Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuliAj Cocjin
This document summarizes different types of cellular adaptations and responses to stress, including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. It provides examples of each type of adaptation, such as hypertrophy of muscle fibers in response to increased workload. It also discusses mechanisms that drive each adaptive response and how prolonged stress can potentially lead to cell injury and death.
Adaptations of cellular growth and diffrentiationrashree-singh
This document discusses various types of cellular adaptation in response to environmental changes. It defines key adaptations like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Hypertrophy involves cell enlargement while hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number. Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one cell type with another. Adaptations can be physiological from things like exercise or pathological from issues like hypertension. The mechanisms of adaptations involve growth factors, hormones, and changes in protein expression levels. Cellular adaptations allow tissues to survive stresses but can sometimes progress to disease if the stressors remain.
This document discusses various types of cellular adaptation in response to stress or noxious stimuli. It defines hypertrophy as an increase in cell size, hyperplasia as an increase in cell number, atrophy as a decrease in cell size, and metaplasia as a change from one adult cell type to another. Examples of each type of adaptation are provided, including physiologic adaptations to normal stimulation and pathologic adaptations in response to stress. The mechanisms and causes of each adaptation type are also described.
Cell injury and Cellular Adaptation: PathologyHarshit Jadav
This document discusses various types of cell injury, including reversible and irreversible injury. It outlines several causes of cell injury, such as hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals/drugs, microbial agents, immunologic agents, and nutritional derangements. The document also discusses various cellular adaptations that cells undergo in response to stress, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Overall, the document provides an overview of the different forms of cell injury, causes of injury, and adaptive cellular responses.
This document discusses cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. It describes how cells maintain homeostasis through adaptations like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and atrophy in response to physiological changes. If stresses exceed adaptive responses, cells undergo injury which can initially be reversible but lead to irreversible injury and cell death if the stress persists. The document outlines different types of cell death including necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, and discusses how cellular derangements and metabolic issues can also contribute to cell injury over time.
How is a cell formed?
What is growth?
What is differentiation?
What is morphogenesis?
Growth disorders-
What is growth disorder?
Difference between growth and development.
Classification – hypertropy, hyperplasia
hypoplasia, atrophy
agenesis
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
Growth hormone – hypopituitarism
hyperpituitarism
Developmental disorder of orofacial structures – clefts
lip disorders
tongue
jaws
teeth
Public health significance
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It can be physiologic, such as during pregnancy, or pathologic, such as with excessive hormone stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size within an organ or tissue, often due to increased functional demands. Atrophy is a decrease in cell and organ size due to loss of cell substance from factors like disuse or inadequate nutrition. Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another, such as squamous replacing columnar epithelium from chronic irritation. These changes can sometimes progress to cancer if the predisposing stimuli persist long-term.
This document discusses regeneration, adaptation, and related biological processes. It defines regeneration as the healing of tissues through cell proliferation, fully restoring the original tissues. Proliferation involves cell division, while differentiation involves cells acquiring specialized features. Proliferation precedes and enables differentiation. Adaptation refers to traits that evolve through natural selection to have functional roles for organisms. Examples of adaptive processes discussed include atrophy, hypertrophy, organization, reconstruction, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Compensatory growth can occur when organs are damaged or removed, involving increased cell size or division to make up for lost tissue.
1. Cells exist in a state of homeostasis but are constantly exposed to stresses that can cause injury. Mild stresses may result in reversible injury where cells adapt, while severe stresses can lead to irreversible injury and cell death.
2. Causes of cellular injury include hypoxia, toxins, infectious agents, immunological reactions, genetic abnormalities, nutritional imbalances, physical agents, and aging. Hypoxia and ischemia specifically damage mitochondria and decrease ATP production.
3. When cellular injury is reversible, cells may undergo adaptations like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or metaplasia to better tolerate the stressful environment rather than dying. Irreversible injury results in cell death.
1. Cells are constantly exposed to stresses like hypoxia, toxins, infections, and physical agents that can alter their normal steady state and lead to either reversible injury or irreversible injury and cell death.
2. Reversible injury involves cellular swelling and fatty changes that are potentially reversible if the stressor is removed. Irreversible injury leads to cell death.
3. If cells survive reversible injury, they may adapt through processes like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia to better tolerate the stressor. Persistent injury can potentially lead to dysplasia and neoplasia over time.
This document summarizes different types of cellular adaptations to stress, including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, and cellular aging. It describes hypertrophy as an increase in cell size without cell division. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through cell proliferation. Atrophy is a shrinkage in cell size due to loss of cell substance. Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another. Cellular aging results from a progressive decline in cell lifespan and function over time.
