Modbus, an industrial protocol used for server to client communication, has been
used for over 40 years and is still widely deployed in new ICS installations (Mostia,
2019). Modbus can be transported over serial mediums of RS232, RS485, or it can be
wrapped in an IEEE 802.3 TCP segment. Within TCP, the typical implementation is
Modbus Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) contained in the TCP/IP stack Application layer,
which can be easily viewed in Wireshark (Sanchez, 2017). Modbus uses simple function
calls combined with data range requests to read and write bits, called coils. Additionally,
it can also read and write integers or floats, called registers. When engineers were
encapsulating Modbus within TCP, cybersecurity concerns were nonexistent and,
therefore, Modbus RTU does not have any built-in security mechanisms (Rinaldi, n.d.).
From an ICS security perspective, Modbus is rife with many vulnerabilities and is subject
to Probe, Scan, Flood, Authentication Bypass, Spoof, Eavesdrop, Misdirect, Read/Copy,
Terminate, Execute, Modify, and Delete attacks (Draias, Serhrouchni, & Vogel, 2015)
Whenyour computer isconnected to the Internet, you expose your computer to a variety of potentialthreats. The Internet isdesigned in such a waythat if you have access to the Internet, all other computers on the Internet canconnect to yourcomputer.Thisleavesyouvulnerable to variouscommonattacks. This isespeciallytroubling as severalpopular programs open services on your computer thatallowothers to view files on your computer! Whilethisfunctionalityisexpected, the difficultyisthatsecurityerrors are detectedthatalwaysallow hackers to attackyour computer with the ability to view or destroy sensitive information stored on your computer. To protectyour computer fromsuchattacksyouneed to "teach" your computer to ignore or resistexternaltestingattempts. The commonname for such a program is Firewall. A firewall is software thatcreates a secureenvironmentwhosefunctionis to block or restrictincoming and outgoing information over a network. These firewalls actually do not work and are not suitable for business premises to maintain information securitywhilesupporting free exchange of ideas. Firewall are becoming more and more sophisticated in the day, and new features are beingadded all the time, sothat, despitecriticism and intimidatingdevelopmentmethods, they are still a powerfuldefense. In thispaper, weread a network firewall thathelps the corporateenvironment and other networks thatwant to exchange information over the network. The firewall protects the flow of trafficthrough the internet and limits the amount of external and internal information and provides the internal user with the illusion of anonymous FTP and www online communications.
A Modular Approach To Intrusion Detection in Homogenous Wireless Network
This document discusses a modular approach to intrusion detection in homogeneous wireless networks. It begins by introducing wireless networks and the need for intrusion detection systems (IDS) due to security vulnerabilities. It then discusses different types of IDS, including signature-based detection that identifies known attacks, and anomaly-based detection that identifies deviations from normal behavior but can result in high false positives. The document proposes a modular approach combining advantages of signature-based and anomaly-based detection for high detection rates and low false positives. Requirements for IDS in wireless networks are also outlined.
Moving From Contactless to Wireless Technologies in Secure, Over-the-Air Tran...
This UL white paper discusses some of the many issues and challenges that must be addressed in the future deployment of wireless technology for the processing
of secure transactions. It begins with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of both contactless and wireless technologies. The white paper then reviews and assesses internal system risks, as well as external security concerns, for both technologies. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the future use of wireless technology in secure transactions, and how manufacturers can provide assurances to both system providers and users regarding the security of their private data.
DEPLOYMENT OF INTRUSION PREVENTION SYSTEM ON MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR BASED SECUR...
After tightening up network perimeter for dealing with external threats, organizations have woken up to the
threats from inside Local Area Networks (LAN) over the past several years. It is thus important to design
and implement LAN security strategies in order to secure assets on LAN by filtering traffic and thereby
protecting them from malicious access and insider attacks. Banking Financial Services and Insurance
(BFSI) industry is one such segment that faces increased risks and security challenges. The typical
architecture of this segment includes several thousands of users connecting from various branches over
Wide Area Network (WAN) links crossing national and international boundaries with varying network
speed to access data center resources. The objective of this work is to deploy LAN security solution to
protect the data center located at headquarters from the end user machines. A LAN security solution should
ideally provide Network Access Control (NAC) along with cleaning (securing) the traffic going through it.
Traffic cleaning itself includes various features like firewall, intrusion detection/prevention, traffic anomaly
detection, validation of asset ownership etc. LANenforcer (LE) is a device deployed in front of the data
center such that the traffic from end-user machines necessarily passes through it so that it can enforce
security. The goal of this system is to enhance the security features of a LANenforcer security system with
Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) to enable it to detect and prevent malicious network activities. IPS is
plugged into the packet path based on the configuration in such a way that the entire traffic passes through
the IPS on LE.
This document provides an analysis of security issues and solutions for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and wireless mesh networks. It discusses various threats and attacks at different layers of the OSI model, including jamming, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks at the physical layer. At higher layers, threats include selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, and wormhole attacks. The document then outlines some solutions, such as intrusion prevention, intrusion detection systems, and key management techniques. It concludes by discussing prospects for improved security through techniques like elliptic curve cryptography and quantum cryptography.
Traditionally, 802.11-based networks that relied on wired equivalent protocol (WEP) were especially
vulnerable to packet sniffing. Today, wireless networks are more prolific, and the monitoring devices used
to find them are mobile and easy to access. Securing wireless networks can be difficult because these
networks consist of radio transmitters and receivers, and anybody can listen, capture data and attempt to
compromise it. In recent years, a range of technologies and mechanisms have helped makes networking
more secure. This paper holistically evaluated various enhanced protocols proposed to solve WEP related
authentication, confidentiality and integrity problems. It discovered that strength of each solution depends
on how well the encryption, authentication and integrity techniques work. The work suggested using a
Defence-in-Depth Strategy and integration of biometric solution in 802.11i. Comprehensive in-depth
comparative analysis of each of the security mechanisms is driven by review of related work in WLAN
security solutions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Detecting Victim Systems In Client Networks Using Coarse Grained Botnet Algor...
This document presents a proposed system for detecting victim systems in client networks using a coarse-grained botnet algorithm. The system uses a two-stage approach: 1) the primary stage detects and collects network anomalies related to botnets; 2) the second stage identifies bots and blocks them from entering the receiver end, identifying bot sender IP addresses. The system implements a scanner to identify bot files, scanning incoming files in both the sender and receiver ends if protection mode is enabled. This avoids intrusions and blocks unauthorized users from accessing the application. The proposed system can help avoid botnet infections spreading in client networks.
RESOLVING NETWORK DEFENSE CONFLICTS WITH ZERO TRUST ARCHITECTURES AND OTHER E...
Network defense implies a comprehensive set of software tools to preclude malicious entities from conducting activities such as exfiltration of data, theft of credentials, blocking of services and other nefarious activities. For most enterprises at this time, that defense builds upon a clear concept of the fortress approach. Many of the requirements are based on inspection and reporting prior to delivery of the communication to the intended target. These inspections require decryption of packets and this implies that the defensive suite either impersonates the requestor, or has access to the private cryptographic keysof the servers that are the target of communication. This is in contrast to an end-to-end paradigm where known good entities can communicate directly and no other entity has access to the content unless that content is provided to them. There are many new processes that require end-to-end encrypted communication, including distributed computing, endpoint architectures, and zero trust architectures and enterprise level security. In an end-to-end paradigm, the keys used for authentication, confidentiality, and integrity reside only with the endpoints. This paper examines a formulation that allows unbroken communication, while meeting the inspection and reporting requirements of a network defense. This work is part of a broader security architecture termed Enterprise Level Security (ELS)framework.
RESOLVING NETWORK DEFENSE CONFLICTS WITH ZERO TRUST ARCHITECTURES AND OTHER E...
Network defense implies a comprehensive set of software tools to preclude malicious entities from conducting activities such as exfiltration of data, theft of credentials, blocking of services and other nefarious activities. For most enterprises at this time, that defense builds upon a clear concept of the fortress approach. Many of the requirements are based on inspection and reporting prior to delivery of the communication to the intended target. These inspections require decryption of packets and this implies that the defensive suite either impersonates the requestor, or has access to the private cryptographic keysof the servers that are the target of communication. This is in contrast to an end-to-end paradigm where known good entities can communicate directly and no other entity has access to the content unless that content is provided to them. There are many new processes that require end-to-end encrypted communication, including distributed computing, endpoint architectures, and zero trust architectures and enterprise level security. In an end-to-end paradigm, the keys used for authentication, confidentiality, and integrity reside only with the endpoints. This paper examines a formulation that allows unbroken communication, while meeting the inspection and reporting requirements of a network defense. This work is part of a broader security architecture termed Enterprise Level Security (ELS)framework.
Efficient String Matching Algorithm for Intrusion Detection
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have become widely recognized as powerful tools for identifying, deterring and deflecting malicious attacks over the network. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are designed and installed to aid in deterring or mitigating the damage that can be caused by hacking, or breaking into sensitive IT systems. . The attacks can come from outsider attackers on the Internet, authorized insiders who misuse the privileges that have been given them and unauthorized insiders who attempt to gain unauthorized privileges. IDSs cannot be used in isolation, but must be part of a larger framework of IT security measures. Essential to almost every intrusion detection system is the ability to search through packets and identify content that matches known attacks. Space and time efficient string matching algorithms are therefore important for identifying these packets at line rate. In this paper we examine string matching algorithm and their use for Intrusion Detection. Keywords: System Design, Network Algorithm
hashdays 2011: Felix 'FX' Lindner - Targeted Industrial Control System Attack...
The talk will show you the techical details of Stuxnet in their full glory and make you appreciate this work of engineering more. Based on a code-level analysis of the Stuxnet PLC payload, the presentation will explain techniques therein that can be used for industrial espionage and sabotage by copycat attackers against competitor's production facilities. Currently recommended defenses, their shortcomings and alternative approaches will also be discussed.
Bio: Felix 'FX' Lindner is founder and technical lead of the Recurity Labs GmbH consulting and research team. He is also the leader of the Phenoelit group and loves to hack pretty much everything with a CPU and some communication, preferably networked. He looks back at 15+ years of (legal) hacking with only a couple Cisco IOS and SAP remote exploits, tools for hacking HP printers and protocol attacks lining the road.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology. The article proposes using an FPGA-based hardware dongle to securely implement RSA cryptography and prevent secret software information from being extracted. It describes using the FPGA to perform half of the RSA encryption process, with the other half decrypted on the software side. The document provides details on the RSA encryption algorithm, FPGA programming, a design for interfacing between a computer and the FPGA dongle, and results of encrypting data with the proposed system. It concludes the approach provides a way to wrap the RSA layer and restrict applications from running without a connected dongle.
