axial skeleton human anatomy. Mbbs....pdf

The document summarizes the bones that make up the human skull and their functions. It discusses the 22 bones that comprise the skull, which can be divided into cranial bones that form the cranial cavity to protect the brain, and facial bones that form the framework of the face. Key bones described include the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal and palatine bones. Each bone has a specific shape and features that contribute to its role in housing and protecting important structures of the head.

The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :- What is skeleton Skull Hyoid bone Vertebrae Thoracic cage

The Human Skeletal System Anatomy & Physiology, Human joints for B.Pharm and Pharm.D. Human bones & Sutures, Skull #B.Pharm as per PCI syllabus

This document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, including the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone. It describes the key features of each type of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral), as well as important structures like the atlas and axis. The document also reviews rib anatomy, identifying the differences between true, false, and floating ribs. Finally, it summarizes the bones that make up the sternum and their features. The goal is to prepare students to identify the various bones and structures on the axial skeleton for their upcoming lab exam.

The document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system module in sports medicine. It discusses the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system, common conditions that affect it, and the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Key topics covered include the anatomy of bones and joints, common prefixes/suffixes used in musculoskeletal terms, describing movement, and the structure of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Diagrams are provided to illustrate key bones and their locations within the skeletal system.

The document describes the anatomy of the skull. It begins by explaining the five layers of the scalp and then discusses the functions of the skull, which include protecting the brain and delicate structures of the ear and eye. It lists the bones of the cranium and facial skeleton. It proceeds to describe features of the frontal, lateral, superior, external and internal surfaces of the cranium in 3 sentences or less for each area.

The document summarizes the structure and characteristics of the vertebral column and its components. It discusses the typical features of vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. It also describes atypical vertebrae and provides details on the sacrum and coccyx, including their composition, functions, and potential problems.

A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone. The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80 Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton. 126+80=206.Skull bones: The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location: Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain. Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face. Vertebral column: The vertebral column is made up 33 bones. Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck. Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back. Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back. The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs. These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process. Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs. the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs. Ear bones (6): Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body: Malleus Incus Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..

The document discusses the anatomy of the skull, its bones, and their functions. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, divided into cranial bones that form the cranial cavity protecting the brain, and facial bones that form the framework of the face. Each of the 8 cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid) and their features are then discussed in detail. The skull bones provide protection, sites for muscle attachment, and support for sensory organs.

The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.

The document summarizes the skeletal system, including: - The two types of bone (cancellous and compact) and their structures. - The four shapes of bone and two types of bone marrow. - The two mechanisms of bone formation (endochondral and intramembranous). - An overview of the bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs).

The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal and muscular systems. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). Bones develop through the processes of ossification and remodeling. The skeletal system works with muscles to allow movement and protect organs.

The document discusses the skeletal system, describing its two divisions: the axial skeleton which includes bones around the longitudinal axis, and the appendicular skeleton which includes limb bones. It outlines five types of bones based on shape - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Specific bones are also discussed including the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thorax, and their features and functions.

The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. this is brief study on skeletal system ,that i prepared for my academic purpose . please comment thank u

The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.

The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and storage. The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage. There are two types of bones - compact bone which makes up the outer layer and is very dense, and cancellous bone which is less dense and found in the interior. Bones are composed of cells including osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.

The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.

Cellular growth disturbance

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complete vertebral column

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The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the brain has two hemispheres and is made up of different areas like the cortex, corpus callosum, and cerebellum. The nervous system allows the brain to quickly send messages to the body. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two main divisions of sensory and motor. Messages travel from the PNS to the brain and back very quickly, up to 150 meters per second. Reflexes provide an even faster response that bypasses the brain through pathways in the spinal cord.

This document provides an overview of brain anatomy and physiology. It describes the major structures of the brain including the meninges, lobes, gyri and sulci. It outlines the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and blood supply to the brain. The document also reviews the cranial nerves and brainstem, detailing the origin and function of each cranial nerve.

This document provides information about a training on rational and hygienic use of oxygen devices. The training aims to effectively oversee oxygen therapy and optimize oxygen delivery to patients. It covers medical oxygen and its importance, oxygen storage and delivery devices, oxygen therapy devices, infection prevention, and reducing oxygen waste. The training schedule includes sessions on introductions, medical oxygen, oxygen therapy devices, infection prevention, and ways to reduce oxygen waste.

This document discusses the mechanisms that control posture and balance. It describes two main types of postural control - feedforward commands which are planned and learned to anticipate disturbances, and feedback commands which use signals from various sensory systems like vision and vestibular to learn reflexive corrections. Feedback controls include learned responses that produce gradient corrections and reflexive responses like balancing or falling behaviors.

The pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract. They make diagnoses based on factors like hereditary conditions, exposure to toxins or infections, and signs of issues. Pulmonologists may order various tests and treat diseases affecting the lungs and breathing.

This document provides an overview of the nasal cavity, including its parts, boundaries, blood supply, nerve supply and applied aspects. It discusses the vestibule, nasal cavity proper, roof, floor and septum of the nasal cavity in detail. The septum has bony, cartilaginous and membranous parts. It receives its blood supply from various arteries and drains into facial and pterygoid veins. The septum is innervated by branches of various cranial nerves. Applied aspects of the nasal septum include its role in nasal obstruction and importance of preserving the septal cartilage.

The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains the occipital and supraclavicular triangles and structures like lymph nodes, nerves and blood vessels. The anterior triangle is bounded by the mandible, sternocleidomastoid muscle and midline. It contains the thyroid gland, strap muscles that attach to the hyoid bone and are divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid groups. The anterior triangle also contains the carotid artery and structures in subdivided areas like the carotid triangle.

The document provides information about the endocrine system, including: - It summarizes the key glands of the endocrine system and their main hormones. - It describes how hormones work through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis. - The pituitary gland and hypothalamus interaction is described, as well as the hormones produced by each part of the pituitary. - Individual endocrine glands like the thyroid and adrenals are discussed in more detail regarding their hormones and functions.

The document repeatedly asks the reader to name a single bone or bones without providing any context or images. It is unclear from the limited information what specific bone or bones the document is referring to and no conclusions can be drawn.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a modified hinge joint that allows movement in three planes. It is composed of the head of the mandible, articular tubercle of the temporal bone, and mandibular fossa. The joint is divided into two compartments by an articular disc and has a loose joint capsule. The muscles that control movement of the mandible include the temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid for elevation; the lateral pterygoid and suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles for depression; the lateral pterygoid, masseter, and medial pterygoid for protrusion; and the temporalis and mas

The document discusses the clinical anatomy of the neck. It begins by describing the structures located in the neck that allow for thinking, speaking, seeing, hearing, tasting, and smelling. It then discusses the cervical spine, fascial compartments of the neck including the carotid sheath, tissue spaces of the neck including the prevertebral space, and triangles of the neck including the anterior and posterior triangles. It also summarizes key structures in the neck including the thyroid gland, larynx, pharynx, trachea, great vessels, and cervical sympathetic trunk.

The document summarizes the thoracic wall and thoracic cavity. It describes the thorax region and its boundaries. The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and 12 thoracic vertebrae. It protects the abdominal viscera. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, and other structures. It is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the thoracic outlet.

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Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal. About Astro Pathshala Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology. For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.

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