No, this logic does not exist for Weight Paint. In Edit Mode, you have selected something - that is a very distinct part of the geometry, and Blender can evaluate what is connected to this selection and how far Proportional Editing should be affecting the connected mesh by the given radius of influence.
But in Weight Paint mode you have a brush with a certain size which influences where you paint. But when this size overlays vertices in the background, how should Blender determine that it is not the part lying further back which you want to paint, although you move the brush over it?
What you can do is mask areas you want to paint on. For example, you can select some faces in Edit Mode:
Then in Weight Paint, next to the mode selection menu there are buttons which let you enable paint masking by selected faces or vertices in Edit Mode: