This document discusses security concerns in industrial control systems. It provides an overview of industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA systems, which are widely used to control infrastructure systems. It outlines several vulnerabilities in ICS, including issues with legacy systems not being designed with modern cybersecurity threats in mind. Specific threats like zero-day vulnerabilities, non-prioritized tasks, and database/communication protocol issues are examined. The conclusion states that additional digital security techniques are needed to protect critical infrastructure control systems.
Practical analysis of the cybersecurity of European smart grids
This paper summarizes the experience gained during a series of
practical cybersecurity assessments of various components of Europe’s
smart electrical grids.
IRJET-Managing Security of Systems by Data Collection
This document discusses managing system security through data collection. It proposes creating an application that collects security-related data from client systems on a network and stores it in a database server. This would allow monitoring the systems for intrusions or issues. The application would run in the background of each client system and collect configuration, software and activity data periodically to send to the database server. The collected data could then be analyzed to detect any unauthorized changes or suspicious activity on the client systems.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems monitor and control industrial processes that are distributed over large geographical areas. They progressed through 3 generations - from co-located control in the 1970s to networked systems connected to external networks in the 2000s. A typical SCADA system has hardware components like PLCs and field devices, and software for communication, interfacing, scalability, and functionality like access control, alarms, trending, and automation through scripting. SCADA provides cost-effective monitoring and control for industrial processes compared to distributed control systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems which are used to remotely monitor and control critical infrastructure like power plants, oil and gas pipelines, and water treatment facilities. It outlines some security issues with SCADA including that these systems have been of interest to terrorists and nation-states due to their ability to disrupt important systems, and that insiders and simple attacks could also potentially target vulnerable SCADA networks.
The document summarizes a cyber attack on a SCADA system in Ukraine in December 2015 that caused widespread power outages. Attackers first infiltrated the system 6 months prior using a phishing email with a malicious macro. They then spent time reconnoitering the network, stealing credentials, and testing their abilities to control system components. On the day of the attack, they deployed "kill disk" malware to disable workstations and took control of HMIs to open circuit breakers and shut down power stations, cutting power to 250,000 people. They also sabotaged backup systems to prevent restoration of service and launched a social engineering campaign to overload emergency responders. The sophisticated and coordinated attack exploited numerous security weaknesses in the outdated
This document proposes an architecture and implementation for integrating energy meters with an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The key aspects of the approach are: 1) Integrating smart grid applications and home applications using a common IoT infrastructure, 2) Collecting data from different sensor communication protocols, 3) Providing secure and customized data access, and 4) Mapping sensors and actuators to a common abstraction layer to enable multiple concurrent applications. The proposed system was demonstrated with a kit using Zigbee meters and gateways connected to an IoT server and custom user interface.
The document discusses SCADA protocols and communication trends. It describes how SCADA systems monitor and control processes across multiple locations using RTUs connected via local and wide area networks. Common protocols discussed include Modbus, ModbusX, DNP, ASCII, and IEEE 60870. The document also outlines legacy networks using low speeds of 300-1200 bps and how newer networks enable higher speeds of 9600 bps to meet increased data demands.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, including basic terminology, components, architecture, communication protocols, applications, security vulnerabilities, and threats. It defines sensors, actuators, relays, PLCs, HMIs, RTUs. It describes the typical SCADA architecture with a master system collecting data from remote units via communication networks. Examples of common industrial protocols like Modbus are provided. Applications of SCADA for monitoring, control, alarm handling and data logging are outlined. Security risks from malware, insiders, hackers and terrorists exploiting vulnerabilities in old operating systems and web interfaces are summarized. The 2015 Ukraine grid cyberattack is reviewed as a case study.
SCADA systems control critical infrastructure but were historically isolated systems with obscurity for security. They are now increasingly connected to the internet and each other, exposing vulnerabilities like weak passwords and unencrypted data. This presents a serious challenge as SCADA systems have special requirements preventing standard security practices and are difficult to take offline. Government and industry are working to improve SCADA security through awareness, training, and regulation.
Nozomi Networks is the leader of industrial cybersecurity, delivering real-time visibility to manage cyber risk & improve resilience for industrial operations. With one solution, customers gain advanced cybersecurity, improved operational reliability & easy IT/OT integration. Innovating the use of artificial intelligence, the company helps the largest industrial sites around the world See and Secure™ their critical industrial control networks. Today Nozomi Networks supports over a quarter of a million devices in the critical infrastructure, energy, manufacturing, mining, transportation & utility sectors, making it possible to tackle the escalating cyber risks to operational networks (OT).
