It also describes the openings of the thorax including the superior inlet bounded by the manubrium sternum, first rib and T1 vertebrae and the inferior outlet bounded by the costal margins and T12 vertebra enclosed by the diaphragm.
The posterior triangle of the neck contains several important structures:
1) It is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, clavicle, and upper border of the scapula.
2) It contains the accessory nerve, branches of the cervical plexus, and components of the brachial plexus like the dorsal scapular nerve.
3) Important arteries like the subclavian artery and veins like the external jugular vein pass through it.
This document discusses the anatomy and history of neck dissections for cancer treatment. It describes the levels and boundaries of cervical lymph nodes, from levels Ia to Vb. Landmarks for identifying structures like the hypoglossal nerve and spinal accessory nerve are provided. The development of neck dissection classifications like the radical and functional neck dissection is summarized.
The document summarizes the fascial compartments and contents of the neck. It describes the layers of fascia including the superficial fascia containing structures like veins and lymph nodes, and the deep cervical fascia divided into four layers that separate the neck into compartments. The layers surround structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The document also briefly discusses the boundaries and clinical relevance of fascial spread of infection in the neck.
The deep cervical fascia of the neck forms several layers including the investing, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal, and pharyngobasilar fasciae. The investing fascia surrounds the neck and splits to enclose muscles and glands. The pretracheal fascia suspends the thyroid gland. The prevertebral fascia forms the floor of the posterior triangle and extends into the mediastinum. The carotid sheath contains the major neck vessels. Infections can spread in various directions through fascial planes.
The document provides an overview of the surface anatomy of the neck, including its fascial layers and compartments. It describes the muscles and neurovascular structures located in the neck. Lymphatic drainage is summarized, as well as the classification of neck dissections and the levels involved. Common incisions used for neck surgeries are illustrated.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cervical viscera, including the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, and trachea. It notes that the cervical viscera are arranged in three layers - endocrine, respiratory, and alimentary. The endocrine layer includes the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The respiratory layer contains the larynx and trachea. The alimentary layer comprises the pharynx and esophagus. It then provides detailed descriptions of the anatomy, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions of the thyroid gland and larynx.
The document describes the anatomy of various structures in the head and neck region. It discusses five cranial bones, important fissures and sutures, foramina of the skull, bones and structures of the temporal bone, spaces in the neck, structures related to the pharynx, larynx at different levels, and paranasal sinuses.
The document describes the triangles of the neck, including boundaries, contents, and clinical significance. It discusses the carotid triangle, containing the carotid arteries and jugular vein within the carotid sheath. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid muscles between the hyoid bone and sternum. The digastric triangle posterior to the mandible contains the submandibular gland and facial vessels. The posterior triangle posterior to the sternocleidomastoid contains the spinal accessory nerve and external jugular vein, with the retropharyngeal space inferiorly. Care must be taken during neck surgery or procedures to avoid injuring structures like nerves and vessels within these anatomical spaces.
This document discusses the history and anatomy of neck dissections for head and neck cancer. It traces developments from the late 19th century of increasingly conservative neck dissections to preserve important structures. It describes the levels and boundaries of lymph node groups involved in the neck dissection staging system, including levels I-V. Key structures like the hypoglossal nerve and spinal accessory nerve are discussed in relation to the lymph node groups.
The document provides an overview of brain anatomy and various types of head injuries and brain hemorrhages that can be seen on CT imaging. It begins with a brief description of brain anatomy including skull bones, meninges, ventricles, and cortical structures. It then discusses different types of head trauma such as skull fractures, depressed fractures, and basilar fractures. Finally, it covers brain hemorrhages including extra-axial hemorrhages like epidural hematomas and subdural hematomas, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage and intra-axial bleeding.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the brain has two hemispheres and is made up of different areas like the cortex, corpus callosum, and cerebellum. The nervous system allows the brain to quickly send messages to the body. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two main divisions of sensory and motor. Messages travel from the PNS to the brain and back very quickly, up to 150 meters per second. Reflexes provide an even faster response that bypasses the brain through pathways in the spinal cord.
The clinical Anatomy of the Thorax. eng.pdfSonyChowdary4
This document provides an overview of the clinical anatomy of the thorax. It discusses the structures and boundaries of the thorax, including landmarks like the clavicles, sternum, ribs, and costal margins. Methods for examining the thorax like percussion, auscultation, imaging tests, and endoscopy are outlined. Key contents of the thorax are described, such as the lungs, heart, blood vessels, nerves and fascial layers. Common thoracic anomalies and diseases involving the lungs and chest wall are also reviewed.
Radiographic Anatomy of the Head and NeckHadi Munib
This document provides information on radiographic and surface anatomy of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of common radiographic imaging techniques used to examine the head and neck such as CT scans and MRI. Next, it details important surface landmarks of the skull, face and neck that can be palpated. These include the external occipital protuberance, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, and cricoid cartilage. It concludes with descriptions of salient anatomical structures that can be felt in the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck, such as the thyroid gland and brachial plexus.