A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm that shifts drastically from traditional computing architecture. Although this new computing paradigm brings many advantages like utility computing model but the design in not flawless and hence suffers from not only many known computer vulnerabilities but also introduces unique information confidentiality, integrity and availability risks as well due its inherent design paradigm. To provide secure and reliable services in cloud computing environment is an important issue. To counter a variety of attacks, especially large-scale coordinated attacks, a framework of Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is proposed. The proposed system could reduce the impact of these kinds of attacks through providing timely notifications about new intrusions to Cloud users' systems. To provide such ability, IDSs in the cloud computing regions both correlate alerts from multiple elementary detectors and exchange knowledge of interconnected Clouds with each other.
This document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and its use in intrusion detection systems. It proposes a standardized 64-byte ARP protocol structure to more easily capture ARP packets from a network. The structure includes fields for frame information, destination and source addresses, ARP type details, and sender/target MAC and IP addresses. This standardized structure could be integrated into network monitoring to help detect intrusions without affecting normal data transfer processes. Overall, the document aims to optimize the ARP sequence for use in intrusion detection systems.
The document discusses cybersecurity issues related to critical infrastructure sectors. It notes that there are 16 critical infrastructure sectors designated by the US Department of Homeland Security that are vital to national security and safety. These sectors include chemical, communications, dams, emergency services, financial services, government facilities, information technology, transportation, and others. The document expresses concern about the lack of security for industrial control systems and SCADA systems that monitor and control critical infrastructure. It provides examples of past cyber attacks on these systems and notes that the majority of attacks in 2014 targeted advanced persistent threats. The document concludes that as industrial systems increasingly connect to the internet and migrate to web-based interfaces, they represent an growing security risk due to vulnerabilities.
Practical analysis of the cybersecurity of European smart grids
This paper summarizes the experience gained during a series of
practical cybersecurity assessments of various components of Europe’s
smart electrical grids.
This document provides an overview of how Fortinet solutions can help secure industrial control systems (ICS) in accordance with IEC 62443 standards. It describes common ICS vulnerabilities and challenges, and recommends implementing network segmentation, access controls, and multi-layered security using Fortinet products to monitor traffic and enforce security policies across different ICS zones. Specific Fortinet products mentioned include the FortiGate firewall, FortiAuthenticator for authentication, and FortiAnalyzer for logging and reporting.
Challenges and Solution to Mitigate the cyber-attack on Critical Infrastruct...
SCADA systems control some of the most vital infrastructure in industrial and energy sectors, from oil and gas pipelines to nuclear facilities to water treatment plants.
Critical infrastructure is defined as the physical and IT assets, networks and services that if disrupted or destroyed would have a serious impact on the health, security, or economic wellbeing of citizens and the efficient functioning of a country’s government.
Security Issues in SCADA based Industrial Control Systems
This document discusses security concerns in industrial control systems. It provides an overview of industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA systems, which are widely used to control infrastructure systems. It outlines several vulnerabilities in ICS, including issues with legacy systems not being designed with modern cybersecurity threats in mind. Specific threats like zero-day vulnerabilities, non-prioritized tasks, and database/communication protocol issues are examined. The conclusion states that additional digital security techniques are needed to protect critical infrastructure control systems.
The document discusses cyber security challenges for industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA networks. As ICS were connected to networks and the internet, it increased opportunities for remote hacking and destruction. The disconnect between traditional IT security practices and operational needs of ICS led to vulnerabilities. Common security strategies like network isolation are no longer effective due to widespread connectivity. Recent attacks have shown that hackers can compromise ICS equipment directly and cause physical damage. The document argues industry must adopt new security technologies and policies tailored for ICS in order to address growing threats.
SCADA Systems Vulnerabilities and Blockchain Technology
SCADA systems are one of the most important part of industrial operations. Before SCADA, plant personnel had to monitor and control industrial process via selector switches, pushbuttons and dials for analog signals. As manufacturing grew and sites became more remote, relays and timers were used to assist supervision. With the onset of technology and advent of network based protocols, these systems became more reliable, fast and it became easy to troubleshoot problems. Indeed progress also brings vulnerabilities, which was no new for SCADA. The IP protocols brought threat to the security of these systems. The devastation that cyber predators on SCADA can inflict, could be illustrated by the Stuxnet virus attack. This paper discusses what SCADA systems are, their uses, protocols being used by these systems, vulnerabilities and ways to combat those vulnerabilities. It focusses on the use of Blockchain Technology as a step in security of such systems. Diksha Chhonkar | Garima Pandey "SCADA Systems: Vulnerabilities and Blockchain Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31586.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31586/scada-systems-vulnerabilities-and-blockchain-technology/diksha-chhonkar
This document discusses trends in threats to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It notes that as SCADA systems increasingly use commercial off-the-shelf software and connect to the internet, they have become more vulnerable to cyber threats. The document outlines how SCADA systems work and components like RTUs, PLCs, and HMIs. It also discusses issues like the mistaken belief that SCADA systems are secure due to physical security or isolation from the internet. The conclusion suggests that as capabilities and opportunities for threats increase, the future operational environment will be more vulnerable if an actor emerges with the intent to cause harm.
