Charging has always been an issue in electrical vehicles. In this project, the kinetic energy is
transmitted in the brakes through drive train and is directed by a mechanical system to the potential store during
deceleration. That energy is held until required to the vehicle, wherein it is transformed back into energy and
stored in the battery of the vehicle. The amount of the power available for conservation varies depending on the
type of storage, drivetrain efficiency, and drive cycle and inertia weight. When a normal vehicle applies its brake,
its kinetic energy is transformed to heat because of friction between wheels and brake pad. This heat passes
through the air and the energy is wasted. The total energy lost in this way depends on how often, long and hard
the brake is being applied. An energy conversion action in which a part of the energy of the vehicle is stored by a
battery or storage device is known as regenerative braking. Driving within a city involves more braking
representing a high loss of energy with the opportunity for savings in energy. In the case of public transport
vehicles such as local trains, buses, taxis, delivery vehicles there is even more potential for energy to be
regenerated
Kinetic Energy Regenerative Breaking SystemSanjeev Prasad
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins with an introduction on why brakes are needed and provides an overview of common brake types. It then focuses on regenerative braking, explaining that it involves capturing kinetic energy during braking and converting it to electrical or potential energy for storage. The document outlines the key components and working of regenerative braking systems, including types like hydraulic, flywheel-assisted, and nitilon spring-assisted variants. It discusses advantages like improved fuel efficiency but also limitations such as added weight. In conclusion, the document argues that regenerative braking can increase efficiency and help conserve energy that would otherwise be lost during braking.
This technical report summarizes the working of a regenerative braking system. It discusses how regenerative braking systems capture kinetic energy during deceleration and convert it back to electrical energy instead of wasting it as heat. The electrical energy is then stored in batteries and can be used to power electric motors, providing improved fuel efficiency compared to conventional braking systems. Regenerative braking is particularly beneficial in stop-and-go city traffic where it can provide most of the braking force needed. The report examines the components involved like motors, inverters, batteries and explains the working principle in detail.
Abstract review of energy harvesting REGENERATIVE BRAKINGMAHESH294
This document provides an abstract review of regenerative braking for energy harvesting using railways and vehicles. It was prepared by 5 batch members under the guidance of N.Gangadhar and Thomas Edwin. The document discusses regenerative braking, energy harvesting, the system block diagram, software components including Keil uVision4 and flash magic, and hardware components such as an LPC2148 ARM microcontroller, DC battery, PC, LCD, and vibration sensor. It concludes that the project will be developed as a prototype to harvest energy from regenerative braking under the guidance of the professors.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins by explaining how conventional braking systems waste kinetic energy as heat, while regenerative braking systems convert kinetic energy to electrical energy during braking. It then provides details on the working principle of regenerative braking, where the electric motors coupled to the drive wheels generate electricity during braking which is stored in the battery. The document presents the history of regenerative braking and provides examples of vehicles that use this technology today, concluding that regenerative braking improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.
Regenerative braking system is a small, but an eventual method for converting unwanted heat energy into electrical energy. The energy generated is stored in the battery. This helps in reducing the usage of the external battery for charging purposes. These types of brakes helps in increasing the driving range for the electric vehicles as they can travel for longer periods. Regenerative braking system also in improving the fuel economy. It is a way of increasing the efficiency rate of the vehicles. Instead, of converting the kinhetic energy into thermal energy through friction braking this system can convert a good fraction of kinetic energy into electric energy and charge the battey using the principle of alternator. Mr. Shivam Sharma | Ashish Narayan Singh | Rahul Yadav | Abhinav Jha | Kumar Vanshaj | Md. Fahim ""Regenerative Braking System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23546.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23546/regenerative-braking-system/mr-shivam-sharma
This document provides an overview of regenerative braking systems. It begins with an introduction and history section describing early patents and developments. The principles and components of regenerative braking are then explained, noting that kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy during braking via electric motors or hydraulic pumps. Applications in electric vehicles, hybrids, and locomotives are discussed. The benefits include improved efficiency and emissions reductions, while costs and complexity are disadvantages. Regenerative braking effectively improves vehicle performance by recapturing kinetic energy.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Regnerative Braking SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of regenerative braking systems. It begins with an abstract that describes regenerative braking as a system to convert kinetic energy during braking into electrical energy. The document then reviews the basic design and components of regenerative braking systems in current vehicles. It discusses the working mechanisms of regenerative braking and how it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy during braking using components like electric motors, motor controllers and batteries. The document also compares different types of hybrid systems and discusses concepts like regenerative braking, kinetic energy recovery systems and using motors as generators during braking. It concludes with a literature review on fuzzy control algorithms for electric vehicle antilock braking systems and using buck-boost converters and
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of kinetic energy recovery systems is slowly becoming better through improvements in batteries, hydraulic pumps, and flywheels. Many of these systems are currently used in Formula 1 race cars because they enable these cars to achieve higher acceleration and longer times between pit stops. For consumers, flywheels may become the energy storage technology of choice for vehicles particularly as improvements in carbon nanotubes and graphene occur.
The rates of improvement for energy and power storage densities for batteries have been very slow and those of flywheels have been much faster. One of the reasons for the rapid improvements in the densities for flywheels is that improvements in the strength per weight of materials have enabled faster rotations and the storage densities are a function of rotation velocities squared. As shown in the slides, carbon fiber has about four times the strength to weight ratio and seven times the energy density of glass. Since carbon nanotubes have strength to weight ratios 15 times higher and graphene has ones 30 times higher than do carbon fiber, energy storage densities of 120,000 kJ/kg or 33.6 kWh are possible with graphene. This energy density is about 100 times higher than is currently available from lithium-ion batteries.
This document discusses regenerative braking in electric vehicles. It begins by introducing regenerative braking and its importance for electric vehicles in conserving electrical energy. It then provides details on the components and design of a regenerative braking system, including using an induction motor, alternator, rectifier, battery, transformer and load. The document describes the block diagram and working of the system, where kinetic energy recovered during braking is used to charge the battery and power a light bulb load.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins by explaining conventional braking systems, noting that they waste up to 30% of a car's energy through heat dissipation. Regenerative braking systems instead funnel the energy from braking back into the battery. During braking, the electric motor acts as a generator to transfer kinetic energy into electrical energy stored in the battery. This extends the vehicle's range. The key components are the brake drum, friction lining, controller, electric generator, and linking mechanism. Regenerative braking provides benefits like reduced pollution, increased engine life, and wear reduction by recapturing lost kinetic energy.
This document summarizes a final year project on a regenerative braking system. The project is carried out by four students and guided by Shushant Sir. It discusses the basic concept and working of regenerative braking systems, the components used including motors and wheels, and the advantages such as reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Potential applications are in electric vehicles, elevators, and manufacturing conveyor systems. The document also outlines the future scope and a projected cost of 4800 rupees for the system.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It explains that conventional braking systems waste kinetic energy as heat, while regenerative braking systems capture this energy and convert it to electrical energy which is stored in batteries. There are different types of energy storage used. Regenerative braking can recapture around half of the energy lost in braking, improving fuel efficiency by 25-45%. While it has limitations, regenerative braking provides benefits by reducing wear on brake pads and fuel usage, making hybrid and electric vehicles more efficient. Popular car models that use this technology are listed.
Power generating using Regenerative Braking system ppt dxamit90
Regenerative braking is a system used in hybrid vehicles to capture kinetic energy during braking that would otherwise be lost as heat. The system uses the electric motor to act as a generator during braking, converting the energy into electricity that is stored in the vehicle's batteries. This captured energy can then be used to help power the electric motor, improving the vehicle's efficiency. Regenerative braking provides benefits like greater fuel economy and emission reductions compared to traditional braking systems that waste energy as heat. While more efficient, regenerative braking systems still lose some energy through heat and resistance in transferring and storing the captured kinetic energy in the batteries.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins with an overview of conventional braking systems and how they waste kinetic energy as heat. It then explains how regenerative braking systems capture this wasted kinetic energy during braking by using the vehicle's electric motor or generator to convert it back into electrical energy for storage in the battery. This recovered energy can then be used to extend the vehicle's driving range. The document covers the key components and working of regenerative braking systems including KERS and their benefits like reduced emissions and increased fuel efficiency. It concludes by noting regenerative braking is not a complete solution on its own due to limitations at low speeds and as a backup in case of failure.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the design and analysis of a regenerative braking system. The presentation identifies the problem of reducing vehicle emissions and increasing fuel efficiency. It reviews literature showing that braking wastes 21-24% of energy and regenerative braking can recover 30-66% of that wasted energy. The objectives are to study regenerative braking system design, analyze its costs and efficiency, and test a prototype. Forces on vehicles during driving and braking are analyzed, and a Toyota Camry is modeled in Simulink. Calculations show potential to improve fuel economy by 7% through regenerative braking recovering 30% of braking energy.
Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, when we apply the brake, this system slow down the vehicle and the speed of wheels are in form of rotational energy that is mechanical energy, which transfer to generator where the mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy and eventually which is stored in the battery.
in this ppt given information is Regenerative braking technology funnels the energy created by the braking process back into the system in the form of charging the battery for further use
In a regenerative braking system the energy normally lost in the braking process is transferred to the generator from the rotating axel and then transferred to the battery, thus saving energy
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REGENERATIVE BRAKING IN AN ELECTRIC VEHICLEfeleke facha
This document discusses regenerative braking in electric vehicles. It explains that regenerative braking allows electric vehicles to recapture energy during braking by feeding it back into the battery, extending the vehicle's driving range by up to 15%. It also notes that brushless DC motors are commonly used in electric vehicles due to their high efficiency but require complex controls to manage energy reversal during braking. The document then describes the independent switching scheme for implementing regenerative braking in a brushless DC motor.
IRJET - Design Modularity in Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the modular design concept for electric vehicles in India, where existing vehicle architectures are modified minimally by replacing combustion engine components with electric powertrain components like batteries, motors, and inverters.
2) This modular approach allows vehicle manufacturers to transition to electric vehicles without completely redesigning vehicles and incurring high development costs, as existing vehicle systems and structures can be retained.
3) Key aspects of modular electric vehicle design discussed are replacing the engine and transmission with an electric motor connected to the rear axle via the existing propeller shaft, and packaging batteries and other components within the existing vehicle structure/chassis. This modular transition reduces development time and costs compared to fully redesigning
Implementation on Regenerative Braking System Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of a regenerative braking system for electric vehicles. It begins with an abstract that describes regenerative braking systems and how they recover kinetic energy and convert it to electrical energy for storage in the vehicle's batteries. It then provides background on regenerative braking and how it differs from conventional braking. The proposed system and working principle are described, involving using a motor as a generator during braking to produce electricity that is stored. Benefits include improved braking efficiency and reduced emissions. Future work may focus on capturing more braking energy. In conclusion, regenerative braking improves electric vehicle efficiency and is useful for advancing energy concepts.
Free Powered Electric Vehicle_Designed by Pranav NavathePranavNavathe
In today’s world the rapid growth in automobile industry requested most accurate and high
performable vehicles, with pollution free and low cost in operation. The project free powered electric
vehicle is an automobile which works on the principle of generating electricity with the help of
synchronous electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel, boosting circuit which acts as a
free powering machine by restoring waste mechanical energy into useful electric work. This device
consists of one electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel in centre so that it connected
with motor and generator with belt pulleys. When an mechanical input is given to the generator with
help of stator its produces electricity later which is passed to motor as input so, motor rotates the
attached flywheel then the stored kinetic energy in the flywheel is utilized to multiply the rotations of
generator shaft to produce electricity with little effort on motor in this way cycle repeated and from
produced electricity some amount of electricity taken as output which is used for charging batteries,
accessories of the electric vehicle. Such that vehicle is propelled.
IRJET- Design and Development of Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) for Ut...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) and an electromechanical speed governor for road safety. It aims to more efficiently recover and store kinetic energy lost during braking compared to existing systems, which involve multiple inefficient conversions between mechanical and electrical energy. The proposed system uses a planetary gear train and dedicated disk brake to directly convert and store lost kinetic energy in a spiral spring as mechanical energy. It is intended to be integrated with an electromechanical speed governor to automatically activate the KERS and slow vehicles that exceed the speed limit, while still recovering kinetic energy. The system is analyzed through experimental testing and found to increase energy recovery with higher speeds.
IRJET- Regenerative System and it’s ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins with an abstract that introduces regenerative braking as a system that can recapture kinetic energy during braking and convert it to electrical energy. It then provides background on regenerative braking and how it works. The document reviews several past studies on regenerative braking systems and their applications in electric vehicles. It discusses the components and working of a regenerative braking system, including how kinetic energy is captured during braking by a flywheel and generator and stored in a battery.
Optimal design and static simulation of a hybrid solar vehicleIRJASH
This paper deals with the design and simulation analysis of the hybrid solar vehicle under static conditions. The solar hybrid vehicle is effective in our everyday lives because many people have petrol cars and the emissions and fuel cost is now a serious problem. In addition to controlling vehicles pollution in the city, reduced fuel consumption and hybrid solar car use is used in vehicles to effectively reduce global warming and the environmental challenge in large-scale applications. In the last ten years, research has taken place on a large quantity of solar, hybrid solar and electrically operated cars, which is originating from several independent developments that all resulted in the idea of hybrid solar car and electric operated car. A hybrid solar vehicle was successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated at the end of this research.