The document discusses the deep fascia of the neck, including its boundaries and layers. It notes that the deep fascia is composed of three layers - the investing layer, pretracheal layer, and prevertebral layer. These layers surround and help compartmentalize the structures of the neck. The document also discusses the spaces that can form around the neck between the fascial layers, including the retropharyngeal space and parapharyngeal spaces.
The document discusses the deep fascia of the neck, which compartmentalizes the structures in the neck into four major fascial compartments. The deep fascia consists of three layers - the investing layer, pretracheal layer, and prevertebral layer. The investing layer surrounds the neck, while the pretracheal layer encloses the infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus. The prevertebral layer forms a sheath for the vertebral column and associated deep cervical muscles. Between these layers are the neurovascular compartments containing the carotid arteries, internal jugular veins, vagus nerves and deep cervical lymph nodes.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax. It describes the thorax as being divided into an upper thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, with the skeletal thoracic cage protecting the lungs and heart. It details the bones that make up the thoracic cage including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. It also describes the openings of the thorax including the superior inlet bounded by the manubrium sternum, first rib and T1 vertebrae and the inferior outlet bounded by the costal margins and T12 vertebra enclosed by the diaphragm.
The posterior triangle of the neck contains several important structures:
1) It is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, clavicle, and upper border of the scapula.
2) It contains the accessory nerve, branches of the cervical plexus, and components of the brachial plexus like the dorsal scapular nerve.
3) Important arteries like the subclavian artery and veins like the external jugular vein pass through it.
This document discusses the anatomy and history of neck dissections for cancer treatment. It describes the levels and boundaries of cervical lymph nodes, from levels Ia to Vb. Landmarks for identifying structures like the hypoglossal nerve and spinal accessory nerve are provided. The development of neck dissection classifications like the radical and functional neck dissection is summarized.
The document summarizes the fascial compartments and contents of the neck. It describes the layers of fascia including the superficial fascia containing structures like veins and lymph nodes, and the deep cervical fascia divided into four layers that separate the neck into compartments. The layers surround structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The document also briefly discusses the boundaries and clinical relevance of fascial spread of infection in the neck.
The deep cervical fascia of the neck forms several layers including the investing, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal, and pharyngobasilar fasciae. The investing fascia surrounds the neck and splits to enclose muscles and glands. The pretracheal fascia suspends the thyroid gland. The prevertebral fascia forms the floor of the posterior triangle and extends into the mediastinum. The carotid sheath contains the major neck vessels. Infections can spread in various directions through fascial planes.
The document provides an overview of the surface anatomy of the neck, including its fascial layers and compartments. It describes the muscles and neurovascular structures located in the neck. Lymphatic drainage is summarized, as well as the classification of neck dissections and the levels involved. Common incisions used for neck surgeries are illustrated.
Cervical Viscera lecture delivered by Saad DattiSadiq787794
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cervical viscera, including the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, and trachea. It notes that the cervical viscera are arranged in three layers - endocrine, respiratory, and alimentary. The endocrine layer includes the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The respiratory layer contains the larynx and trachea. The alimentary layer comprises the pharynx and esophagus. It then provides detailed descriptions of the anatomy, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions of the thyroid gland and larynx.
The document describes the anatomy of various structures in the head and neck region. It discusses five cranial bones, important fissures and sutures, foramina of the skull, bones and structures of the temporal bone, spaces in the neck, structures related to the pharynx, larynx at different levels, and paranasal sinuses.
The document describes the triangles of the neck, including boundaries, contents, and clinical significance. It discusses the carotid triangle, containing the carotid arteries and jugular vein within the carotid sheath. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid muscles between the hyoid bone and sternum. The digastric triangle posterior to the mandible contains the submandibular gland and facial vessels. The posterior triangle posterior to the sternocleidomastoid contains the spinal accessory nerve and external jugular vein, with the retropharyngeal space inferiorly. Care must be taken during neck surgery or procedures to avoid injuring structures like nerves and vessels within these anatomical spaces.
This document discusses the history and anatomy of neck dissections for head and neck cancer. It traces developments from the late 19th century of increasingly conservative neck dissections to preserve important structures. It describes the levels and boundaries of lymph node groups involved in the neck dissection staging system, including levels I-V. Key structures like the hypoglossal nerve and spinal accessory nerve are discussed in relation to the lymph node groups.
The document provides an overview of brain anatomy and various types of head injuries and brain hemorrhages that can be seen on CT imaging. It begins with a brief description of brain anatomy including skull bones, meninges, ventricles, and cortical structures. It then discusses different types of head trauma such as skull fractures, depressed fractures, and basilar fractures. Finally, it covers brain hemorrhages including extra-axial hemorrhages like epidural hematomas and subdural hematomas, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage and intra-axial bleeding.
Similar to NECK anatomy muscles with clinical anatomy.pdf (20)
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the brain has two hemispheres and is made up of different areas like the cortex, corpus callosum, and cerebellum. The nervous system allows the brain to quickly send messages to the body. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two main divisions of sensory and motor. Messages travel from the PNS to the brain and back very quickly, up to 150 meters per second. Reflexes provide an even faster response that bypasses the brain through pathways in the spinal cord.