Cellular adaptation and tissue response involve reversible changes in cells' size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity and function in response to environmental changes. These adaptations include hypertrophy (enlargement of individual cells), hyperplasia (increase in cell number), atrophy (reduction in size and cell number), metaplasia (transformation from one type of epithelium to another), and dysplasia (disordered growth of cells). Cells must constantly adapt to normal changes in their environment through these processes. Hypertrophy involves increased cell size without new cell generation, while hyperplasia involves both increased cell size and number. Atrophy is the shrinking of cells and reduction in organ or tissue size. Metaplasia and dyspl
Cellular adaptation and tissue response involve reversible changes in cells' size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity and function in response to environmental changes. These adaptations include hypertrophy (enlargement of individual cells), hyperplasia (increase in cell number), atrophy (reduction in size and cell number), metaplasia (transformation from one type of epithelium to another), and dysplasia (disordered growth of cells). Cells must constantly adapt to normal changes in their environment through these processes.
This document discusses various cellular adaptations in response to environmental changes, including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. It defines each type of adaptation and provides examples of physiological and pathological adaptations. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number, and metaplasia is a change from one cell type to another. The document explores the mechanisms, causes, and examples of each type of cellular adaptation.
This document discusses different types of cellular adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, caused by increased functional demand or stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, allowing for organ growth. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number, from factors like decreased workload or nutrition. Metaplasia is a reversible change where one cell type replaces another, like columnar cells changing to squamous in the lungs from irritation.
Glossory of disorder of growth of cells in the bodyRamshaTariq15
This document defines several terms related to disorders of growth including: agenesis, anaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hypoplasia, in situ, malignant, metaplasia, metastasis, neoplasia, and neoplasm. It describes each term, such as agenesis meaning the absence or failure of formation of any part or organ, anaplasia meaning the loss of differentiation of cells, and malignant referring to tumors that have the properties of anaplasia, invasiveness and metastasis.
Cellular adaptations include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased protein production. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number driven by growth factors. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number resulting from decreased protein synthesis and increased degradation. Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. These adaptations allow tissues and organs to respond to environmental changes.
At the end of the class the students will be able to,
Explain the basic concept of pathology
Describe the Cellular & tissue changes.
Describe the Infiltration and regeneration
Elaborate the inflammation and infection
Similar to Pathology_of_Growth_cellulardisturbances.pptx (20)
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the brain has two hemispheres and is made up of different areas like the cortex, corpus callosum, and cerebellum. The nervous system allows the brain to quickly send messages to the body. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two main divisions of sensory and motor. Messages travel from the PNS to the brain and back very quickly, up to 150 meters per second. Reflexes provide an even faster response that bypasses the brain through pathways in the spinal cord.
Human brain anatomy and physiologypptx.pptsiddhimeena3
This document provides an overview of brain anatomy and physiology. It describes the major structures of the brain including the meninges, lobes, gyri and sulci. It outlines the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and blood supply to the brain. The document also reviews the cranial nerves and brainstem, detailing the origin and function of each cranial nerve.
This document provides information about a training on rational and hygienic use of oxygen devices. The training aims to effectively oversee oxygen therapy and optimize oxygen delivery to patients. It covers medical oxygen and its importance, oxygen storage and delivery devices, oxygen therapy devices, infection prevention, and reducing oxygen waste. The training schedule includes sessions on introductions, medical oxygen, oxygen therapy devices, infection prevention, and ways to reduce oxygen waste.
Potashner Posture Balance and pathology slides.pptsiddhimeena3
This document discusses the mechanisms that control posture and balance. It describes two main types of postural control - feedforward commands which are planned and learned to anticipate disturbances, and feedback commands which use signals from various sensory systems like vision and vestibular to learn reflexive corrections. Feedback controls include learned responses that produce gradient corrections and reflexive responses like balancing or falling behaviors.
The pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract. They make diagnoses based on factors like hereditary conditions, exposure to toxins or infections, and signs of issues. Pulmonologists may order various tests and treat diseases affecting the lungs and breathing.
nasal_cavity human anatomy lateral wall and venous drainage_1.pptxsiddhimeena3
This document provides an overview of the nasal cavity, including its parts, boundaries, blood supply, nerve supply and applied aspects. It discusses the vestibule, nasal cavity proper, roof, floor and septum of the nasal cavity in detail. The septum has bony, cartilaginous and membranous parts. It receives its blood supply from various arteries and drains into facial and pterygoid veins. The septum is innervated by branches of various cranial nerves. Applied aspects of the nasal septum include its role in nasal obstruction and importance of preserving the septal cartilage.
triangeles_of_the_neck human anatomy.pptsiddhimeena3
The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains the occipital and supraclavicular triangles and structures like lymph nodes, nerves and blood vessels. The anterior triangle is bounded by the mandible, sternocleidomastoid muscle and midline. It contains the thyroid gland, strap muscles that attach to the hyoid bone and are divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid groups. The anterior triangle also contains the carotid artery and structures in subdivided areas like the carotid triangle.
The document provides information about the endocrine system, including:
- It summarizes the key glands of the endocrine system and their main hormones.
- It describes how hormones work through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
- The pituitary gland and hypothalamus interaction is described, as well as the hormones produced by each part of the pituitary.