Key words: Hybrid Vehicle, Solar vehicle, Fuel Efficiency, Static analysis
This document presents a dynamic simulation of a series motor driven battery electric vehicle (BEV) integrated with an ultracapacitor (UC). The simulation uses a battery-UC configuration that enables the use of a lower power rated converter, providing a better load profile for the battery and increased battery lifetime. A control algorithm focuses on single pedal driving with regenerative braking to improve efficiency. The algorithm determines whether the load is powered by the battery-converter or UC based on power demand. Simulation results show motor speed, UC state of charge decreasing during discharge and increasing during braking, and battery state of charge decreasing when powering the load. The configuration decreases system cost and the control scheme improves efficiency.
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
A Review on Performance Analysis of High performance EV Powertrain modelIRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of electric vehicle powertrains. It presents a mathematical model of a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain that captures transient behavior using physics-based dynamics rather than efficiency maps. The model represents components like the permanent magnet synchronous motor and generator in detail. It also proposes a novel frictional torque function and DC link control strategy to simulate transient operation. The goal is to optimize efficiency, fuel consumption and emissions through supervisory control of the various power sources. The advantages of the series hybrid configuration include insulation of the engine from transients and a simplified transmission.
A Case Study on Hybrid Electric Vehicles.pdfbagulibibidh
A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a modern combination of an internal combustion
engine (ICE) and an electric propulsion system (hybrid drivetrain). The electric
powertrain is used in an HEV to achieve better fuel economy than a conventional
vehicle for better performance. HEVs can be classified according to powertrain,
hybridization, and Energy Management Systems (EMS). Modern HEVs use energy-
efficiency technologies such as regenerative braking that converts the vehicles kinetic
energy into electric energy that is stored in battery or supercapacitors. The battery is
connected to an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) and a BMS (Battery Management
System). To maintain the cooling of the engine and BMS it is connected to a coolant.
In this case study we are going to study about the following things in an HEV :-
1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) subsystems
2. Toyota Prius Powertrain
3. Transmission system in HEV
4. Use of Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
(PMSM)
5. The steering system
6. Braking system in HEV with regeneration
7. Suspension system with construction, working, type and necessity
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an electric vehicle. It discusses the various components of an EV including the motor, motor controller, battery, braking system, and chassis design. The key points are:
1. An electric vehicle uses a battery and electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. This makes the EV more efficient and reduces emissions compared to gas-powered vehicles.
2. The main components discussed are the brushless DC hub motor, motor controller, lithium-ion battery, disc brakes, and a lightweight chassis.
3. Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their high energy density and power, low self-discharge, and
Conversion of an I.C. engine powertrain to Electric powertrain of an All- Ter...IRJET Journal
The document discusses converting the powertrain of an all-terrain vehicle from an internal combustion engine to an electric powertrain, including installing a battery management system. It provides details on the components of the electric powertrain system, such as the battery, motor, motor controller, gearbox, and how they interact. It also discusses advantages and limitations of battery management systems, presents analytical results of the system design, and concludes that the converted all-terrain vehicle can run for approximately 4 hours and 10 minutes on a fully charged battery.
A Review on Electric Vehicles and Their ComponentsIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of electric vehicles and their components. It discusses various types of electric vehicles including hybrid electric vehicles. It examines the key components of electric vehicles such as electric motors, batteries, battery management systems, and sensors. It reviews several research papers on topics like selecting suitable electric motors, improving battery efficiency through maintenance and management systems, and developing safety sensors. The document concludes that electric vehicles are the future of transportation as they are more environmentally friendly than gas vehicles and various research efforts are helping to improve the efficiency and performance of electric vehicle components.
DESIGN OF A RELIABLE AND PERFORMANCE FOCUSED ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLEIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an electric motorcycle. It aims to create a reliable and high-performance electric motorcycle that overcomes issues with previous electric vehicles like limited range. The document outlines the key components of the proposed electric motorcycle design, including the chassis, swing arm, steering, suspension system, brushless DC hub motor, wheels, motor controller, brakes, battery and battery management system. It provides details on the specifications and technical requirements for these components. The goal is to develop an electric motorcycle with high efficiency that maintains performance even when battery power is low.
Human Powered Dc Micro Grid ElectrificationIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to generate electricity from human power using a bicycle. The system would utilize the motion of pedaling to spin a generator and charge a battery pack. The battery could then power a small DC microgrid. Simulations were conducted of the electrical components like a buck-boost converter and lithium-ion battery charging. The mechanical design includes a gear and sprocket system to increase the generator speed for optimal output. The goal is to develop a low-cost way to capture wasted human pedaling energy and put it to use.
Development of an integrated power converter for fast charging and efficiency...IAEME Publication
The document proposes a new integrated power converter topology for fast charging and improved efficiency in electric vehicles. The converter allows for regenerative braking energy to be stored in ultracapacitors and used during acceleration. It integrates charging, driving, braking, and idling modes of operation. Simulation results show the converter maintains a high power factor during charging and stores braking energy in pulses to reduce stress on ultracapacitors. The proposed system is expected to increase EV efficiency by utilizing braking energy and allowing for faster charging times through an integrated design.
This document describes the design and development of a smart electric bicycle. The system uses a single lead-acid battery and a SEPIC converter to boost the voltage from the battery to power a DC motor and drive the rear wheel. A control unit regulates the motor speed using an accelerator. The SEPIC converter allows the system to use a single battery, reducing the bicycle's weight compared to typical electric bicycles that use two batteries. Simulation results showed the SEPIC converter can effectively boost the voltage to drive the motor. The smart electric bicycle provides electric assistance without using fuel and can improve users' health compared to motorcycles or traditional bicycles.
Generator Based Alternate Charging and Discharging Battery SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a new concept for charging electric vehicle batteries using a generator attached to the front wheels. As the vehicle moves, the generator will produce a variable voltage to charge the batteries. A voltage regulator is used to stabilize the output voltage and charge the batteries effectively while driving. A second battery is also used so that one battery can charge while the other powers the vehicle. Testing showed the generator could produce 10-35V, and with a boost converter, efficiently charge the battery to 80% in 3 hours during driving. This concept aims to improve electric vehicle range by opportunistically charging the batteries during motion.
Similar to Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EV (20)
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This document discusses the importance of leadership in leading an organization towards improvement and development. It states that leadership is responsible for providing a clear vision and strategy to successfully achieve that vision. Effective leadership can impact the success of an organization by controlling its direction and motivating employees. Leadership is different from traditional management in that it guides employees towards organizational goals through open communication and motivation, rather than simply directing work. The paper concludes that only leadership can lead an organization to change according to its evolving environment, while management may simply follow old rules. Leadership is key to adapting to new market needs and trends.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
The document summarizes research on a nano composite polymer gel electrolyte containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Key points:
1. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene polymer was used as the base polymer mixed with propylene carbonate, magnesium perchlorate, and SiO2 nanoparticles to synthesize the nano composite polymer gel electrolyte.
2. The electrolyte was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR which confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and increased amorphous nature of the electrolyte, enhancing its ion conductivity.
3. XRD showed decreased crystallinity and disappearance of polymer peaks upon addition of SiO2. SEM revealed
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
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Introduction and Definition
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Case study.
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
have become indispensable for connecting people, sharing content, and fostering
online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
Best Practices of Clothing Businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, A Foundation ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study primarily aimed to determine the best practices of clothing businesses to use it as a foundation of strategic business advancements. Moreover, the frequency with which the business's best practices are tracked, which best practices are the most targeted of the apparel firms to be retained, and how does best practices can be used as strategic business advancement. The respondents of the study is the owners of clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Data were collected and analyzed using a quantitative approach and utilizing a descriptive research design. Unveiling best practices of clothing businesses as a foundation for strategic business advancement through statistical analysis: frequency and percentage, and weighted means analyzing the data in terms of identifying the most to the least important performance indicators of the businesses among all of the variables. Based on the survey conducted on clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, several best practices emerge across different areas of business operations. These practices are categorized into three main sections, section one being the Business Profile and Legal Requirements, followed by the tracking of indicators in terms of Product, Place, Promotion, and Price, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) covering finance, marketing, production, technical, and distribution aspects. The research study delved into identifying the core best practices of clothing businesses, serving as a strategic guide for their advancement. Through meticulous analysis, several key findings emerged. Firstly, prioritizing product factors, such as maintaining optimal stock levels and maximizing customer satisfaction, was deemed essential for driving sales and fostering loyalty. Additionally, selecting the right store location was crucial for visibility and accessibility, directly impacting footfall and sales. Vigilance towards competitors and demographic shifts was highlighted as essential for maintaining relevance. Understanding the relationship between marketing spend and customer acquisition proved pivotal for optimizing budgets and achieving a higher ROI. Strategic analysis of profit margins across clothing items emerged as crucial for maximizing profitability and revenue. Creating a positive customer experience, investing in employee training, and implementing effective inventory management practices were also identified as critical success factors. In essence, these findings underscored the holistic approach needed for sustainable growth in the clothing business, emphasizing the importance of product management, marketing strategies, customer experience, and operational efficiency.