Augmentation of a SCADA based firewall against foreign hacking devices
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented a SCADA-based firewall to protect data transmission from external hacking devices. The paper first discusses a case study where an industrial control system was hacked 46 times. It then provides an overview of industrial firewalls and the differences between industrial and IT firewalls. The paper describes configuring a Tofino industrial firewall with SCADA-HMI and PLC assets. It tests the firewall by simulating scenarios without and with the firewall, showing the firewall prevents an attacker from accessing the PLC simulator based on communication protocols. The paper concludes customized industrial firewalls are needed and protocols must be regularly updated as cyber attacks evolve.
Standards based security for energy utilitiesNirmal Thaliyil
The document discusses standards for cybersecurity in the energy sector. It notes that threats are increasing as energy infrastructure becomes more connected and data-driven. The document outlines some key cybersecurity standards for the energy industry including NERC CIP, IEEE1686, and IEC 62351. It maps these standards based on their level of technical detail and completeness. The document also discusses best practices for cybersecurity including technological and operational controls and how standards relate to controls for protection, detection and response.
Cyber-Defensive Architecture for Networked Industrial Control SystemsIJEACS
This paper deals with the inevitable consequence of the convenience and efficiency we benefit from the open, networked control system operation of safety-critical applications: vulnerability to such system from cyber-attacks. Even with numerous metrics and methods for intrusion detection and mitigation strategy, a complete detection and deterrence of internal code flaws and outside cyber-attacks has not been found and would not be found anytime soon. Considering the ever incompleteness of detection and prevention and the impact and consequence of mal-functions of the safety-critical operations caused by cyber incidents, this paper proposes a new computer control system architecture which assures resiliency even under compromised situations. The proposed architecture is centered on diversification of hardware systems and unidirectional communication from the proposed system in alerting suspicious activities to upper layers. This paper details the architectural structure of the proposed cyber defensive computer control system architecture for power substation applications and its validation in lab experimentation and on a cybersecurity testbed.
This seminar discusses cyber security for substation automation systems. It provides an overview of SCADA systems, their components and common vulnerabilities. Recent cases of cyber threats to power systems are described. A systematic approach to enhance cyber security is discussed, including standards to follow, types of threats, and key substation requirements. Common technologies for cyber security are covered, such as AAA protocols, SNMPv3, RADIUS, TACACS, SSH, firewalls, gateways and VPNs. The presentation concludes that cyber security tools help protect data and maintain reliability and safety in substation control systems.
Practical analysis of the cybersecurity of European smart gridsSergey Gordeychik
This paper summarizes the experience gained during a series of
practical cybersecurity assessments of various components of Europe’s
smart electrical grids.
IRJET-Managing Security of Systems by Data CollectionIRJET Journal
This document discusses managing system security through data collection. It proposes creating an application that collects security-related data from client systems on a network and stores it in a database server. This would allow monitoring the systems for intrusions or issues. The application would run in the background of each client system and collect configuration, software and activity data periodically to send to the database server. The collected data could then be analyzed to detect any unauthorized changes or suspicious activity on the client systems.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems monitor and control industrial processes that are distributed over large geographical areas. They progressed through 3 generations - from co-located control in the 1970s to networked systems connected to external networks in the 2000s. A typical SCADA system has hardware components like PLCs and field devices, and software for communication, interfacing, scalability, and functionality like access control, alarms, trending, and automation through scripting. SCADA provides cost-effective monitoring and control for industrial processes compared to distributed control systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems which are used to remotely monitor and control critical infrastructure like power plants, oil and gas pipelines, and water treatment facilities. It outlines some security issues with SCADA including that these systems have been of interest to terrorists and nation-states due to their ability to disrupt important systems, and that insiders and simple attacks could also potentially target vulnerable SCADA networks.
