Wireless sensor networks determine probable in military, environments, health and commercial
applications. The process of transferring of information from a remote sensor node to other nodes in a
network holds importance for such applications. Various constraints such as limited computation, storage
and power makes the process of transferring of information routing interesting and has opened new arenas
for researchers. The fundamental problem in sensor networks states the significance and routing of
information through a real path as path length decides some basic performance parameters for sensor
networks. This paper strongly focuses on a shortest path algorithm for wireless adhoc networks. The
simulations are performed on NS2 and the results obtained discuss the role of transferring of information
through a shortest path.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHY BASED ROUTING IN SENSOR NETWO...cscpconf
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the collection of many micro-sensor nodes, connecting each other by a
wireless medium. WSN exhibits different approaches to provide reliable sensing of the environment,
detecting and reporting events. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for hierarchy based protocols
of wireless sensor networks, which consist of two groups of sensor nodes in a single cluster node. Each
cluster consists of a three cluster head. The event driven data sensing mechanism is used in this paper and
this sensed data is transmitted to the master section head. Hence efficient way of data transmission is possible with larger group of nodes. In this approach, using hierarchy based protocols; the lifetime of the sensor network is increased.
Shortcut Path Tress for Zigbee based Wireless NetworkIJERA Editor
1) The document proposes a shortcut tree routing protocol for Zigbee wireless networks to provide near-optimal routing paths while maintaining the advantages of Zigbee tree routing such as low memory consumption and no route discovery overhead.
2) The shortcut tree routing protocol calculates remaining hops to the destination using both distance between nodes and link quality, selecting the path with the lowest "score" which is a function of distance and link quality.
3) Simulations show that the shortcut tree routing protocol provides performance comparable to AODV with only limited overhead of neighbor table maintenance, outperforming standard Zigbee tree routing.
Based on Heterogeneity and Electing Probability of Nodes Improvement in LEACHijsrd.com
In heterogeneous sensor networks, certain nodes become cluster heads which aggregate the data of their cluster nodes and transfer it to the sink. An Improved Energy leach protocol for cluster head selection in a hierarchically clustered heterogeneous network to reorganize the network topology efficiently is proposed in this research work. The proposed algorithm will use thresholding to improve the cluster head selection. The presented algorithm considers the sensor nodes in wireless network and randomly distributed in the heterogeneous network. The coordinates of the sink and the dimensions of the sensor field are known in prior.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A surveyAli Habeeb
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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A Novel Clustering Algorithm For Coverage A Large Scale In Wireless Sensor Ne...ijcsa
The applications require coverage of the whole monitored area for long periods of time. Clustering is a
way to reduce communications, minimize energy consumption and organize messages among the cluster
head and their members. The message exchange of communication and data transmission between the
different sensor nodes must be minimized to keep and extended the lifetime of the network because of
limited energy resources of the sensors. In this paper, we take into consideration the problem isolated
nodes that are away from the cluster head (CH) and by consequence or CH is not within the reach from
these nodes. To solve this problem, we propose O-LEACH (Orphan Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy) a routing protocol that takes into account the orphan nodes. Indeed, a cluster member will be
able to play the role of a gateway which allows the joining of orphan nodes. Our contribution is to election
a cluster head that has enough energy for a better now to coordinate with these member nodes and
maintain the full coverage for applications which requires of useful data for the entire area to be covered.
The simulation results show that O-LEACH performs better than LEACH in terms of connectivity rate,
energy, scalability and coverage.
Packet Loss and Overlay Size Aware Broadcast in the Kademlia P2P SystemIDES Editor
Kademlia is a structured peer-to-peer (P2P)
application level network, which implements a distributed
hash table (DHT). Its key-value storage and lookup service is
made efficient and reliable by its well-designed binary tree
topology and dense mesh of connections between participant
nodes. While it can carry out data storage and retrieval in
logarithmic time if the key assigned to the value in question
is precisely known, no complex queries of any kind are
supported. In this article a broadcast algorithm for the
Kademlia network is presented, which can be used to
implement such queries. The replication scheme utilized is
compatible with the lookup algorithm of Kademlia, and it
uses the same routing tables. The reliability (coverage) of the
algorithm is increased by assigning the responsibility of
disseminating the broadcast message to many nodes at the
same time. The article presents a model validated with
simulation as well. The model can be used by nodes at runtime
to calculate the required level of replication for any desired
level of coverage. This calculation can take node churn, packet
loss ratio and the size of the overlay into account.