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Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EV
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Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EV
Anurag Bhatt1
, Adinath Kadam2
, KP Mredhul3
,Jaydeep Asodariya4
1
(Electrical Engineering Department, VIVA Institute of Technology, India)
Abstract: Charging has always been an issue in electrical vehicles. In this project, the kinetic energy is
transmitted in the brakes through drive train and is directed by a mechanical system to the potential store during
deceleration. That energy is held until required to the vehicle, wherein it is transformed back into energy and
stored in the battery of the vehicle. The amount of the power available for conservation varies depending on the
type of storage, drivetrain efficiency, and drive cycle and inertia weight. When a normal vehicle applies its brake,
its kinetic energy is transformed to heat because of friction between wheels and brake pad. This heat passes
through the air and the energy is wasted. The total energy lost in this way depends on how often, long and hard
the brake is being applied. An energy conversion action in which a part of the energy of the vehicle is stored by a
battery or storage device is known as regenerative braking. Driving within a city involves more braking
representing a high loss of energy with the opportunity for savings in energy. In the case of public transport
vehicles such as local trains, buses, taxis, delivery vehicles there is even more potential for energy to be
regenerated
Keywords – Brake pads, Drive Train, Electrical Vehicle, Kinetic Energy, Power Transmission.
1. INTRODUCTION
A brake is an intuitive device that resists motion by absorbing the available energy from the moving
system. It is used for stop or slow a moving vehicle. Previously, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles used to
have mechanical brakes wherein kinetic energy was dissipated in heat due to friction. New development in battery
system and noteworthy development in efficiency of electrical motor has made electric vehicles an better and
efficient alternative, especially for short distance travelling. Among various categories of Electrical motors,
normally PMDC, Induction Motor ,Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), Brushless DC motor
(BLDC), and Switch Reluctance (SRM) motor are widely opted for the electric vehicle depending on the
requirement of torque-speed characteristics, slow or high speed application.
Placement of motors is also an important part of regenerative braking and controller design depends on
it. Regenerative braking helps conservation of energy by charging the battery in electric vehicle, thus increasing
the driving range per unit of the vehicle. There are numerous methods to implement regenerative braking in a
BLDC motor by different controllers. They are Adaptive controller, H2/H controller, Sliding mode controller,
Fuzzy logic controller in combination with various control techniques, Neuro-fuzzy, Artificial neural network
control with PID Controllers. BLDC motors are used more often in electric vehicles due to their robustness and
high efficiency; however a censored BLDC motor requires a rather complex control to manage the reversal of
energy flow during the transition from motoring mode to regenerative braking mode.
This article describes how Brushless DC (BLDC) motor in an electric vehicle can be used for
regenerative braking.
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
The Regenerative Braking System consists of three basic blocks mainly the battery pack, the forward motoring
MOSFET block, the regenerative braking MOSFET switching block. This is diagrammatically shown in figure 1
1) Battery pack
The battery Pack consists of four 12V,12AH battery connected in series to provide the supply to the
circuit of 48V,12AH. This battery provides the power during the motoring mode and acts as an energy
storage device during the regenerative mode
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2) Motoring Block
This block is a circuit which consists of Power MOSFET’s, gate driver IC, and a controller which drives
the motor during the initial stage and accelerate the motor to the required speed and control its speed
3) Regenerative Block
This block consists of diodes which store the energy back into the battery pack by making the diodes
conduct in forward conducting mode.
Fig 1. Block Diagram of Regenerative System
3. RELATED WORKS
As Santos et.al [2] demonstrated the control characteristics and its power converter for an electric traction
system and solutions for its development.The attention was directed towards constructional strategies and
problems for the converter i.e. controllers, the control and protection of the vehicle. The vehicle considered for
the study used 500W – 48 V BLDC motors. The safety concerns were important to be considered for the proposed
architecture because this motors needed a high current value of 20 A
A chopper i.e. DC to DC power converter was studied in brief to achieve power conservation and low
energy dissipation depending upon the motor operational requirements, in reverse and forward direction operation
of the vehicle. This paper stated the reason, importance and need for the control of varying output current of the
converter i.e. controller rather than voltage control under built-in related betwixt throttle control and torque
developed with respect to Internal Combustion Engine as well as for the protection and safety of motor, controller
and several electrical & mechanical components.
There have also been system which propose to save more energy with the help of regenerative braking
like a system proposed by Panagiotis’s et. al. On the other side Dixon’s et. al. put forward a system using power
electronic device IGBT buck boost converter linked to the bank of ultra-capacitors at the boost side and to the
main batteries at the buck side, to allow further acceleration and decelerations of vehicle with minimum loss of
energy and degradation of battery.
As Chetana Kumar et.al. reviews the potential requirement of the design and development of globally
competitive small electric concept vehicle for India and concluded that EVs are the solution to reduce pollution
in cities, and important economic and societal benefits would result by the implementation of HEVs and EVs.
The paper also outlined the role played by the Government and communities worldwide to promote and accelerate
Electrical Vehicles
As Morkel et.al. scrutinize the need for framework development, challenges, and opportunities for design
and deployment of emerging frameworks, related to Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) and the potential benefits are
summarized in detail are the solution to reduce pollution in cities, and important economic and societal benefits
would result by the application of HEVs and EVs. The initiator had addressed the important thing to increase the
profits from the opportunity for reducing fuel consumption, from battery manufacturing to communication and
control between the vehicle and the electric power grid to provide for clean electricity with safety.
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So, in the current paper a system has been implemented to regenerate maximum amount of energy wasted
during braking with the help of an H Bridge Inverter Circuit with the help of P-channel MOSFET’s.
4. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The main objective of our paper is to design and implement a regenerative braking system that helps to
regenerate the amount of energy wasted during braking and with the help of circuit that energy is stored back in
the battery which can be used for further driving. Our goal is to design and implement a regenerative braking
system that will handle the task described.In this paper we have proposed BLDC motor, which has power saving
advantages relative to other motor drives. It also features high efficiency and controllability. The battery used in
the vehicle should be suitably selected according to the demand of the motor and controllers. The motor rating
and rpm should be noted and accordingly gate drivers should be designed.
A new model of regenerative braking in EV is presented in this paper. The modelling of every component
is presented with their corresponding parameters. In addition, a control system is also included. The circuit
diagram is shown below in Fig 2 The performance study of each braking method is conducted separately for a
specific level of SOC and speed with various duty cycle similar to simulation study. The variation of parameters
such as back-EMF, armature current, stopping time and battery current is observed in the digital storage
oscilloscope (DSO) from the point of braking to zero speed of the motor. The stopping time and average
regenerative current over the braking period for various duty cycle are recorded and the summary is shown in the
Table 1. The motor is accelerated to run at a speed of 500 rpm and subjected to braking after it attains steady
speed.
Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of Regenerative Braking System
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Table 1. Stopping time and average current for various duty cycle.
Duty cycle Stop time(Seconds) Average current
0.2 2.3 -0.2
0.4 1.5 -0.24
0.6 1.0 0.19
0.8 0.8 0.27
The working of circuit diagram can be classified into two stages:
1) Motor stage
2) Regeneration stage
1. Motor Stage:
During motor mode (called normal mode on Figure 3.1, the high side switches A, B and C are operated
in pulse width modulation (PWM) switching mode, while the low side switches D, E and F are operated in standard
high/low switching mode. PWM allows controlling the torque developed by the motor. As sequence number I
shows that A and E are both switched on, a current 𝑖𝑎𝑏 can flow. Now this switching takes place further in each
winding and every winding gets energized one by one. The current flow changed since the last sequence number
and an induction voltage 𝑒𝑎𝑏 must withstand the variation of the magnetic field according to Lenz’s Law. Thus,
the machine is turning.
The electric machine in this case is a permanent magnet brushless DC motor. It should be noted at this
point, that brushless DC motors are formally classified as AC motors, since the DC voltage applied to the terminals
is electronically switched on and off at the different stator windings in order to let the rotor rotate. This is resulting
in an AC voltage with a square-wave shape or trapezoidal shape. The motor is shown with three inductances
labelled with 𝐿 and the three back electromagnetic forces (EMFs) 𝐸𝑎, 𝐸𝑏, 𝐸𝑐 on the right side of Figure 4 Switches
𝑆A to 𝑆F are the switching devices and diodes 𝐷A to 𝐷F are freewheeling diodes, connected in antiparallel to the
switches. Capacitor 𝐶 is a DC link capacitor, which maintains the DC-link voltage 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡. The circuit is also
known as an inverter circuit, because it inverts the DC voltage delivered by the battery with a controlled switching
sequence of the switches 𝑆A to 𝑆F.