The document summarizes a cyber attack on a SCADA system in Ukraine in December 2015 that caused widespread power outages. Attackers first infiltrated the system 6 months prior using a phishing email with a malicious macro. They then spent time reconnoitering the network, stealing credentials, and testing their abilities to control system components. On the day of the attack, they deployed "kill disk" malware to disable workstations and took control of HMIs to open circuit breakers and shut down power stations, cutting power to 250,000 people. They also sabotaged backup systems to prevent restoration of service and launched a social engineering campaign to overload emergency responders. The sophisticated and coordinated attack exploited numerous security weaknesses in the outdated
Energy Meters using Internet of Things PlatformIRJET Journal
This document proposes an architecture and implementation for integrating energy meters with an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The key aspects of the approach are: 1) Integrating smart grid applications and home applications using a common IoT infrastructure, 2) Collecting data from different sensor communication protocols, 3) Providing secure and customized data access, and 4) Mapping sensors and actuators to a common abstraction layer to enable multiple concurrent applications. The proposed system was demonstrated with a kit using Zigbee meters and gateways connected to an IoT server and custom user interface.
Scada protocols-and-communications-trendsSandip Roy
The document discusses SCADA protocols and communication trends. It describes how SCADA systems monitor and control processes across multiple locations using RTUs connected via local and wide area networks. Common protocols discussed include Modbus, ModbusX, DNP, ASCII, and IEEE 60870. The document also outlines legacy networks using low speeds of 300-1200 bps and how newer networks enable higher speeds of 9600 bps to meet increased data demands.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, including basic terminology, components, architecture, communication protocols, applications, security vulnerabilities, and threats. It defines sensors, actuators, relays, PLCs, HMIs, RTUs. It describes the typical SCADA architecture with a master system collecting data from remote units via communication networks. Examples of common industrial protocols like Modbus are provided. Applications of SCADA for monitoring, control, alarm handling and data logging are outlined. Security risks from malware, insiders, hackers and terrorists exploiting vulnerabilities in old operating systems and web interfaces are summarized. The 2015 Ukraine grid cyberattack is reviewed as a case study.
SCADA systems control critical infrastructure but were historically isolated systems with obscurity for security. They are now increasingly connected to the internet and each other, exposing vulnerabilities like weak passwords and unencrypted data. This presents a serious challenge as SCADA systems have special requirements preventing standard security practices and are difficult to take offline. Government and industry are working to improve SCADA security through awareness, training, and regulation.
Nozomi Networks is the leader of industrial cybersecurity, delivering real-time visibility to manage cyber risk & improve resilience for industrial operations. With one solution, customers gain advanced cybersecurity, improved operational reliability & easy IT/OT integration. Innovating the use of artificial intelligence, the company helps the largest industrial sites around the world See and Secure™ their critical industrial control networks. Today Nozomi Networks supports over a quarter of a million devices in the critical infrastructure, energy, manufacturing, mining, transportation & utility sectors, making it possible to tackle the escalating cyber risks to operational networks (OT).
Augmentation of a SCADA based firewall against foreign hacking devices IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented a SCADA-based firewall to protect data transmission from external hacking devices. The paper first discusses a case study where an industrial control system was hacked 46 times. It then provides an overview of industrial firewalls and the differences between industrial and IT firewalls. The paper describes configuring a Tofino industrial firewall with SCADA-HMI and PLC assets. It tests the firewall by simulating scenarios without and with the firewall, showing the firewall prevents an attacker from accessing the PLC simulator based on communication protocols. The paper concludes customized industrial firewalls are needed and protocols must be regularly updated as cyber attacks evolve.
SCADA Security: The Five Stages of Cyber GriefLancope, Inc.
Every time a new information technology finds its way into production, it seems as though we end up repeating the same process – security vulnerabilities will be discovered and disclosed in that technology, and users and vendors will deny that the risks are significant. Only after major attacks occur do we really start to see efforts to address the inherent risks in a systematic way.
We’re falling into this exact same trap again with Industrial Control and SCADA systems, but in this case the problem is worse, because the inherent nature of control systems prevents us from applying many of the strategies that have been used to protect other kinds of computer networks.
Join Lancope’s Director of Security Research, Tom Cross, for a look at the five stages of grief that organizations seem to pass through as they come to terms with security risks, and how far we’ve come regarding Industrial Control Systems.