RSAC 2021 Spelunking Through the Steps of a Control System HackDan Gunter
An industrial control system was hacked through a multi-stage attack. An attacker first spearphished a user to gain access to the network. They then used remote desktop and remote access software to access the HMI and manipulate control points, disrupting industrial processes. The attack demonstrated tactics like phishing, credential dumping, lateral movement, and control manipulation. Improving security monitoring, hardening systems, limiting access, and increasing user awareness could help prevent similar attacks.
As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system are deployed in infrastructures which are critical to the survival of a nation, they have emerged as a potential terrain for cyber-war, thus attracting the considered attention of ‘nation-states’. The analysis of worms like ‘stuxnet’ ‘flame’ and ‘duqu’ reveals the hand of a ‘nation-state’ in their design and deployment. Hence, the necessity to understand various issues in the defence of SCADA systems arises. The forensics of the SCADA system provide deep insight into the design and deployment of the worm (the malware) once the system is attacked. This is precisely the scope of this essay.
Whenyour computer isconnected to the Internet, you expose your computer to a variety of potentialthreats. The Internet isdesigned in such a waythat if you have access to the Internet, all other computers on the Internet canconnect to yourcomputer.Thisleavesyouvulnerable to variouscommonattacks. This isespeciallytroubling as severalpopular programs open services on your computer thatallowothers to view files on your computer! Whilethisfunctionalityisexpected, the difficultyisthatsecurityerrors are detectedthatalwaysallow hackers to attackyour computer with the ability to view or destroy sensitive information stored on your computer. To protectyour computer fromsuchattacksyouneed to "teach" your computer to ignore or resistexternaltestingattempts. The commonname for such a program is Firewall. A firewall is software thatcreates a secureenvironmentwhosefunctionis to block or restrictincoming and outgoing information over a network. These firewalls actually do not work and are not suitable for business premises to maintain information securitywhilesupporting free exchange of ideas. Firewall are becoming more and more sophisticated in the day, and new features are beingadded all the time, sothat, despitecriticism and intimidatingdevelopmentmethods, they are still a powerfuldefense. In thispaper, weread a network firewall thathelps the corporateenvironment and other networks thatwant to exchange information over the network. The firewall protects the flow of trafficthrough the internet and limits the amount of external and internal information and provides the internal user with the illusion of anonymous FTP and www online communications.
A Modular Approach To Intrusion Detection in Homogenous Wireless NetworkIOSR Journals
This document discusses a modular approach to intrusion detection in homogeneous wireless networks. It begins by introducing wireless networks and the need for intrusion detection systems (IDS) due to security vulnerabilities. It then discusses different types of IDS, including signature-based detection that identifies known attacks, and anomaly-based detection that identifies deviations from normal behavior but can result in high false positives. The document proposes a modular approach combining advantages of signature-based and anomaly-based detection for high detection rates and low false positives. Requirements for IDS in wireless networks are also outlined.
Moving From Contactless to Wireless Technologies in Secure, Over-the-Air Tran...Underwriters Laboratories
This UL white paper discusses some of the many issues and challenges that must be addressed in the future deployment of wireless technology for the processing
of secure transactions. It begins with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of both contactless and wireless technologies. The white paper then reviews and assesses internal system risks, as well as external security concerns, for both technologies. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the future use of wireless technology in secure transactions, and how manufacturers can provide assurances to both system providers and users regarding the security of their private data.
DEPLOYMENT OF INTRUSION PREVENTION SYSTEM ON MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR BASED SECUR...IJCNCJournal
After tightening up network perimeter for dealing with external threats, organizations have woken up to the
threats from inside Local Area Networks (LAN) over the past several years. It is thus important to design
and implement LAN security strategies in order to secure assets on LAN by filtering traffic and thereby
protecting them from malicious access and insider attacks. Banking Financial Services and Insurance
(BFSI) industry is one such segment that faces increased risks and security challenges. The typical
architecture of this segment includes several thousands of users connecting from various branches over
Wide Area Network (WAN) links crossing national and international boundaries with varying network
speed to access data center resources. The objective of this work is to deploy LAN security solution to
protect the data center located at headquarters from the end user machines. A LAN security solution should
ideally provide Network Access Control (NAC) along with cleaning (securing) the traffic going through it.
Traffic cleaning itself includes various features like firewall, intrusion detection/prevention, traffic anomaly
detection, validation of asset ownership etc. LANenforcer (LE) is a device deployed in front of the data
center such that the traffic from end-user machines necessarily passes through it so that it can enforce
security. The goal of this system is to enhance the security features of a LANenforcer security system with
Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) to enable it to detect and prevent malicious network activities. IPS is
plugged into the packet path based on the configuration in such a way that the entire traffic passes through
the IPS on LE.
This document provides an analysis of security issues and solutions for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and wireless mesh networks. It discusses various threats and attacks at different layers of the OSI model, including jamming, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks at the physical layer. At higher layers, threats include selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, and wormhole attacks. The document then outlines some solutions, such as intrusion prevention, intrusion detection systems, and key management techniques. It concludes by discussing prospects for improved security through techniques like elliptic curve cryptography and quantum cryptography.
