Layer 7 Observability and Centralized Configuration with Consul Service Mesh

Copyright © 2019 HashiCorp
Layer 7 Observability
with Consul Service
Mesh

Layer 7 Observability with Consul Service Mesh.
Erik Veld
Developer Advocate at HashiCorp
@erikveld
eveld@hashicorp.com

Networking
Connect infrastructure
and applications.
Development
Run applications.
Security
Secure infrastructure and
applications.
Operations
Provision infrastructure.
INTRODUCTION © 2019 HashiCorp 4
The 4 essential
elements of
dynamic
infrastructure

Multi-Cloud
Service
Networking
INTRODUCTION © 2019 HashiCorp 5
Networking
Connect infrastructure
and applications.
Development
Run applications.
Security
Secure infrastructure and
applications.
Operations
Provision infrastructure.

Consul
Use Cases
Distributed service
networking layer to
connect and secure
any services
6© 2019 HashiCorpINTRODUCTION
Service
Registry &
Discovery
Dynamically locate any
application or
infrastructure service to
simplify network
connectivity
Service Mesh
A distributed
networking layer to
connect, secure and
observe services across
any runtime platform
and cloud

Market
trend from
monoliths to
microservices Single,
Physical
Server
Dynamic Virtual
Machines
Smaller,
Ephemeral
Containers

INTRODUCTION 8© 2019 HashiCorp
The shift
from static
to dynamic
networking
Dynamic Infrastructure
Service-based networking
Static Infrastructure
Host-based networking

The shift
from static
to dynamic
networking
Dynamic Infrastructure
Service-based networking
Static Infrastructure
Host-based networking
Private datacenters with static IPs,
primarily north-south traffic, protected by
perimeter security and coarse-grained
network segments.
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
● Static connectivity between services
● A fleet of load balancers to route traffic
● Ticket driven processes to update
network middleware
● Firewall rule sprawl to constrict access
and Insecure flat network zones
Multiple clouds and private datacenters
with dynamic IPs, dominated by east-west
traffic, no clear network perimeters.
CONSUL APPROACH
● Centralized registry to locate any
service
● Services discovered and connected
with centralized policies
● Network automated in service of
applications
● Zero trust network enforced by
identity-based security policies

Reduced Productivity
Waiting for manual updates to load balancers and
ﬁrewalls blocks development throughput.
Business
challenges
of dynamic
infrastructure
Increased Risk
Firewall rule sprawl is complex to manage and
mistakes create security vulnerabilities.
Increased Cost
Load balancers and ﬁrewalls are expensive and costly
to maintain.

Networks are not 100% stable and
often experience transient failure.

Gray Failure
The Achilles' Heel of Cloud-Scale Systems
"The major availability breakdowns and performance anomalies we see in
cloud environments tend to be caused by subtle underlying faults, i.e.
gray failures rather than fail-stop failure"
Paper from Microsoft research

Gray Failure
The Achilles' Heel of Cloud-Scale Systems
● Performance degradation
● Random packet loss
● Flaky I/O
● Memory pressure
● Non-fatal exceptions

Common reliability patterns
● Service discovery
● Load balancing
● Retries
● Circuit breaking
● Rate limiting

Components
Service Mesh
Control Plane
▪ Service to service communication
policy.
▪ Service Catalog
▪ CA and x509 certiﬁcate generation.
▪ Conﬁguration and proxy management.
16© 2019 HashiCorpSERVICE MESH

Components
Service Mesh
Data Plane
▪ Authorization
▪ Request tracing
▪ Traﬃc shaping
▪ Load balancing
▪ Service discovery
▪ Circuit breaking
▪ Retry logic

Configure Proxies
SERVICE MESH 18© 2019 HashiCorp
● A proxy is co-located with a single service
instance which it represents and proxy all
inbound traffic to
● The Client agent instantiates the proxy
and registers it as a service.
● Configure proxy with a port on which is
used for the service and upstream
destination that the service wants to
connect to zz
connect = {
proxy = {
config = {
upstreams = [
{
destination_name = "mongodb",
local_bind_port = 8001
}
]
}
}
}

Get certificate for application
● Upon its instantiation, the proxy requests
from local agent both leaf and root
certificates for the service instance it
represents.
● If the local agent can not find the
certificates of this service instance in its
cache, it will generate a new unique
private key and send a certificate signing
request (CSR) up to Consul server.
● Server returns the signed certificate to
local agent. Agent then caches the
certificates the return to the proxy.

Retrieve Intentions
● A subset of intentions which are relevant
to destination services are locally cached
at the destination Consul agent
● Connection attempts require only local
agent communication for authorization
● Updates to intentions are propagated
instantly to agents
zz
$ consul intention create -allow web db
Created: web => db (allow)

Establish the connection 1/2
● The proxy of the web service uses Consul
service discovery APIs to request the
location of the DB.
● The local agent returns the proxy’s IP
address/Port of a healthy DB instance.
● The local agent also returns the URI for
the expected identity of the service it is
connected to
● Proxies between web and database start
TLS handshake to authenticate the
identity

Establish the connection 2/2
● The DB proxy sends the authorization
request to its local agent
● The local agent authorizes the connection
based on locally cached intention
● Mutual TLS is established

You can’t do Reliability without
Observability.

Observe
Check Implement

Observability is a measure of how well
internal states of a system can be
inferred from knowledge of
external outputs.

▪ System metrics (e.g. network, node, etc.)
▪ Health checks
▪ Tracing
▪ Access logs
▪ Application metrics
▪ Application logs
▪ Business analytics
Observability
27© 2019 HashiCorpOBSERVABILITY

▪ Full system failure (easy to spot)
▪ Global Service failure
▪ Service instance failure
▪ Node failure
Types of
failures
In order to pinpoint
the cause of a failure,
we need metadata to
locate the source.

▪ Connections vs Requests
▪ Failed requests don't always cause a
disconnect
▪ Descriptive status codes
▪ gRPC method names
Layer 7
In order to pinpoint
the cause of a failure,
we need metadata to
locate the source.

▪ Originally created by Etsy
▪ Push based metrics
▪ Lightweight UDP protocol
▪ No support for metadata
StatsD
CODE EDITOR
myservice.service1.mymethod.called

▪ Created by DataDog based on StatsD protocol
▪ Push based metrics
▪ Lightweight UDP protocol
▪ Support for metadata through tags
DogStatsD
CODE EDITOR
myservice.mymethod.called tags[serviceid:service1]

▪ Pull based approach from central server
▪ Service implements HTTP endpoint exposing
metrics
▪ Supports metadata by default
Prometheus
CODE EDITOR
envoy_http_downstream_rq_completed{envoy_http_conn_manager_preﬁx="ingress_cache"}

Architecture
Conﬁguration
34© 2019 HashiCorpCONFIGURATION
Service A
Sidecar proxy
StatsD exporter Prometheus
Service B
Sidecar proxy
Pod A Pod B
Grafana
emits metrics to StatsD
scrapes the StatsD
exporter
pulls metrics from
Prometheus
Consul
injects and
conﬁgures the
sidecar proxy

CODE EDITOR
- job_name: "pods"
scrape_interval: 1s
kubernetes_sd_configs:
- role: pod
relabel_configs:
- action: keep
source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name]
regex: "prometheus-statsd"
Scrape conﬁguration
Scrape conﬁguration for kubernetes pods.

Scrape conﬁguration
Scrape conﬁguration for VMs using Consul Service Discovery.
CODE EDITOR
- job_name: "pods"
scrape_interval: 1s
kconsul_sd_configs:
- server: "localhost:8500"
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_consul_service]
target_label: job

CODE EDITOR
kind = "proxy-defaults"
name = "global"
config {
envoy_dogstatsd_url = "udp://127.0.0.1:9125"
# envoy_prometheus_bind_addr = "0.0.0.0:9102"
}
Configuration file
Enable and configure the metrics endpoint.

Write the configuration
Write the configuration to the centralized configuration.
TERMINAL
$ consul config write proxy-defaults.hcl

CODE EDITOR
metadata:
labels:
app: emojify-api
annotations:
"consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject": "true"
"consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams": "emojify-facebox:8003,emojify-cache:8005"
Conﬁgure the service
Injecting the sidecar proxy using consul-k8s.