Hear about:
The state of Control Systems security vulnerabilities
Attack activity that is prompting a change in perspective
The unique, long-term challenges associated with protecting SCADA networks
How anomaly detection can play a key role in protecting SCADA systems now
Android-Based Secure Monitoring System for Industrial Power PlantsIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a secure remote monitoring system for industrial gas turbines. By adopting remote monitoring techniques, not only can the human resources required for supervising the turbines around the clock be reduced, but also the reliability in detecting faults with the turbine can be improved. In this work, the proposed system supports the remote monitoring of the gas turbine status with an android-based smart phone. Also the proposed system utilizes the well-known RSA algorithm with a 512-bit encryption to protect the sensitive information of turbines from unauthorized access including hackers. The level of security is further enhanced by prohibiting the users from saving the received turbine data on their devices. The performance of the resulting system is evaluated with an experimental setup including a virtual data generator.
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. SCADA software system is a device monitoring and controlling framework. The supervisory control includes, taking action and control through remote locations for various control mechanisms and processes.The front-end UI of Mobile App or Web dashboard along with backend business logic, database and a Gateway (as depicted in the above block diagram) manifests a SCADA solution for control and monitoring of devices in an IoT network.
https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/what-is-scada-system-and-software-solution
SCADA systems are used to remotely monitor and control equipment and industrial processes. They consist of a central master computer system that collects real-time data from remote terminal units (RTUs) connected to sensors and machinery. The master system interfaces with human operators through human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that present data and status information. SCADA systems allow industrial processes to be automated and monitored remotely, improving productivity and reducing costs compared to manual operation and monitoring. They are commonly used in applications like power generation, water and sewage systems, manufacturing, and buildings.
This document discusses trends in threats to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It notes that as SCADA systems increasingly use commercial off-the-shelf software and connect to the internet, they have become more vulnerable to cyber threats. The document outlines how SCADA systems work and components like RTUs, PLCs, and HMIs. It also discusses issues like the mistaken belief that SCADA systems are secure due to physical security or isolation from the internet. The conclusion suggests that as capabilities and opportunities for threats increase, the future operational environment will be more vulnerable if an actor emerges with the intent to cause harm.
This document discusses industrial control system (ICS) cybersecurity. It begins with an introduction to ICS, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and programmable logic controllers (PLC). It then compares ICS and IT security, discussing risks specific to ICS. The document outlines the risk management process and describes ICS security architecture, including network segmentation. It also covers authentication, firewall implementation, and applying the six steps of the NIST risk management framework to implement security controls for ICS.
Comparative analysis of traditional scada systems and io t implemented scadaIJARIIT
SCADA system stands as an abbreviation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It focuses on the supervisory
level and is not a full control system. It is a computer system which gathers and analyses real time data. They are useful in
monitoring and controlling a plant or industrial equipment like telecommunications, water, waste control, energy, oil-gas
refining, and transportation. It gathers information about a mishap, transfers it back to a central site and alerts the home station
about the mishap, carries out necessary analysis and control, like determining if the mishap occurred is critical, and display the
information in a logical and organized fashion. They can be relatively as simple as a system which monitors environmental
conditions of a small office building, or as complex as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant.
IOT acts as a complementary setup to SCADA. SCADA system generates information which acts as one of the data sources for
IOT. While the focus of SCADA on monitoring and control, the focus of IOT is firmly on analyzing machine data to improve
productivity.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It discusses what SCADA is, its architecture and components, functionality, and how it is used to control industrial processes. Security issues are also covered, along with the evolution of SCADA systems from early monolithic designs to modern distributed and networked architectures. The future of SCADA is described as incorporating more sophisticated capabilities through artificial intelligence and greater network integration.
This document discusses the cyber security risks of smart grids and proposes an integrated security framework to address these risks. Smart grids integrate information infrastructure with electrical infrastructure, improving performance but also increasing vulnerability to cyber attacks. The framework features security agents, managed security switches, and a security manager to provide layered protection, intrusion detection, and access control across the power automation network in a scalable and extensible manner. This integrated approach is needed as power systems have different security needs than traditional IT networks.
The document discusses SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It provides definitions of key SCADA components and concepts, including RTUs, PLCs, HMIs, and protocols. It also outlines security challenges for SCADA systems given their critical infrastructure functions and discusses approaches to improving SCADA security.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control equipment and processes in industries like oil/gas, water treatment, and manufacturing. They gather data in real-time from remote locations and send control commands back. SCADA has evolved through 3 generations from standalone monolithic systems to distributed systems on local networks to today's networked systems using open standards and wide area networks. Security issues need to be addressed like encrypting communications, securing devices, auditing networks, and implementing threat protection. The future of SCADA involves more sophisticated systems that can handle huge data volumes and territories with some having artificial intelligence capabilities.