THRESHOLD SENSITIVE HETEROGENOUS ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR BETTER ENERGY UTILIZATI...ijassn
Advancements in WSN have led to the wide applicability of sensor network in various fields. WSNs basic classification is Reactive and Proactive network. Reactive networks responds to the very immediate changes in its environment in required parameters of interest, as opposed to the Proactive network, due to continuous sensing nature of WSN. To make it more efficient and improved in terms of Energy in network’s
lifetime, we need to reduce the energy expense in the network model, which is one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1, 2]. In this paper, we proposed an efficient version of TSEP Protocol, which prolongs the networks lifetime by efficient utilization of sensor energy, as we have simulated. We evaluated the performance of our protocol and compared the results with the TSEP. And from the results of simulation, it can be concluded easily that our proposed efficient routing protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and stability period
Iaetsd a survey on geographic routing relay selection inIaetsd Iaetsd
The document summarizes research on geographic routing and relay selection in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how geographic routing uses location information to route packets towards a destination but faces challenges around connectivity holes and optimal relay selection. The document reviews several existing approaches and their limitations. It then describes an alternative method called ALBA-R that was proposed to more efficiently route around holes while enhancing relay selection to maximize node lifetime. Simulation results showed ALBA-R outperformed other methods with respect to metrics like overhead and end-to-end delay.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Power saving mechanism for hybrid routing protocol using scheduling techniqueeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Systemic racism creates hidden barriers for indigenous students in Australia. Indirect racial discrimination results in unequal treatment and outcomes for indigenous students due to factors like their racial or ethnic origin. Some of the hidden barriers indigenous students face include regular absenteeism from school due to issues like involvement in the criminal justice system, family unemployment, cultural obligations, and health problems. Additionally, the Eurocentric model of teaching falsely assumes a one-size-fits-all approach and that indigenous students who maintain their culture cannot assimilate into white society. Poor teacher quality in remote indigenous communities also fails to meet the needs of indigenous students and contribute to distrust between families and schools.
Energy aware model for sensor network a nature inspired algorithm approachijdms
In this paper we are proposing to develop energy aware model for sensor network. In our approach, first
we used DBSCAN clustering technique to exploit the spatiotemporal correlation among the sensors, then
we identified subset of sensors called representative sensors which represent the entire network state. And
finally we used nature inspired algorithms such as Ant Colony Optimization, Bees Colony Optimization,
and Simulated Annealing to find the optimal transmission path for data transmission. We have conducted
our experiment on publicly available Intel Berkeley Research Lab dataset and the experimental results
shows that consumption of energy can be reduced.
Impact of different mobility scenarios on fqm framework for supporting multim...ijwmn
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), the mobility of nodes is a challenging issue for designers. There are
lots of possibilities of mobile scenarios in this kind of network. The source, destinations and intermediate
nodes may not be using the same mobile scenarios. In this study, three mobile scenarios are taken in
consideration and these scenarios are source mobility, destinations mobility and intermediate nodes
mobility. The impact of the three mobile scenarios on the Quality of service Multicast Framework (FQM)
for supporting multimedia applications in MANETs is studied. The simulation results show that mobility of
group of destinations affects the performance of FQM framework more than mobility of source. In addition,
the analysis of simulation results shows that mobility of intermediate nodes does not have high effect on the
performance of FQM framework when node density is not high.