Bootstrap
Applying the kubernetes conﬁguration will automatically bootstrap the sidecar proxy.
TERMINAL
$ kubectl apply -f emojify-api.yml

CODE EDITOR
services {
name = "emojify-api"
port = 9090
connect {
sidecar_service {
port = 20000
proxy {
local_service_address = "127.0.0.1"
local_service_port = 9090
upstreams {
destination_name = "emojify-facebox"
local_bind_port = 8003
}
upstreams {

Bootstrap
Conﬁguring the Envoy sidecar proxy for the service.
TERMINAL
$ consul connect envoy -sidecar-for emojify-api

Thank You
eveld@hashicorp.com
www.hashicorp.com
44

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Layer 7 Observability and Centralized Configuration with Consul Service Mesh

Thank You
hello@hashicorp.com
www.hashicorp.com
62

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An organization is driven by its people and culture. What follows are the
principles of HashiCorp, which together describe the foundational
characteristics of the company.

Section title.
Every action we take moves us in some direction. Vision is a point much farther
than a single action can take us. Having a vision allows us to judge if an action
moves us closer or further from our vision.
Section title.
By having a vision, we try to move in some direction, rather than moving in no
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HashiCorp will always be focused on
innovating and pushing the boundaries in an
attempt to deeply impact the status quo.
However, forward progress requires strong
grounding in reality.

Section title.
Long after we forget the
details of an interaction, we
remember how we felt. This
extends to our impressions of
people, websites, tools, and
products.
Section title.
HashiCorp will always be
focused on innovating and
pushing the boundaries in an
attempt to deeply impact the
status quo. However, forward
progress requires strong
Section title.
Beauty can exist in any job well
done. A job well done requires
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and thoughtfulness, a
consideration for the
consumer of our work.

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Beauty can exist in any job well done. A job well done requires
applying a sense of purpose and thoughtfulness, a
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must treat our work as a craft to be practiced and perfected.
This attention to detail should be applied to everything we
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Secondary headline
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Section title.
Every action we take moves us in some direction.
Section title.
Vision is a point much farther than a single action
can take us.
Section title.
Having a vision allows us to judge if an action moves
us closer or further from our vision.
Slide title
/ 4 line max.
Secondary headline
/ 4 line max.

1. Bullet One
2. Bullet Two
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4. Bullet Four
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6. Bullet Six

1. Bullet One
2. Bullet Two
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4. Bullet Four
5. Bullet Five

Section title.
Every action we take moves us in some
direction. Vision is a point much farther than
a single action can take us. Having a vision
allows us to judge if an action moves us
closer or further from our vision.

Slide title
/ 4 line max.
Secondary headline
/ 4 line max.

Section title.
extends to our impressions
of people, websites, tools,
and products.
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and products.
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status quo. However,
forward progress requires
strong grounding in reality.
Section title.
and products.
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Clarence Howard
CEO, Founder
Essie Fitzpatrick
CEO, Founder
Cleve Balistreri
CEO, Founder
Amina Lendgren
CEO, Founder

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“baz”: 42
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> lorem ipsum -d -s amet

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Beauty works best.

Collection item
products.
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Beauty can exist in any job well
done. A job well done requires
applying a sense of purpose
and thoughtfulness, a
consideration for the

Collection item
and products.
Collection item
status quo. However,
forward progress requires
strong grounding in reality.
Collection item
Beauty can exist in any job
well done. A job well done
requires applying a sense of
purpose and thoughtfulness,
a consideration for the

Collection item
details of an interaction,
we remember how we
felt. This extends to our
impressions of people,
websites, tools, and
products.
Collection item
we remember how we
products.
Collection item
we remember how we
products.

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This extends to our
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⁄ 201Copyright © 2019 HashiCorp⁄ SECTION OR PRESENTATION TITLE RESTRICTED USE ONLY

Key Messaging
Cloud Infrastructure
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Consistent workﬂows to provision, secure,
connect, and run any infrastructure for
any application.

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Layer 7 Observability and Centralized Configuration with Consul Service Mesh

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