Scada system architecture, types and applicationsUchi Pou
This document discusses the architecture, types, and applications of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It describes the basic components of SCADA systems including human-machine interfaces, programmable logic controllers, remote terminal units, communication infrastructure, and SCADA programming. It outlines the four generations of SCADA systems from early monolithic to modern networked and internet-based systems. Finally, it provides examples of SCADA applications in manufacturing, wastewater treatment, power systems, and wireless SCADA systems.
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: Cyber Security R&D for Microgrids, presented by Jason Stamp, Sandia National Laboratories, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
The document discusses cyber security challenges for industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA networks. As ICS were connected to networks and the internet, it increased opportunities for remote hacking and destruction. The disconnect between traditional IT security practices and operational needs of ICS led to vulnerabilities. Common security strategies like network isolation are no longer effective due to widespread connectivity. Recent attacks have shown that hackers can compromise ICS equipment directly and cause physical damage. The document argues industry must adopt new security technologies and policies tailored for ICS in order to address growing threats.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a secure and sophisticated electricity meter called an Impregnable Device for Secured Metering (IDSM). The IDSM uses a microcontroller integrated with a smart meter to securely transmit power consumption data via a legacy Wi-Fi system. Random number addressing cryptography (RAC) is used for encryption due to its high speed, low power usage, and security. The IDSM system connects individual household meters to a centralized server that calculates billing amounts and sends updates back to the meters for display. The goal is to provide secure metering and billing that reduces human error and electricity theft while lowering costs.
Scada Industrial Control Systems Penetration Testing Yehia Mamdouh
Scada Industrial Control Systems Penetration Testing
Start from Types of Scada Networks, then Penetration testing, finally what Security should be follow
The document discusses penetration testing of SCADA industrial control systems. It begins with an overview of SCADA systems, including what they are, where they are used, benefits, and basic concepts like the communication between the SCADA server and RTUs/PLCs. It then covers SCADA protocols like Modbus and DNP3. The document outlines various attack vectors like denial of service attacks, unauthorized access, and vulnerabilities in common protocols. It proposes a penetration testing methodology that involves discovery, protocol analysis, data manipulation, and security recommendations like firewalls, IDS, and training to improve SCADA security.
SCADA.pptx supervisory control and data aquasitionRapidAcademy
The document discusses the history and components of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It describes how early SCADA systems involved direct connections between sensors and control panels, while modern systems involve remote terminal units, programmable logic controllers, telemetry, and computer software. The key components of a SCADA system include remote terminal units that interface with field sensors, communication systems to transfer data, master stations to display and control the system, and software for user interfaces, alarms, data storage and more.
Critical Information Infrastructure Systems WorldwideAngela Hays
The document discusses the training that the author underwent at Finetech Controls Pvt. Ltd., which covered the fundamentals of industrial automation including components like switches, sensors, controllers, drives, and programmable logic controllers. The training also included how to operate and program PLCs to remotely control industrial processes, as well as the basics of variable frequency drives for motor speed and rotation control. The author was educated on the principles, applications, and installation of automation equipment used in manufacturing and material handling processes.
Robust Cyber Security for Power UtilitiesNir Cohen
The security of critical networks is at the center of attention of industry and government regulators alike. Check Point and RAD offer a joint end-to-end cyber security solution that protects any utility operational technology (OT) network by eliminating RTU and SCADA equipment vulnerabilities, as well as defends against cyber-attacks on the network’s control and data planes. This solution brief explains how the joint solution enables compliance with NERC-CIP directives, provides deep visibility and control of ICS/SCADA communications, and allows secure remote access into OT networks.
For describing the integration of hardware and software, Industrial Control System (ICS) is a general term to be used along with network connectivity for aiding critical infrastructure.