Evaluation of enhanced security solutions inIJNSA Journal
Traditionally, 802.11-based networks that relied on wired equivalent protocol (WEP) were especially
vulnerable to packet sniffing. Today, wireless networks are more prolific, and the monitoring devices used
to find them are mobile and easy to access. Securing wireless networks can be difficult because these
networks consist of radio transmitters and receivers, and anybody can listen, capture data and attempt to
compromise it. In recent years, a range of technologies and mechanisms have helped makes networking
more secure. This paper holistically evaluated various enhanced protocols proposed to solve WEP related
authentication, confidentiality and integrity problems. It discovered that strength of each solution depends
on how well the encryption, authentication and integrity techniques work. The work suggested using a
Defence-in-Depth Strategy and integration of biometric solution in 802.11i. Comprehensive in-depth
comparative analysis of each of the security mechanisms is driven by review of related work in WLAN
security solutions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Detecting Victim Systems In Client Networks Using Coarse Grained Botnet Algor...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed system for detecting victim systems in client networks using a coarse-grained botnet algorithm. The system uses a two-stage approach: 1) the primary stage detects and collects network anomalies related to botnets; 2) the second stage identifies bots and blocks them from entering the receiver end, identifying bot sender IP addresses. The system implements a scanner to identify bot files, scanning incoming files in both the sender and receiver ends if protection mode is enabled. This avoids intrusions and blocks unauthorized users from accessing the application. The proposed system can help avoid botnet infections spreading in client networks.
RESOLVING NETWORK DEFENSE CONFLICTS WITH ZERO TRUST ARCHITECTURES AND OTHER E...IJNSA Journal
Network defense implies a comprehensive set of software tools to preclude malicious entities from conducting activities such as exfiltration of data, theft of credentials, blocking of services and other nefarious activities. For most enterprises at this time, that defense builds upon a clear concept of the fortress approach. Many of the requirements are based on inspection and reporting prior to delivery of the communication to the intended target. These inspections require decryption of packets and this implies that the defensive suite either impersonates the requestor, or has access to the private cryptographic keysof the servers that are the target of communication. This is in contrast to an end-to-end paradigm where known good entities can communicate directly and no other entity has access to the content unless that content is provided to them. There are many new processes that require end-to-end encrypted communication, including distributed computing, endpoint architectures, and zero trust architectures and enterprise level security. In an end-to-end paradigm, the keys used for authentication, confidentiality, and integrity reside only with the endpoints. This paper examines a formulation that allows unbroken communication, while meeting the inspection and reporting requirements of a network defense. This work is part of a broader security architecture termed Enterprise Level Security (ELS)framework.
RESOLVING NETWORK DEFENSE CONFLICTS WITH ZERO TRUST ARCHITECTURES AND OTHER E...IJNSA Journal
Network defense implies a comprehensive set of software tools to preclude malicious entities from conducting activities such as exfiltration of data, theft of credentials, blocking of services and other nefarious activities. For most enterprises at this time, that defense builds upon a clear concept of the fortress approach. Many of the requirements are based on inspection and reporting prior to delivery of the communication to the intended target. These inspections require decryption of packets and this implies that the defensive suite either impersonates the requestor, or has access to the private cryptographic keysof the servers that are the target of communication. This is in contrast to an end-to-end paradigm where known good entities can communicate directly and no other entity has access to the content unless that content is provided to them. There are many new processes that require end-to-end encrypted communication, including distributed computing, endpoint architectures, and zero trust architectures and enterprise level security. In an end-to-end paradigm, the keys used for authentication, confidentiality, and integrity reside only with the endpoints. This paper examines a formulation that allows unbroken communication, while meeting the inspection and reporting requirements of a network defense. This work is part of a broader security architecture termed Enterprise Level Security (ELS)framework.
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have become widely recognized as powerful tools for identifying, deterring and deflecting malicious attacks over the network. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are designed and installed to aid in deterring or mitigating the damage that can be caused by hacking, or breaking into sensitive IT systems. . The attacks can come from outsider attackers on the Internet, authorized insiders who misuse the privileges that have been given them and unauthorized insiders who attempt to gain unauthorized privileges. IDSs cannot be used in isolation, but must be part of a larger framework of IT security measures. Essential to almost every intrusion detection system is the ability to search through packets and identify content that matches known attacks. Space and time efficient string matching algorithms are therefore important for identifying these packets at line rate. In this paper we examine string matching algorithm and their use for Intrusion Detection. Keywords: System Design, Network Algorithm
hashdays 2011: Felix 'FX' Lindner - Targeted Industrial Control System Attack...Area41
The talk will show you the techical details of Stuxnet in their full glory and make you appreciate this work of engineering more. Based on a code-level analysis of the Stuxnet PLC payload, the presentation will explain techniques therein that can be used for industrial espionage and sabotage by copycat attackers against competitor's production facilities. Currently recommended defenses, their shortcomings and alternative approaches will also be discussed.
Bio: Felix 'FX' Lindner is founder and technical lead of the Recurity Labs GmbH consulting and research team. He is also the leader of the Phenoelit group and loves to hack pretty much everything with a CPU and some communication, preferably networked. He looks back at 15+ years of (legal) hacking with only a couple Cisco IOS and SAP remote exploits, tools for hacking HP printers and protocol attacks lining the road.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology. The article proposes using an FPGA-based hardware dongle to securely implement RSA cryptography and prevent secret software information from being extracted. It describes using the FPGA to perform half of the RSA encryption process, with the other half decrypted on the software side. The document provides details on the RSA encryption algorithm, FPGA programming, a design for interfacing between a computer and the FPGA dongle, and results of encrypting data with the proposed system. It concludes the approach provides a way to wrap the RSA layer and restrict applications from running without a connected dongle.