Human brain anatomy and physiologypptx.pptsiddhimeena3
This document provides an overview of brain anatomy and physiology. It describes the major structures of the brain including the meninges, lobes, gyri and sulci. It outlines the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and blood supply to the brain. The document also reviews the cranial nerves and brainstem, detailing the origin and function of each cranial nerve.
This document provides information about a training on rational and hygienic use of oxygen devices. The training aims to effectively oversee oxygen therapy and optimize oxygen delivery to patients. It covers medical oxygen and its importance, oxygen storage and delivery devices, oxygen therapy devices, infection prevention, and reducing oxygen waste. The training schedule includes sessions on introductions, medical oxygen, oxygen therapy devices, infection prevention, and ways to reduce oxygen waste.
Potashner Posture Balance and pathology slides.pptsiddhimeena3
This document discusses the mechanisms that control posture and balance. It describes two main types of postural control - feedforward commands which are planned and learned to anticipate disturbances, and feedback commands which use signals from various sensory systems like vision and vestibular to learn reflexive corrections. Feedback controls include learned responses that produce gradient corrections and reflexive responses like balancing or falling behaviors.
The pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract. They make diagnoses based on factors like hereditary conditions, exposure to toxins or infections, and signs of issues. Pulmonologists may order various tests and treat diseases affecting the lungs and breathing.
nasal_cavity human anatomy lateral wall and venous drainage_1.pptxsiddhimeena3
This document provides an overview of the nasal cavity, including its parts, boundaries, blood supply, nerve supply and applied aspects. It discusses the vestibule, nasal cavity proper, roof, floor and septum of the nasal cavity in detail. The septum has bony, cartilaginous and membranous parts. It receives its blood supply from various arteries and drains into facial and pterygoid veins. The septum is innervated by branches of various cranial nerves. Applied aspects of the nasal septum include its role in nasal obstruction and importance of preserving the septal cartilage.
triangeles_of_the_neck human anatomy.pptsiddhimeena3
The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains the occipital and supraclavicular triangles and structures like lymph nodes, nerves and blood vessels. The anterior triangle is bounded by the mandible, sternocleidomastoid muscle and midline. It contains the thyroid gland, strap muscles that attach to the hyoid bone and are divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid groups. The anterior triangle also contains the carotid artery and structures in subdivided areas like the carotid triangle.
The document provides information about the endocrine system, including:
- It summarizes the key glands of the endocrine system and their main hormones.
- It describes how hormones work through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
- The pituitary gland and hypothalamus interaction is described, as well as the hormones produced by each part of the pituitary.
- Individual endocrine glands like the thyroid and adrenals are discussed in more detail regarding their hormones and functions.
The skeleton system skull Bone_-_Skull.pptxsiddhimeena3
The document repeatedly asks the reader to name a single bone or bones without providing any context or images. It is unclear from the limited information what specific bone or bones the document is referring to and no conclusions can be drawn.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a modified hinge joint that allows movement in three planes. It is composed of the head of the mandible, articular tubercle of the temporal bone, and mandibular fossa. The joint is divided into two compartments by an articular disc and has a loose joint capsule.
The muscles that control movement of the mandible include the temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid for elevation; the lateral pterygoid and suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles for depression; the lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid for protrusion; and the temporalis and mas
thoracic_wall_5-2-15.ribs and sternum, pdfsiddhimeena3
The document summarizes the thoracic wall and thoracic cavity. It describes the thorax region and its boundaries. The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and 12 thoracic vertebrae. It protects the abdominal viscera. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, and other structures. It is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the thoracic outlet.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Unlocking Educational Synergy-DIKSHA & Google Classroom.pptx
NECK anatomy muscles with clinical anatomy.pdf
1. Clinical Anatomy of the Neck
The neck is conveniently thought of as the tissue surrounding the 7 cervical vertebrae.
Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani
M.D, M.Phil ,PhD
1
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
2. Clinical Anatomy of the Neck
2
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The clinical anatomy of the H & N is important to know;
because the structures located here allow us :
to think & speak
See & hear
Taste & smell
House the nervous system control center that’s in charge of everything that happens in the body.
Objectives
to comprehend the topographic anatomy of the neck region
acquire relevant information of direct clinical importance without unnecessary details of pure academic
importance.
interpret anatomical relationships to common clinical conditions
apply the knowledge in solving clinical problems
3. Clinical Anatomy of the Neck
3
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The features of the neck included:
• Surface anatomy & general topography of the neck
• Cervical spine
• The fascial compartments of the neck
• Tissue spaces of the neck
• Triangles of the neck
• Thyroid & Parathyroid glands
• Larynx
• Pharynx
• Trachea
• Great vessels of the neck
• Cervical sympathetic trunk
• Root of the neck
4. Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani 4
The Cervical Spine
Salient Features:
Identified by the foramen transversarium ,transmits the vertebral artery, the vein,
and sympathetic nerve fibres.
The spines are small and bifid (except C1and C7 which are single).
The atlas (C1) has no body. The axis (C2) bears the dens (odontoid process. C7 is
the vertebra prominens.
Clinical Features:
The cervical vertebrae (particularly C7), may be fractured or, more commonly,
dislocated by a fall on the head with acute flexion of the neck e.g. diving into
shallow water.
Dislocation may even result from the sudden forward jerk (during car or aeroplane
crash). WHY NOT FRACTURE- the relatively horizontal intervertebral facets of
the cervical vertebrae allow dislocation to take place without their being fractured.
Cervical disc prolapse- This may sometimes occur at the lower cervical
intervertebral discs C5/6 and C6/7.
5. Clinical Anatomy of the Neck – Surface Anatomy of the Neck
5
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
In the midline, from above down, can be felt:
• the hyoid bone—at the level of C3;
• the notch of the thyroid cartilage—at the level of C4;
• the cricothyroid ligament—important in cricothyroid puncture;
• the cricoid cartilage—terminating in the trachea at C6;
• the rings of the trachea, over the second and third of which can be
rolled the isthmus of the thyroid gland;
• the suprasternal notch.
• The hard palate – ant arch of the atlas (C1)
• The lower border of the mandible lies b/w C2 &3 vertebrae.
6. Clinical Anatomy of the Neck – Surface Anatomy of the Neck
6
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The cricoid is an important level in the neck; It corresponds to:
• the level of the 6th cervical vertebra
• the junction of the : larynx with the trachea
pharynx with the esophagus
• the level at which the inferior thyroid artery and the middle
thyroid vein enter the thyroid gland;
• the level at which the vertebral artery enters the transverse
foramen in the 6th cervical vertebra;
• the level of the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion;
• the site at which the carotid artery can be compressed against the
transverse process of C6 (the carotid tubercle).
8. General Topography of the Neck
8
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
• Cervical spines gently convex forward support the skull.
• A mass of Extensor musculature lies behind the vertebrae.
• A much smaller –prevertebral Flexure musculatures covered by prevertebral
fascia lies in front of the vertebrae and behind the pharynx.
• The face is in front of the upper part of the pharynx.
• The larynx and trachea lies in front of the lower pharynx and upper esophagus.
• The sternocleidomastoid is tensed helps define the triangle of the neck.
• Violently clench the jaws; the platysma lying in the superficial fascia of the neck.
• The external jugular vein lies immediately deep to platysma, perforates the deep
fascia just above the clavicle and enters the subclavian vein.
It is readily visible in a thin subject on straining like in singer hits a sustained
high note or when an orthopaedic surgeon reduces a fracture.
• The carotid sheath on each side of pharynx and sympathetic chain behind it.
• The common carotid artery pulse can be felt by pressing backwards against the
long anterior tubercle of the transverse process of C6.
• The carotid bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arteries at the level of
the upper border of the thyroid cartilage; at this level the vessels lie just below the
deep fascia where their pulsation is palpable and often visible.
• Last 4 CNs, 9-12 passes forward, 11th runs backward and 10th conti. downward in
carotid sheath.
9. The Fascial Compartments of the Neck
9
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
Clinical Significance (CS)
The fascial planes of the neck are of considerable importance to the surgeon; they form
convenient lines of cleavage through which he/she may separate the tissues in operative
dissections and they delimit the spread of pus in neck infections.
• The superficial fascia is a thin fatty membrane enclosing the platysma.
• The deep fascia can be divided into 3/4 layers or parts.
1. The enveloping / investing fascia invests the muscles of the neck (trapezius,
the sternocleidomastoid, the strap muscles and the parotid and
submandibular glands).
CS. The external jugular vein pierces the deep fascia above the clavicle. If the
vein is divided here, it is held open by the deep fascia which is attached to
its margins, air is sucked into the vein lumen during inspiration and a fatal
air embolism may ensue.
2. The prevertebral fascia passes across the vertebrae and prevertebral
muscles behind the oesophagus, the pharynx and the great vessels.
CS. Pus from a tuberculous cervical vertebra may form a midline swelling
in the posterior wall of the pharynx.
3. The pretracheal fascia encloses the ‘visceral compartment of the neck’.
Extending from the hyoid above to the fibrous pericardium below.
4. The carotid sheath, containing carotid, internal jugular and vagus nerve and
bearing the cervical sympathetic chain in its posterior wall.
10. The carotid sheath
Surrounds (Contents):
the carotids arteries
IJV
Vagus nerve
Lymph nodes
Extent:
The base of the skull superiorly and
fuses with the pericardium inferiorly.
The sympathetic chain lies behind
Nerves crossing the sheath:
• Glossopharyngeal.
• Hypoglossal.
• Spinal part of accessory.
10
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Fascial Compartments of the Neck
11. Tissue Spaces of the Neck
11
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
1. The prevertebral space behind the prevertebral fascia –closed
space.
2. The reteropharyngeal Space in front of the prevertebral fascia ,
continuous with parapharyngeal space at the side of the pharynx
and its upper part is called as infratemporal fossa.
3. The submandibular space between the mylohyoid muscle and
investing layer in between hyoid and mandible.
Clinical feature. Ludwig’s angina -rare but severe cellulitis involve the
parapharyngeal spaces.
13. 1. To assist the description of the topographical anatomy of
the neck
2. To locate the pathological lesions
3. Lymphatic drainage from H&N cancers goes to zones
defines by these triangles and every neck dissection
requires identifications of all essential structures to excise
the LNs.
4. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)- thormboemblism- stroke.
For CEA dissection of the carotid triangle & carotid
sheath is required.
Each side of the neck is divided into:
• The anterior triangle
• The posterior triangle
“By the obliquely placed sternocleidomastoid
muscle.”
13
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
Triangles of the Neck
14. Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Anteriorly: Midline of the neck.
Posteriorly: Anterior border of the sternomastoid.
Superiorly: Lower margin of the body of the mandible.
Roof: Skin, Superficial fascia, Platysma and the
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.
Contents: Viscera of the neck
Subdivided in to:
1. Submental.
2. Submandibular (Digastric).
3. Carotid.
4. Muscular
by: The digastric bellies & the superior belly of
the omohyoid
14
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
15. Posterior Triangle of the Neck
Boundaries
Anteriorly: Posterior border of sternomastoid
Posteriorly: Anterior border of Trapezius
Apex : Meeting of Trapezius & Sternomastoid
Base: Middle 1/3 of the clavicle
Roof:Skin, Superficial fascia, Platysma and the Investing layer of the
deep cervical fascia.
Floor: from below upward, Scalenus anterior + ,Scalenus medius,
levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis +
Note. The scalenus anterior and 1st digit of serratus anterior MAY contribute to
floor depending on the size of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
15
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
16. Posterior Triangle of the Neck
Contents:
Nerves:
• Trunks of the brachial plexus,
• Cervical plexus.
• Spinal accessory.
Arteries:
1- 3rd part of subclavian artery.
2- Suprascapular artery.
3- Transverse cervical artery.
4- Occipital artery.
Veins:
1- Subclavian vein.
2- External jugular vein
Lymph nodes
• 2-3 occipital ( enlarged in scalp infection & rubella)
• Numerous are supraclavicular
Muscle: Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle.
16
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
17. Sternocleidomastoid
• Visible on either side of the neck.
• attached to the sternum and clavicle and the mastoid process of the temporal
bone of the skull.
• Contracting one SCM tilts your head to that side (ipsilateral )and can rotate the
head in the opposite direction.
• Contracting both at the same time flexes the neck and extends the head.
• The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) provides the efferent (motor) innervation,
and the afferent (sensory) innervation comes from the C3 and C4 spinal nerves.
• Test: the face is turned to the opposite side against resistance and the muscle is
palpated.
17
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
18. The Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is:
• made up of the isthmus , 2 lateral lobes andan inconstant pyramidal
lobe projecting upwards from the isthmus, usually on the left side,
• Highly vascular,
• Brownish-red
• Located anteriorly in the lower neck,
• Weighs about 25 gm (it is slightly heavier in women).
• The gland enlarges during menstruation and pregnancy.
• Own capsule + enclosed by Pretracheal fascia
Each thyroid lobe is :
1. Pear shaped & triangular in cross section
2. Surfaces: lateral, medial & posterior
The isthmus:
Firmly adherent to 2nd ,3rd & 4th tracheal rings {fixation &
investment in pretracheal fascia responsible for the gland
movement with larynx during swallowing}
18
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
19. Pyramidal lobe:
Represents a development of gland
from the caudal end of the thyroglossal
duct.
May be attached to hyoid bone by
fibrous tissue (Levator glandulae
thyroideae-muscles fiber may be found
in it).
Accessory thyroid gland
Lingual thyroid
Near the hyoid bone
Superior mediastinum (retrosternal goiter)
Along the course of thyroglossal duct
19
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Thyroid Gland
20. Blood Supply;
The superior thyroid artery, br of ECA
(Ext laryngeal N is immediately behind it)
The inferior thyroid artery—arises from
the thyrocervical trunk and have variable
relations with Recurrent Laryngeal N i.e
why artery is ligated well lateral to the
gland.
The thyroidea ima artery—is inconstant
(3%)
Three veins drain the thyroid gland:
The superior thyroid vein— drains the
upper pole to the internal jugular vein or
facial vein;
The middle thyroid vein—drains from the
lateral side of the gland to the IJV
The inferior thyroid vein-often several—drain the
lower pole to the brachiocephalic veins
mainly ; one may into right brachiocephalic.
Why thyroid gland bleed even all main vessels are tied
during a partial thyroidectomy ?
Numerous small vessels pass to the thyroid from
the pharynx and trachea so that even when all the
main vessels are tied, the gland still bleeds when
cut across.”
20
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Thyroid Gland
21. Clinical features
Thyroglossal cyst or sinus
Reterosternal goiter
Benign enlargement
Pressure on trachea- Difficulty in
breathing
Pressure on esophagus – difficulty in
swallowing
Carcinoma of the gland : invades its
neighbors like trachea, esophagus, carotid
sheath (severe hemorrhage) ; recurrent
LN- affecting voice ; cervical sympathetic
chain-Horner’s syndrome
21
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Thyroid Gland
22. Salient Features:
• usually four in number(vary from two to six). , a superior
and inferior on either side;
• Ninety per cent are in close relationship to the thyroid,
10% are aberrant, the latter invariably being the inferior
glands.
• size -a split pea and is of a yellowish-brown colour.
• Position: The superior parathyroid is more
constant in position,
• The inferior parathyroid is most usually situated near the
lower pole of the thyroid gland. The next commonest site is
within 1cm of the lower pole of the thyroid gland.
• Aberrant inferior parathyroids may be found in front of the
trachea and may even track into the superior mediastinum.
Clinical features
• These possible aberrant sites are, of course, of great
importance in searching for a parathyroid adenoma in
hyperparathyroidism.
• The parathyroids are usually safe in subtotal thyroidectomy
because the posterior rim of the thyroid is preserved.
However, they may be inadvertently removed or damaged,
with resultant tetany due to the lowered serum calcium.
22
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Parathyroid Gland
24. Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani 24
The Pharynx
• Is a musculo-membranous tube that lies behind nasal cavity,
oral cavity & larynx
• Extend from base of skull to C6 vertebra where it is continuous
with esophagus
• acts as a common entrance to the respiratory and alimentary
tracts.
• 12 – 14 cm long
• By means of the auditory tube, the mucous membrane is also
continuous with that of the tympanic cavity
Nasopharynx :
• Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube & tubal elevation
• Pharyngeal tonsil: if enlarged in children (adenoids)
causing obstruction of nasophaynx & difficulty in
breathing
Functional Anatomty:
The nasopharynx is kept opened to allow breathing by:
a. The rigidity of its wall (well developed
pharyngobasilar fascia)
b. The lack of pharyngeal constrictors over its wall
Oropharynx:
Extends from soft palate (C1) to level of upper end of epiglottis (C3)
Palatine Tonsil :
“a mass of lymphoid tissue lying in a triangular recess “tonsillar sinus”
between palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal arches”
Applied anatomy:
Tonsillitis may cause referred pain in ear [ both tonsil & middle ear are
supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve.
A quinsy is suppuration in the peritonsillar tissue secondary to tonsillitis.
It is drained by an incision in the most prominent part of the abscess
where softening can be felt.
Laryngopharynx:
Extends from upper end of epiglottis (C3) to lower border of
cricoid cartilage (C6)
The larynx itself bulges into this part of the pharynx leaving a deep
recess anteriorly on either side, the piriform fossa, in which
sharp ingested foreign bodies (for example, fish bones), may
lodge.
25. Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani 25
The Pharynx
Applied anatomy:
Pharyngeal pouch
• Thru a potential gap between the thyropharyngeus and the cricopharyngeus
termed the pharyngeal dimple or Killian’s dehiscence.
• The mucosa and submucosa of the pharynx may bulge and give rise this
diverticulum. It enlarges, backward extension is prevented by the prevertebral
fascia and it therefore has to project to one side of the pharynx — usually to the
more exposed left.
• With further enlargement, the pouch pushes the esophagus aside and lies
directly in line with the pharynx; most food then passes into the pouch with
resulting severe dysphagia and cachexia.
• Spill of the pouch contents into the larynx is very liable to cause inhalation of
food material into the bronchi with respiratory infection and lung abscess as
possible consequences.
Quinsy:
is suppuration in the peritonsillar tissue secondary to tonsillitis.
It is drained by an incision in the most prominent part of the abscess where
softening can be felt.
Tonsillectomy:
The paratonsillar vein, descends from the soft palate across the lateral aspect
of the tonsillar capsule. It is nearly always divided in tonsillectomy and may
give rise to troublesome hemorrhage.
The nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
are prominent in children but usually undergo atrophy after puberty.
When chronically inflamed they may all but fill the nasopharynx, causing
mouth-breathing and also, by blocking the auditory tube, deafness and
middle ear infection.
The otitis media complicates infections of the throat thru the Eustachian
tube.
26. Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani 26
The Larynx
Salient Features
Is respiratory organ
Perform triple functions
1. An open valve in respiration,
2. A partially closed valve -phonation,
3. and a closed valve protecting the trachea and bronchial tree during deglutition.
“Coughing is only possible when the larynx can be closed effectively”.
Skeleton:
Cartilage- the epiglottis, thyroid , cricoid and the arytenoids, corniculate & cuneiform
Ligaments and membranes-Extrinsic (TH membrane & cricotracheal, hyoepiglottic &
thyroepiglottic ligaments.)
Intrinsic (quadrangular membrane & CT ligament
Slung from the U-shaped hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane and thyrohyoid muscle.
The hyoid bone itself is attached to the mandible, tongue, styloid process and pharynx .
The corniculate cartilage,and the cuneiform cartilage,small nodules, no functional significance BUT
might mimic pathological nodules.
Anteriorly, the cricothyroid ligament, easily felt and is used in emergency cricothyroid puncture for
laryngeal obstruction.
27. Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani 27
The Larynx
Clinical Features:
The laryngeal nerves relationships to the thyroid arteries are practical importance in thyroidectomy
Damage to the Ext.LN causes some weakness of phonation due to the loss of the tightening effect of the cricothyroid muscle on the cord.