Industrial Control System Network Cyber Security Monitoring Solution (SCAB)Enrique Martin
In this document we propose the ICS Network blueprinting as the method to get the highest availability and security awareness for our critical control assets. (SCADA, PLC, RTU, IED, etc)
SCADA systems are control system architectures used in industrial and infrastructural processes that use networked communications and GUIs for high-level process supervision and management. They implement distributed databases containing tags or points throughout the plant that represent input or output values monitored and controlled by the centralized SCADA system. Programmable logic controllers and remote terminal units connect to sensors and actuators in the process and are networked to the supervisory computer system. SCADA systems have evolved from early monolithic systems using minicomputers to modern distributed and networked systems that can leverage cloud computing and internet of things technologies. Security of SCADA systems is important as compromise could impact dependent infrastructure, though older systems were not designed with modern cybersecurity challenges
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control geographically dispersed industrial processes. A SCADA system consists of field devices like PLCs and RTUs that connect to sensors and convert signals to digital data. This data is communicated to a control center via telemetry where it is processed by a data acquisition server and presented to human operators through an HMI. The system allows operators to monitor and control the industrial process. SCADA has evolved from early monolithic centralized systems to modern distributed and networked systems that utilize open standards and protocols to distribute functionality across a wide area network. SCADA is commonly used in applications like power generation, water treatment, oil and gas pipelines, and more.
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Encontro anual da comunidade Splunk, onde discutimos todas as novidades apresentadas na conferência anual da Spunk, a .conf24 realizada em junho deste ano em Las Vegas.
Neste vídeo, trago os pontos chave do encontro, como:
- AI Assistant para uso junto com a SPL
- SPL2 para uso em Data Pipelines
- Ingest Processor
- Enterprise Security 8.0 (Maior atualização deste seu release)
- Federated Analytics
- Integração com Cisco XDR e Cisto Talos
- E muito mais.
Deixo ainda, alguns links com relatórios e conteúdo interessantes que podem ajudar no esclarecimento dos produtos e funções.
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/campaigns/the-hidden-costs-of-downtime.html
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-leading-observability-practice.pdf
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-modern-security-program.pdf
Nosso grupo oficial da Splunk:
https://usergroups.splunk.com/sao-paulo-splunk-user-group/
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
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2. INTRODUCTION
SECURITY CONCERNS IN INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
ICS- AN OVERVIEW
VULNERABILITIES IN ICS
CHALLENGES IN SCADA SECURITY
MAJOR THREATS TO SCADA SYSTEMS
CONCLUSION
3. Current industrial control systems (ICS) are the result of augmenting several state-of-the-art
information technology and telecommunication features to ordinary electromechanical physical
systems .
A typical ICS comprises of remote troubleshooting facilities, maintenance tools, a human
machine interface (HMI), and various control loop configurations.
ICS is a generic term for many control system configurations and
architectures like distributed control systems (DCS), supervisory control and data acquisition
systems (SCADA), programmable logic controllers (PLC), industrial automation and control
systems (IACS) etc.
SCADA based control systems makes use of a centralized data acquisition mechanism to
supervise the field targets which are distributed unevenly.
SCADA systems are widely used in waste water treatment plants, petrochemical pipelines,
electrical transmission lines and public transportation systems including railways.
4. The operation of an ICS requires transfer of critical data over the internet. Here, they
encounter many issues. One is the capability of legacy control systems to deal with the
sophisticated cyber threats of our times.
Many of the systems have been developed and installed without giving adequate concern to
these recent security issues. Also, it is difficult to incorporate the necessary security
mechanisms in these systems.
One important characteristic of cyber attacks in general is that the techniques of attack become
more sophisticated with the proliferation of the systems connected to a network.
Recent studies reveal that there are over one million ICS/SCADA systems connected to the
internet with unique IP addresses. It is said that this figure is rising every day by an amount of
2000 to 8000 new systems .
Metadata based search engines like Shodan and its various clones have demonstrated the
capability to easily detect and connect to critical control systems.
Botnets are also a serious alternative to hack ICS.
5. Here the figure shows the world percentage of different types of ICS components. The major
share is contributed by SCADA/HMI based systems followed by the PLC and hardware based
systems.
A typical layout of an ICS system is depicted in figure . The system has many components like
control system loops, remote station monitoring & maintenance tools, and machine interfaces.
These are all built around specific network protocols over layered network architectures.
6. The process variables are manipulated by the ICS using transducers/sensors,
programmable logic controllers, actuators etc.
The sensors measure the input physical quantities and then give the
corresponding outputs in terms of electrical or nonelectrical quantities. This
data is sent as control variables to the controller.