A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computingijsrd.com
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm that shifts drastically from traditional computing architecture. Although this new computing paradigm brings many advantages like utility computing model but the design in not flawless and hence suffers from not only many known computer vulnerabilities but also introduces unique information confidentiality, integrity and availability risks as well due its inherent design paradigm. To provide secure and reliable services in cloud computing environment is an important issue. To counter a variety of attacks, especially large-scale coordinated attacks, a framework of Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is proposed. The proposed system could reduce the impact of these kinds of attacks through providing timely notifications about new intrusions to Cloud users' systems. To provide such ability, IDSs in the cloud computing regions both correlate alerts from multiple elementary detectors and exchange knowledge of interconnected Clouds with each other.
This document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and its use in intrusion detection systems. It proposes a standardized 64-byte ARP protocol structure to more easily capture ARP packets from a network. The structure includes fields for frame information, destination and source addresses, ARP type details, and sender/target MAC and IP addresses. This standardized structure could be integrated into network monitoring to help detect intrusions without affecting normal data transfer processes. Overall, the document aims to optimize the ARP sequence for use in intrusion detection systems.
The document discusses cybersecurity issues related to critical infrastructure sectors. It notes that there are 16 critical infrastructure sectors designated by the US Department of Homeland Security that are vital to national security and safety. These sectors include chemical, communications, dams, emergency services, financial services, government facilities, information technology, transportation, and others. The document expresses concern about the lack of security for industrial control systems and SCADA systems that monitor and control critical infrastructure. It provides examples of past cyber attacks on these systems and notes that the majority of attacks in 2014 targeted advanced persistent threats. The document concludes that as industrial systems increasingly connect to the internet and migrate to web-based interfaces, they represent an growing security risk due to vulnerabilities.
Practical analysis of the cybersecurity of European smart gridsSergey Gordeychik
This paper summarizes the experience gained during a series of
practical cybersecurity assessments of various components of Europe’s
smart electrical grids.
This document provides an overview of how Fortinet solutions can help secure industrial control systems (ICS) in accordance with IEC 62443 standards. It describes common ICS vulnerabilities and challenges, and recommends implementing network segmentation, access controls, and multi-layered security using Fortinet products to monitor traffic and enforce security policies across different ICS zones. Specific Fortinet products mentioned include the FortiGate firewall, FortiAuthenticator for authentication, and FortiAnalyzer for logging and reporting.
Challenges and Solution to Mitigate the cyber-attack on Critical Infrastruct...Abhishek Goel
SCADA systems control some of the most vital infrastructure in industrial and energy sectors, from oil and gas pipelines to nuclear facilities to water treatment plants.
Critical infrastructure is defined as the physical and IT assets, networks and services that if disrupted or destroyed would have a serious impact on the health, security, or economic wellbeing of citizens and the efficient functioning of a country’s government.
Security Issues in SCADA based Industrial Control Systems aswanthmrajeev112
This document discusses security concerns in industrial control systems. It provides an overview of industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA systems, which are widely used to control infrastructure systems. It outlines several vulnerabilities in ICS, including issues with legacy systems not being designed with modern cybersecurity threats in mind. Specific threats like zero-day vulnerabilities, non-prioritized tasks, and database/communication protocol issues are examined. The conclusion states that additional digital security techniques are needed to protect critical infrastructure control systems.
The document discusses cyber security challenges for industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA networks. As ICS were connected to networks and the internet, it increased opportunities for remote hacking and destruction. The disconnect between traditional IT security practices and operational needs of ICS led to vulnerabilities. Common security strategies like network isolation are no longer effective due to widespread connectivity. Recent attacks have shown that hackers can compromise ICS equipment directly and cause physical damage. The document argues industry must adopt new security technologies and policies tailored for ICS in order to address growing threats.
SCADA Systems Vulnerabilities and Blockchain Technologyijtsrd
SCADA systems are one of the most important part of industrial operations. Before SCADA, plant personnel had to monitor and control industrial process via selector switches, pushbuttons and dials for analog signals. As manufacturing grew and sites became more remote, relays and timers were used to assist supervision. With the onset of technology and advent of network based protocols, these systems became more reliable, fast and it became easy to troubleshoot problems. Indeed progress also brings vulnerabilities, which was no new for SCADA. The IP protocols brought threat to the security of these systems. The devastation that cyber predators on SCADA can inflict, could be illustrated by the Stuxnet virus attack. This paper discusses what SCADA systems are, their uses, protocols being used by these systems, vulnerabilities and ways to combat those vulnerabilities. It focusses on the use of Blockchain Technology as a step in security of such systems. Diksha Chhonkar | Garima Pandey "SCADA Systems: Vulnerabilities and Blockchain Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31586.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31586/scada-systems-vulnerabilities-and-blockchain-technology/diksha-chhonkar
This document discusses trends in threats to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It notes that as SCADA systems increasingly use commercial off-the-shelf software and connect to the internet, they have become more vulnerable to cyber threats. The document outlines how SCADA systems work and components like RTUs, PLCs, and HMIs. It also discusses issues like the mistaken belief that SCADA systems are secure due to physical security or isolation from the internet. The conclusion suggests that as capabilities and opportunities for threats increase, the future operational environment will be more vulnerable if an actor emerges with the intent to cause harm.