Modulation aware connection admission control and uplink scheduling algorithm...ijwmn
Mobile WiMAX standard defines air interface for mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and aimed to provide high data rate with seamless mobility while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). However, QoS of real-time applications depends on the link quality, which necessitate the channel-aware connection admission control (CAC) and scheduling schemes. In this paper Modulation aware CAC scheme and base station (BS) uplink scheduling algorithm are proposed to improve the system capacity and QoS performance respectively. The proposed CAC scheme aims to increase the admission of higher priority real time services by degrading the bandwidth of admitted lower priority connections on the basis of their channel status without deteriorating their QoS performance much. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation by considering the metrics like throughput, delay and number of connections admitted.
This presentation provides details on the available dashboards, charts and graphs in ENMAT V2.1
See: http://kb.en-mat.com/knowledgebase.php?category=6 for more information.
Concept integration using edit distance and n gram match ijdms
Information is growing more rapidly on the World Wide Web (WWW) has made it necessary to make all
this information not only available to people but also to the machines. Ontology and token are widely being
used to add the semantics in data processing or information processing. A concept formally refers to the
meaning of the specification which is encoded in a logic-based language, explicit means concepts,
properties that specification is machine readable and also a conceptualization model how people think
about things of a particular subject area. In modern scenario more ontologies has been developed on
various different topics, results in an increased heterogeneity of entities among the ontologies. The concept
integration becomes vital over last decade and a tool to minimize heterogeneity and empower the data
processing. There are various techniques to integrate the concepts from different input sources, based on
the semantic or syntactic match values. In this paper, an approach is proposed to integrate concept
(Ontologies or Tokens) using edit distance or n-gram match values between pair of concept and concept
frequency is used to dominate the integration process. The proposed techniques performance is compared
with semantic similarity based integration techniques on quality parameters like Recall, Precision, FMeasure
& integration efficiency over the different size of concepts. The analysis indicates that edit
distance value based interaction outperformed n-gram integration and semantic similarity techniques.
Performance Analysis of Bfsk Multi-Hop Communication Systems Over K-μ Fading ...ijwmn
Multi-hop communication systems gained popularity in wireless communications; they can be used to
extend the coverage of the network and reduce the transmitted power. The transmission of data from the
source node to the destination node in multi-hop communications undergoes through intermediate relay
nodes. In this paper, we study the performance of multi-hop communication systems, in terms of average bit
error rate (BER) with Binary frequency shift keying assuming the κ-µ fading channel model. Due to the
difficulty in finding the probability density function (PDF) of the end-to-end signal to noise ratio (SNR) and
hence for the performance metrics, we use Gaussian Mixture (GM) approximation technique to
approximate the PDF of the end to end SNR assuming the κ-µ fading models as weighted sums of Gaussian
distributions. Numerical results are provided for the BER of binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) of
amplify and forward (AF) multi-hop communication systems assuming different values for the fading
parameters (, ) and for different number of hops. Numerical results are validated by comparing them
with simulation results.
Data collection scheme for wireless sensor network with mobile collectorijwmn
In this paper, we investigate the problem of designing the minimum number of required mobile elements
tours such that each sensor node is either on the tour or one hop away from the tour, and the length of the
tour to be bounded by pre-determined value L. To address this problem, we propose heuristic-based
solution. This solution works by directing the mobile element tour towards the highly dense area in the
network. The experiment results show that our scheme outperform the benchmark scheme by 10% in most
scenarios.
The delivering of both good quality of service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) in any competitive mobile
communication environment is a major factor to reducing subscribers’ churn rate. Therefore, it is
important for wireless mobile network operators to ensure stability and efficiency by delivering a
consistent, reliable and high-quality end user (subscriber) satisfaction. This can only be achieve by
conducting a regular network performance monitoring and optimisation as it directly impacts the quality of
the offered services and hence user satisfaction. In this paper, we present the results of network
performance evaluation and optimisation of a GSM network on cell cluster-basis, in Asaba region, South
East Nigeria. We employ a combination of essential key performance indicators such as dropped call rate,
call setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the GSM
network. Our results after network optimisation showed significant performance improvement in terms of
call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate across. Specifically, the end user satisfaction
rate has increased from 94.45%, 87.74%, and 92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03% respectively across
the three GSM cell clusters. The GoS is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and
0.00% respectively. Furthermore, ESA, which correspond end points service availability, has improved
from 94.44%, 93.40% and 97.62% to 100%, 96.30% and 100% respectively. In addition, the average
throughput has improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters.