Recurrent LN:
Complete division -the cord on the affected side to take up the neutral i.e. paramedian position between abduction and adduction. Luckily other cord to
compensate in a remarkable way and speech is not greatly affected.
If both nerves are divided, complete lost of the voice is and difficult breathing ( through the only partially opened glottis).
Partially damaged or bruised “Semon’s law” apply .i.e. abductors (PCA) are affected more than the adductors. The affected cord adopts the midline adducted
position.
In bilateral incomplete paralysis, the cords come together, stridor is intense and tracheotomy may become essential.
WHY loss of voice must always be regarded as an warning symptom requiring careful investigation.
Thyroid malignancy or malignant lymph nodes in neck may damaged the either RLN.
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve can be involved in (Palsy): a bronchial or esophageal carcinoma, enlarged mediastinal nodes, or may become stretched over an
aneurysm of the aortic arch , the enlarged left atrium in advanced mitral stenosis may produce a recurrent laryngeal palsy by pushing up the left pulmonary artery
which compresses the nerve against the aortic arch.
Laryngoscopy
28. Dr. Zahid Kaimkhani 28
The Trachea
Salient Features:
• is about 10 cm long and nearly 2.0cm in diameter.
• commences at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6) and terminates by
bifurcating at the level of the sternal angle of Louis (T4/5).
• Lying partly in the neck and partly in the thorax.
CERVICAL PART(Relations)
Anteriorly— the isthmus of TG, ITVs, SH and ST muscles;
Laterally—the lobes of thyroid gland and the CCA
Posteriorly—the esophagus with the recurrent laryngeal
Clinical Features:
• may be compressed or displaced by pathological enlargement
• ‘Tracheal-tug’ characteristic of aneurysms of the aortic arch
• Tracheotomy and tracheostomy
• Tracheotomy (making an incision in the trachea-in children)
• Tracheostomy (removal of small part of wall)
Indications
• Laryngeal obstruction (tumors, inhaled foreign bodies)
• Evacuation of excessive secretions (severe postoperative chest infection in a
patient who is too weak to cough adequately)
• For long-continued artificial respiration (poliomyelitis, severe chest injuries).
The golden rule of tracheostomy—based entirely on anatomical considerations—is
‘stick exactly to the midline’.
29. Common Carotid Artery (CCA)
• Right from brachiocephalic artery & Left arise from aortic arch.
• Extent SC joint to level of upper border of thyroid cartilage
PULSE- Carotid pulse in carotid triangle close to anterior border of
sternomastoid, at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage
• Branches are External and Internal CAs
External Carotid artery
• It supplies neck, face, tongue, maxilla & scalp.
Branches includes:
Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital,
Posterior auricular ,Maxillary and Superficial temporal.
Clinical Features:
• It may be surprisingly difficult to differentiate between the external
and internal carotids at operation.
• The common carotid artery can be exposed over the origin of the
sternocleidomastoid immediately above the SC joint.
• Ligation of the common carotid artery may be performed for
intracranial aneurysm arising on the internal carotid.
• Anastomoses between the branches ensure adequate blood supply to
the brain on the affected side.
29
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
Blood Vessels of the Neck -Arteries
30. Subclavian Arteries
The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta.
The right subclavian artery is formed by the bifurcation of the
brachiocephalic artery.
Divided in to 3 parts by scalenus anterior
Branches includes:
• 1st part-The vertebral artery, the thyrocervical trunk[inferior thyroid,
transverse cervical, suprascapular] and the internal thoracic artery
• 2nd part — the costocervical trunk (supplying deep structures of the
neck via its deep cervical branch, and the superior intercostal artery,
which gives off the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries).
• 3rd part—gives no constant branch.
Clinical Features:
• The right subclavian artery is grafted end-to-side into the right
pulmonary artery to short-circuit the pulmonary stenosis of the
tetralogy of Fallot (MUST KNOW THE VARIATIONS)
• An aneurysm of the subclavian artery is not rare; in the third part of
the artery (NEVER in thoracic part). Usually pain, weakness and
numbness in the arm bcz of close relation with the brachial plexus.
• A cervical rib may elevate the subclavian artery and may closely
simulate an aneurysm.
30
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
Blood Vessels of the Neck -Arteries
31. The internal jugular vein
• Begins at the jugular foramen (continuation of sigmoid sinus) and
terminates by joining the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic
vein
• Lies in the carotid sheath
Its tributaries are:
• the pharyngeal venous plexus; the common facial vein; the lingual
vein; the superior and middle thyroid veins.
Superficial veins
• The superficial temporal and maxillary veins join to form the
retromandibular vein. Its posterior division,together with the posterior
auricular vein, form the external jugular vein, whereas the anterior division
joins the facial vein to form the common facial vein which opens into the
internal jugular vein.
• The external jugular vein enter the subclavian vein and The anterior jugular
vein runs down join enter the external jugular vein.
• The subclavian vein continuation of the axillary vein joins the internal
jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. ONLY tributary is the external
jugular vein. The left also receive thoracic duct.
31
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
Blood Vessels of the Neck -Veins
32. Clinical Features:
Central Venous Catheterization
• to measure central venous pressure (c.v.p.)