The fast emerging of internet of things (IoTs) has introduced fog computing as an intermediate layer between end-users and the cloud datacenters. Fog computing layer characterized by its closeness to end users for service provisioning than the cloud. However, security challenges are still a big concern in fog and cloud computing paradigms as well. In fog computing, one of the most destructive attacks is man-in-the-middle (MitM). Moreover, MitM attacks are hard to be detected since they performed passively on the network level. This paper proposes a MitM mitigation scheme in fog computing architecture. The proposal mapped the fog layer on software-defined network (SDN) architecture. The proposal integrated multi-path transmission control protocol (MPTCP), moving target defense (MTD) technique, and reinforcement learning agent (RL) in one framework that contributed significantly to improving the fog layer resources utilization and security. The proposed schema hardens the network reconnaissance and discovery, thus improved the network security against MitM attack. The evaluation framework was tested using a simulation environment on mininet, with the utilization of MPTCP kernel and Ryu SDN controller. The experimental results shows that the proposed schema maintained the network resiliency, improves resource utilization without adding significant overheads compared to the traditional transmission control protocol (TCP).
Augmentation of a SCADA based firewall against foreign hacking devices IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented a SCADA-based firewall to protect data transmission from external hacking devices. The paper first discusses a case study where an industrial control system was hacked 46 times. It then provides an overview of industrial firewalls and the differences between industrial and IT firewalls. The paper describes configuring a Tofino industrial firewall with SCADA-HMI and PLC assets. It tests the firewall by simulating scenarios without and with the firewall, showing the firewall prevents an attacker from accessing the PLC simulator based on communication protocols. The paper concludes customized industrial firewalls are needed and protocols must be regularly updated as cyber attacks evolve.
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ICSA 2019 Architectural Security Weaknesses in Industrial Control SystemsDanielleGonzalez25
Architectural Security Weaknesses in Industrial Control Systems; An Empirical Study Based on Disclosed Software Vulnerabilities
Presented March 2019 at the IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA) in Hamburg, Germany
Stuxnet was a sophisticated cyber attack targeting Iran's nuclear facilities that changed perceptions of threats to critical infrastructure systems like SCADA. It exploited vulnerabilities in both Windows and Siemens control software to sabotage centrifuges without detection for nearly a year. This highlighted that SCADA/ICS are vulnerable targets due to their use of outdated protocols and legacy systems not originally designed with security in mind. Common security issues with SCADA include lack of access controls, unpatched systems, integration with corporate networks, and human/contractor oversight. Best practices like the NERC standards and updates to protocols like DNP3 can help mitigate risks if properly implemented throughout the SCADA lifecycle.
IRJET- Security Analysis and Improvements to IoT Communication Protocols ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses security issues with the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) which is commonly used for Internet of Things (IoT) communication. It first provides background on CoAP, including its architecture and use of Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) for security. However, the document notes that while DTLS provides some security, it is not fully sufficient to protect data at large volumes. The document then reviews literature on security issues at different layers of IoT systems, such as perception, physical, and network layers. Specific attacks discussed include jamming, node tampering, man-in-the-middle, denial of service, and eavesdropping. The aim of the paper is to analyze CoAP security
Cloud computing challenges and solutionsIJCNCJournal
Cloud computing is an emerging area of computer technology that benefits form the processing power and
the computing resources of many connected, geographically distanced computers connected via Internet.
Cloud computing eliminates the need of having a complete infrastructure of hardware and software to meet
users requirements and applications. It can be thought of or considered as a complete or a partial
outsourcing of hardware and software resources. To access cloud applications, a good Internet connection
and a standard Internet browser are required. Cloud computing has its own drawback from the security
point of view; this paper aims to address most of these threats and their possible solutions.
IRJET- Detection and Isolation of Zombie Attack under Cloud ComputingIRJET Journal
1) Cloud computing allows on-demand access to computing resources over the internet. However, this architecture is vulnerable to security attacks like zombie attacks.
2) A zombie attack occurs when an unauthorized user takes control of a virtual machine and uses it to launch denial-of-service attacks by sending useless traffic. This degrades network performance.
3) The paper proposes a technique for detecting malicious users and isolating zombie attacks in cloud computing networks using strong authentication. It aims to improve security in cloud architectures.
Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security IssuesjournalBEEI
The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Robust Cyber Security for Power UtilitiesNir Cohen
The security of critical networks is at the center of attention of industry and government regulators alike. Check Point and RAD offer a joint end-to-end cyber security solution that protects any utility operational technology (OT) network by eliminating RTU and SCADA equipment vulnerabilities, as well as defends against cyber-attacks on the network’s control and data planes. This solution brief explains how the joint solution enables compliance with NERC-CIP directives, provides deep visibility and control of ICS/SCADA communications, and allows secure remote access into OT networks.
Cryptography and Authentication Placement to Provide Secure Channel for SCADA...CSCJournals
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and Distributed control systems (DCS) were developed to reduce labor costs, and to allow system-wide monitoring and remote control from a central location. Control systems are widely used in critical infrastructures such as electric grid, natural gas, water, and wastewater industries. While control systems can be vulnerable to a variety of types of cyber attacks that could have devastating consequences, however, little attention is given to security considerations in the initial design and deployment of these systems, which has caused an urgent need to upgrade existing systems to withstand unauthorized intrusions potentially leading to communication attacks [1]. The current paper take a Hybrid-based Cryptography (combination of Symmetric AES and Asymmetric RSA) solution to enable confidentiality and authentication placed at each end of SCADA communication and provides secure channel for communication between MTU Terminal Unit (MTU) to Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or RTUs to MTU.