- Individual endocrine glands like the thyroid and adrenals are discussed in more detail regarding their hormones and functions.
The skeleton system skull Bone_-_Skull.pptxsiddhimeena3
The document repeatedly asks the reader to name a single bone or bones without providing any context or images. It is unclear from the limited information what specific bone or bones the document is referring to and no conclusions can be drawn.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a modified hinge joint that allows movement in three planes. It is composed of the head of the mandible, articular tubercle of the temporal bone, and mandibular fossa. The joint is divided into two compartments by an articular disc and has a loose joint capsule.
The muscles that control movement of the mandible include the temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid for elevation; the lateral pterygoid and suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles for depression; the lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid for protrusion; and the temporalis and mas
NECK anatomy muscles with clinical anatomy.pdfsiddhimeena3
The document discusses the clinical anatomy of the neck. It begins by describing the structures located in the neck that allow for thinking, speaking, seeing, hearing, tasting, and smelling. It then discusses the cervical spine, fascial compartments of the neck including the carotid sheath, tissue spaces of the neck including the prevertebral space, and triangles of the neck including the anterior and posterior triangles. It also summarizes key structures in the neck including the thyroid gland, larynx, pharynx, trachea, great vessels, and cervical sympathetic trunk.
thoracic_wall_5-2-15.ribs and sternum, pdfsiddhimeena3
The document summarizes the thoracic wall and thoracic cavity. It describes the thorax region and its boundaries. The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and 12 thoracic vertebrae. It protects the abdominal viscera. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, and other structures. It is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the thoracic outlet.
(T.L.E.) Agriculture: Essentials of GardeningMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨��� 𝟏.𝟎)-𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
Lesson Outcome:
-Students will understand the basics of gardening, including the importance of soil, water, and sunlight for plant growth. They will learn to identify and use essential gardening tools, plant seeds, and seedlings properly, and manage common garden pests using eco-friendly methods.
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - FORM MỚI 2025 - HK1 (C...
Pathology_of_Growth_cellulardisturbances.pptx
1. Disturbances in Growth
Dr Deepak Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna -14
Bihar Animal Sciences University Patna
2. Disturbances in Growth
• The disturbances in growth cover a broader spectrum of changes
from no growth to uncontrolled growth.
• While uncontrolled growth (neoplasm) is dealt separately, the other
forms of growth disturbances are considered in this chapter.
• Cells may fail to develop or adapt to changing environment or
physiological or pathological stimuli.
3. Disturbances in Growth
• Aplasia - is the complete failure of an organ to develop.
• Agenesis - is the complete absence of an organ or lack of specific cells within an
organ (e.g., lack of germ cells in “Sertoli cell only syndrome”).
• Hypoplasia - is the increase in the size of the tissue or an organ or a part of an
organ due to quantitative increase in the number of cells.
• Hyperplasia -is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that
appear normal under a microscope.
• Hypertrophy - is the increase in the size of the cells or the organ. The number of
the cells doesnot increase.
• Atrophy -decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ, or other tissue.
• Metaplasia - is the reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by
another adult cell type of the same germinal layer
• Dysplasia - is any of various types of abnormal growth or development of cells.
4. Disturbances in Growth
• The cells respond to altered physiological or pathological stimuli by
adapting themselves.
• These changes are reflected as atrophy, hyperplasia,
hypertrophy, metaplasia and dysplasia besides aplasia and
hypoplasia.
• Following an injurious stimulus or to stress, the normal cell’s
homeostatic state may respond with cellular injury resulting in either
death or adaption.
• Hence, the cellular adaptation to the increased demand is a state in
between normal and stressed.
7. 7
•Failure of an organ/
tissue to attain its
full size
HYPOPLASIA
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Normal
8. 8
• Etiology
• Congenital anomalies e.g. Hypoplasia of kidneys in
calves
• Inadequate innervations
• Inadequate blood supply
• Malnutrition
• Infections e.g. cerebral hypoplasia in Bovine viral
diarrhoea
HYPOPLASIA
9. 9
• Macroscopic features
• Organ size, weight, volume reduced
• Microscopic features
• Reduced size of cells
• Reduced number of cells
• Connective tissue and fat is more
HYPOPLASIA
10. 10
• Decrease in size of an organ that has reached
their full size
ATROPHY
11. 11
• Etiology
• Physiological e.g. senile atrophy
• Pressure atrophy
• Disuse atrophy e.g. Atrophy of immobilized legs
• Endocrine atrophy e.g. Atrophy of testicles
• Environmental pollution e.g. Atrophy of lymphoid
organs
• Inflammation/ fibrosis
ATROPHY
12. 12
• Macroscopic features
• Size, weight, volume of organ decreased
• Wrinkles in capsule of organ
• Microscopic features
• Size of cell is smaller
• Cell number is less
• Fat and connective tissue cells are more
ATROPHY