Upon receiving this data, the controller makes use of a process algorithm and
set-points to generate the manipulated variables. Further, it is transmitted to the
actuators.
The control personnel interact through means of the human machine interfaces
(HMI) to monitor and adjust the set-points and to set the controller parameters.
The troubleshooting and maintenance mechanisms are there for prevention,
identification, and recovery from system malfunctioning and system failures.
ICS can no more be considered as stand-alone, independent, self-made
systems rather, they have evolved as networked multilevel systems running on
technical, enterprise and business applications.
7. ICS systems are affected by many vulnerabilities. The types of vulnerabilities have increased
drastically during recent years from 1997 in 2010 to 189 in 2015.
8. This drastic increase is due to two important reasons:
i. The hectic research activity by security experts and hackers to determine
and patch up the potential vulnerabilities in industrial control systems.
ii. Increase in the number of ICS with TCP/IP connectivity as is mentioned
earlier.
Memory overflow is an important issue in SCADA systems. When the data
overruns the allocated memory space, it will corrupt other data and program
sections.
Overflow can be created by a malicious agent through a denial-of-service
(DoS) attack. This is possible due to the lack of authentication in ordinary
TCP/IP connections.
9. Another threat is through malware scripts injected by an attacker in the code of the client
websites.
An attacker can also masquerade as a client with a genuine request. Legacy ICS in general do
not have a mechanism to verify the authenticity of such requests.
This is all the more severe due to lack of proper encryption techniques. The human-machine
interfaces (HMI) in ICS are vulnerable to password stealing also.
11. The control centre comprises of the control server, routers, HMI, data archiving server and
control work stations.
The data from the remote field instruments are collected by the control centre and presented to
the HMI.
The control centre initiates the required actions based on the detected events. Field sites are
connected to the control centre by means of a WAN or dial-up modem connection.
Field sites have control mechanisms for actuators and have the capability to capture
information from the sensors/transducers in the required format.
The connection between the SCADA and the remote terminal units (RTU's) are established by
different means of wired, wireless RF and even by satellite communication systems.
Sensors as well as actuators which are commonly referred as RTU's plays vital roles in
gathering the physical information and feeding that to the master controller like PLC's and
other controllers.
The network connections between the control center and the field sites are potential locations
for attacks.
13. There are many SCADA communication topologies, viz., point-to-point, series,
series-star, and multi-drop.
The point-to-point topology, though simplest in its functionality and
commonly-used, is not economically viable due to the requirement of
individual channels for each connection.
The number of channels is significantly less in the series topology.
Series-star and multi-drop configurations employ one channel for each
connected device results. This increases the overall complexity of the system.
The functionality of these topologies will have to be augmented with dedicated
components for managing communication, message switching and buffering
tasks.
14. 1. Zero Day Vulnerabilities:
The term zero day implies that the developer does not get enough time to develop and deploy a
patch to overcome the flaw.
Stack overflow is one of them. This attack can occur on the field devices as well as the
servers.
2. Non-prioritization of Tasks:
This is a serious flaw in many industrial control real-time operating systems.
Memory sharing between the equally privileged tasks lead to serious security issues.
Non-kernel tasks may be protected from overflows using guard pages. However, typically the
guard pages are of small size in many implementations and thus not provide stringent
protection.
15. 3. Database Injection:
Database injection also exploits the vulnerabilities in a SCADA system. Harmful query
statements can be created when the client inputs are not properly filtered. This is widely
reported for SQL-based databases.
In SQL injection, the attacker sends a command to SQL server through the web server and
attempt to reveal critical authentication information.
4. Communication Protocol Issues:
communication protocols did not give sufficient importance to authentication.
encryption is effective only in an authenticated commincation between entities. For secure
TCP/IP communication, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) framework can be employed.
encryption is effective only in an authenticated commincation between entities. For secure
TCP/IP communication, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) framework can be employed.
IPsec uses two protocols for authentication and encryption: Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP) and Authentication Header (AH).
16. In this study, we have analyzed the security vulnerabilities of industrial control systems in
general with a special emphasis on SCADA systems.
The study will provide a necessary background to delineate the threats/ risks associated with
the communication protocols used in SCADA systems.
Through and overlay of additional digital security mechanisms and techniques, it is possible to
achieve competent security in ICS and SCADA systems.