This document provides an overview of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Industrial Control Systems (ICS), including fundamentals, evolution over time, vulnerabilities, security frameworks, good practices, and resources. It defines SCADA/ICS, describes how they have become more interconnected, lists vulnerabilities like outdated systems and remote access, outlines security standards like NIST and NERC, recommends practices like segmentation and patching, and provides example frameworks and resources.
Similar to Vulnerabilities on the Wire: Mitigations for Insecure ICS Device Communication (20)
System Administrators are often on the front lines of computer security. This guide aims to support System Administrators in finding indications of a system compromise.
CISA GOV - Seven Steps to Effectively Defend ICSMuhammad FAHAD
INTRODUCTION
Cyber intrusions into US Critical Infrastructure systems are happening with increased frequency. For many industrial control systems (ICSs), it’s not a matter of if an intrusion will take place, but when. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2015, 295 incidents were reported to ICS-CERT, and many more went unreported or undetected. The capabilities of our adversaries have been demonstrated and cyber incidents are increasing in frequency and complexity. Simply building a
network with a hardened perimeter is no longer adequate. Securing ICSs against the modern threat requires well-planned and well-implemented strategies that will provide network defense
teams a chance to quickly and effectively detect, counter, and expel an adversary. This paper presents seven strategies that can be implemented today to counter common exploitable
weaknesses in “as-built” control systems.
This document provides guidelines for establishing effective computer security incident response capabilities. It assists organizations in creating incident response teams and processes for efficiently handling incidents. The guidelines can be applied independently of specific hardware, software, protocols or applications. The document recommends establishing planning, preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication and recovery as key phases in the incident response process.
Steps to Improve Cyber Security of SCADA Networks by U.S. Department of EnergyMuhammad FAHAD
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) networks contain computers and applications that perform key functions in providing essential services and commodities (e.g., electricity, natural gas, gasoline, water, waste
treatment, transportation) to all Americans. As such, they are part of the nation’s critical infrastructure and require protection from a variety of threats that exist in cyber space today. By allowing the collection and analysis of data and control of equipment such as pumps and valves from remote locations, SCADA networks provide great efficiency and are widely used. However, they also present a security risk. SCADA networks were initially designed to maximize functionality, with little attention paid to security. As a result, performance, reliability, flexibility and safety of distributed control/SCADA systems are robust, while the security of these systems is often weak. This makes some SCADA networks potentially vulnerable to disruption of service, process redirection, or manipulation of operational data that could result in public safety concerns and/or serious disruptions to the nation’s critical infrastructure. Action is required by all organizations, government or commercial, to secure their SCADA networks as part of the effort to adequately protect the nation’s critical infrastructure.
The President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board, and the Department of Energy, have developed the steps outlined here to help any organization improve the security of its SCADA networks. These steps are not meant to be prescriptive or all-inclusive. However, they do address essential actions to be taken to improve the
protection of SCADA networks. The steps are divided into two categories: specific actions to improve implementation, and actions to establish essential underlying management processes and policies.
The Cyber Kill Chain. 7 Stages of Cyber Kill Chain Supplementary ReadingMuhammad FAHAD
The “cyber kill chain” is a sequence of stages required for an
attacker to successfully infiltrate a network and exfiltrate data
from it. Each stage demonstrates a specific goal along the attacker’s
path. Designing your monitoring and response plan around the cyber kill chain model is an effective method because it focuses on
how actual attacks happen.
Common Malware Types Vulnerability ManagementMuhammad FAHAD
The document discusses common types of malware including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, ransomware, rootkits, adware, bugs, and bots. It provides a brief definition of each type and explains how they spread and the harm they can cause. The document also discusses symptoms of malware infections and recommendations for prevention and removal, including using antivirus software, keeping systems updated, and being cautious of downloads.
The Top 20 Cyberattacks on Industrial Control SystemsMuhammad FAHAD
Executive Summary
No industrial operation is free of risk, and different industrial enterprises may legitimately have different “appetites” for certain types of risks. Evaluating cyber risk in industrial control system (ICS) networks is difficult, considering their complex nature. For example, an evaluation can consider (explicitly or implicitly) up to hundreds of millions of branches of a complex attack tree modelling of cyberattacks interaction with cyber, physical, safety and protection equipment and processes. This paper was written to assist cyber professionals to understand and communicate the results of such risk assessments to non-technical business decision-makers.
This paper proposes that cyber risk be communicated as a Design Basis Threat (DBT) line drawn through a representative “Top 20” set of cyberattacks spread across a spectrum of attack sophistication. These Top 20 attacks have been selected to represent cyber threats to industrial sites across a wide range of circumstances, consequences and sophistication. Many industrial cyber risk practitioners will find the list useful as-is, while expert practitioners may choose to adapt the list to their more detailed understanding of their own sites’ circumstances.
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Vulnerabilities on the Wire: Mitigations for Insecure ICS Device Communication
1. WHITE PAPER
Vulnerabilities on
the Wire: Mitigations
for Insecure ICS Device
Communication
Michael Hoffman
Copyright SANS Institute 2021. Author Retains Full Rights.
This paper was published by SANS Institute. Reposting is not permitted without express written permission.