The switching sequences can be viewed and are split in six sequences, depending on the position of the
rotor. The figure below also gives insight into the sinusoidal back EMF, the Hall sensor output and the energy
regenerative mode switching signals. The Hall sensor is necessary to give feedback about the rotor position, which
is crucial for correct switching sequences and therefore a smooth rotation of the rotor.
2. Regeneration Stage:
The theory about braking energy regeneration for electric RBS implies that the electric machine is used
as a generator and a back EMF (voltage) is induced. However, it cannot be expected that this back EMF is larger
than the voltage of the battery. In order to charge the battery, the back EMF induced must be boosted. This can be
done by a DC-DC converter or with the control circuit presented in . Latter case can be explained as follows: The
switching mode is changed to the energy-regenerative mode this mode is triggered once a braking signal from the
driver is sent to the controller. In the regenerative braking mode, every switch from A to F is operated in PWM
switching mode Because of the PWM signal, which is continuously switching the switches on and off, it must be
distinguished from now on between ON and OFF PWM condition. Still observing sequence number I, for ON
PWM condition, the switches E and A are switched on. Voltage is supplied from the battery to the winding L,
which is energized.
Compared to the motor mode, the current changes its flow of direction through the electric machine and
can be named iba. The total voltage VL at the winding L amounts to the sum of Vbatt + eAB. However, no energy is
yet being delivered to the battery. To accomplish this, switches S3 and S2 are switched off, changing to the off
PWM condition. In that case the voltage VL causes a current ioff to flow through the freewheeling diodes D1 and
D4 to the battery. Thus, energy is supplied to the battery. However in single switch braking method, only one
switch out of switches SD, SE, SF is operated in pulse width modulation (PWM) switching mode at each
commutation state
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Fig 3 Experimental Setup of Regenerative Braking in EV
5. CALCULATIONS
Motor Ratings: Voltage= 48V, 5 A
Power required for motor = 48 * 5 = 240 Watt
Battery Pack Rating: 48V, 20 A-H
Battery Pack Power Input= 48 * 20 = 960 Watt-hr.
Hence this battery can supply power to the motor for 960 Watt-hr. /240 Watt = 4 hours
Since Lead Acid batteries need to be recharged after 70% usage
Hence 70% of 960 Watt-hr. is 672 Watt-hr. (Practical Batteries)
Therefore Battery can supply power for 2.8 hr. =3 hrs. (Approximately)
Rpm of Tyre=500 rpm (Limited for safety purpose)
Diameter of Tyre = 25.4 cm
Hence Speed in Km/hr. = 23.939 km/hr.
Now as per the battery power the wheel can run up to 23.939 km/hr. * 3hrs = 71.817 km
However Power regenerated during each braking is 15 V * 1.4A = 21 Watt
Hence 21 watt is saved Per Braking
Suppose we brake 10 times hence power saved is 168 watt
∗ 240 = 21
Thus X=8.75%
Hence 8.75% power is saved per braking
Thus Extra distance covered is 8.75% of 71.817 km
.
∗ 71.817 = 6.28 𝑘𝑚 ,
Thus Total distance Covered = 71.817 + 6.28 = 78.10 km
6. ANALYSIS AND ADVANTAGES
The proposed system has many advantages
1. Better fuel economy - Depending on duty cycle of drive train, control strategy and the efficiency of the
individual components the consumption of fuels has been reduced.
2. Emissions reduction - Engine emissions is reduced by engine decoupling, reducing total engine revolutions and
total time of engine operation (engine on - off strategy).
3. Reduction in brake wear -reducing cost of replacement brake linings, cost of labor to install them and vehicle
down time.
4. Smaller accessories - hybrid vehicle offers potential for eliminating (electric starter) and downsizing (fuel tank)
some accessories, thus partially offsetting the increased vehicle weight and cost due to the hybrid hardware
additions.
5. Operating range is comparable with conventional vehicles – a problem not yet overcome by electric vehicles.
6. Reduced CO2 emissions.
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7. Reduction in Engine wears.
8. Increase the lifespan of friction braking systems.
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, how regenerative braking increases mileage of the vehicle, how it can be operated at high
temperature range and benefits optimum use of a battery is shown. Theoretically in regenerative braking system
there is 30% saving on the fuel consumption. The extension of the project work will be to test the circuits on a
prototype vehicle. Figure 3 shows the practical efficient circuit of regenerative braking.
Also the ultracapacitor bank can be used when the system is working on a high voltages. These systems can be
used in developing countries like India where buses are the preferred means that of transport within the cities.
Regenerative braking could be a little, however important, step toward our freedom from fossil fuels.
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