• to allow rapid blood replacement
• long-term intravenous feeding
• The internal jugular vein can be cannulated by direct puncture in the triangular gap
between the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid immediately
above the clavicle.
• Feel this landmark on yourself.
• The needle is inserted near the apex of this triangle at an angle of 30–40° to the skin
surface and is advanced caudally towards the inner border of the anterior end of the
first rib behind the clavicle. A reflux of blood confirms venepuncture.
• Subclavian venepuncture can be carried out most effectively by the infraclavicular
approach
32
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
Blood Vessels of the Neck -Veins
33. Salient Features:
• grouped into horizontal and vertically disposed aggregates.
• The horizontal nodes form a number of groups which encircle the junction of the
head with the neck and which are named, according to their position.
• These nodes drain the superficial tissues of the head and efferent then pass to the
deep cervical nodes (although some lymph vessels pass direct to the cervical
nodes, bypassing the horizontal nodes).
• The vertical nodes [superficial & deep cervical groups] drain the deep structures of
the head and neck.
• The most important is the deep cervical group, extends along the internal jugular vein from the
base of the skull to the root of the neck
• The superficial cervical nodes lie along the external jugular vein, serve the parotid
and lower part of the ear and drain into the deep cervical group.
• Others vertical nodes are :the infrahyoid, the prelaryngeal and the pre- and
paratracheal nodes. These drain the thyroid, larynx, trachea and part of the pharynx
and empty into the deep cervical group.
• The retropharyngeal nodes, lying vertically behind the pharynx, drain the back of
the nose, pharynx and Eustachian tube; their efferents pass to the upper deep
cervical nodes.
33
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The lymph nodes of the neck
34. • Clinical features
• Significant changes in the evaluation and management of lymphatic metastases in the neck during the past several decades, and
knowledge of the functional anatomy of the cervical lymphatics is fundamental to the clinical management of metastasis in this
region.
• Significant improvements in clinical care, namely, selective neck dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy aided by
lymphoscintigraphy, have been developed and are based upon detailed studies of the pathways of metastatic spread. These
advances have significantly decreased the morbidity associated with the evaluation and treatment of metastatic disease to the
neck.
• The jugulodigastric or tonsillar node. A constant lymph node, becomes enlarged in tonsillitis responsible for the commonest
swelling to be encountered in the neck.
• Block dissection of the neck for malignant disease is the removal of the lymph nodes of the anterior and posterior triangles of the
neck and their associated lymph channels, together with those structures which must be excised in order to make this lymphatic
ablation possible.
o The block of tissue removed extends from the mandible above to the clavicle below and from the midline anteriorly to the anterior
border of the trapezius behind.
o The carotid arteries, the vagus, the cervical sympathetic chain and the lingual and hypoglossal nerves. The accessory nerve, passing
across the posterior triangle, is usually sacrificed.
34
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The lymph nodes of the neck
35. Salient Features:
• Continues upwards from the thorax by crossing the neck of the first rib, then ascends embedded in the
posterior wall of the carotid sheath to the base of the skull.
Three ganglia:
• the superior cervical ganglion (the largest) ,the middle ganglion and the inferior ganglion (C7+T1-the
stellate ganglion)
Note: that these ganglia receive no white rami from the cervical nerves; their preganglionic fibers
originate from the upper thoracic white rami and then ascend in the sympathetic chain..
Branches:
• cardiac branches and vascular plexuses along the carotid, subclavian and vertebral vessels.
• to the dilator pupillae muscle (along the internal carotid artery).
• Grey rami pass from the superior ganglion to cranial nerves VII, IX, X and XII.
• Clinical features –Horner Syndrome
• Meiosis (pupillary constriction) , due to unopposed parasympathetic innervation via the oculomotor
nerve),
• Partial ptosis (partial paralysis of levator palpebrae)
• the face on the affected side is dry and flushed).
• Enophthalmos
• Causes:
• Spinal cord lesions at the T1 segment (tumour or syringomyelia),
• Closed penetrating or operative injuries to the stellate ganglion
• Pressure on the chain or stellate ganglion by enlarged cervical lymph nodes, an upper mediastinal
tumor, a carotid aneurysm or a malignant mass in the neck.
35
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
36. Salient Features:
• Also called “The Thoracic Inlet” often called clinically “The Thoracic
Outlet”
Boundaries:
• the 1st thoracic vertebra, the 1st pair of ribs and their cartilages and
manubrium of the sternum
Note: The KEY to the root of the neck is the “SCALENUS ANTERIOR
MUSCLE” & its relations
Clinical Features:
• A cervical rib occurs in 0.5% of subjects and is bilateral in half of
these.
• Pressure on the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus arching over it
may produce paranesthesia along the ulnar border of the forearm and
wasting of the small muscles of the hand (T1).
• Vascular changes (Less commonly ), even gangrene, may be caused
by pressure of the rib on the overlying subclavian artery.
• This results in post-stenotic dilatation of the vessel distal to the rib in
which a thrombus forms from which emboli are thrown off.
36
Dr.Zahid aimkhani
The Root of the Neck