This document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of a two-unit Yagi-Uda antenna array for UHF satellite communication. Simulations were conducted using 4NEC2 software to optimize the design for a gain of 18.6 dBi at 437.025 MHz. Field tests validated the antenna array achieved high gain and front-to-back ratio while maintaining low standing wave ratio across the UHF band. The two-unit circularly polarized crossed Yagi array design successfully improved communication link margins for small cube satellites operating with stringent power budgets.
USER CENTRIC NETWORK SELECTION IN WIRELESS HETNETSijwmn
This document discusses user-centric network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks. It proposes using game theory based algorithms to allow users to select the optimal network based on their individual needs and preferences. Specifically, it analyzes Bush-Mosteller and Boltzmann-Gibbs reinforcement learning algorithms for network selection among integrated UMTS, WLAN and WiMAX networks. Simulation results show the impact on metrics like throughput, delay and load for each network under different user conditions and applications.
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN)ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Zigbee based voice controlled wireless smart home systemijwmn
In this paper a voice controlled wireless smart home system has been presented for elderly and disabled
people. The proposed system has two main components namely (a) voice recognition system, and (b)
wireless system. LabView software has been used to implement the voice recognition system. On the other
hand, ZigBee wireless modules have been used to implement the wireless system. The main goal of this
system is to control home appliances by using voice commands. The proposed system can recognize the
voice commands, convert them into the required data format, and send the data through the wireless
transmitter. Based on the received data at the wireless receiver associated with the appliances desired
switching operations are performed. The proposed system is a low cost and low power system because
ZigBee is used. Additionally the proposed system needs to be trained of voice command only once. Then the
system can recognize the voice commands independent of vocabulary size, noise, and speaker
characteristics (i.e., accent).
This document discusses the Keyword Swarm analytics WordPress plugin. The plugin allows users to analyze keyword data and search trends on their WordPress site. It provides insights into search volumes and related keywords to help optimize content and increase traffic.
A novel resource efficient dmms approach for network monitoring and controlli...ijwmn
In this paper, we propose a novel Distributed MANET Management System (DMMS) approach to use cross layer models to demonstrate a simplified way of efficiently managing the overall performance of individual network resources (nodes) and the network itself which is critical for not only monitoring the traffic, but also dynamically controlling the end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) for different applications. In the proposed DMMS architecture, each network resource maintains a set of Management Information Base (MIB) elements and stores resource activities in their abstraction in terms of counters, timer, flag and threshold values. The abstract data is exchanged between different management agents residing in different resources on a need-to-know basis and each agent logically executes management functions locally to develop understanding of the behavior of all network resources to ensure that user protocols can function smoothly. However, in traditional network management systems, they collect statistical data such as resource usage and performance by spoofing of resources. The amount of data that is exchanged with other resources through management protocols that can be extremely high and the bandwidth for overhead management functions increases significantly. Also, the data storage requirements in each network resource for management functions increases and become inefficient as it increases the power usage for processing. Our proposed scheme targets at solving the problems.
Performance evaluation of least disruptive topology repair algorithm (ledir) ...ijwmn
In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes fail either when some critical event occurs at the node or when
the battery of the nodes is completely drained. If the remaining nodes in the sensor network are not aware
of the node failure, the network might under undergo significant broadcast delay and path loss. An alarm
packet has to be broadcast throughout the network when any critical event occurs and the transmission
path must be recovered to achieve better quality of service in the sensor network. This paper utilizes least
disruptive topology repair (LeDir) algorithm to minimize the power consumption and to handle such
critical events. LeDir algorithm is used to recover the transmission path and to ensure that the quality of
service issues in the network is met. The variations in the throughput, roundtrip time, broadcast delays and
packet delivery ratio of the network are observed by performing multiple NS-2 simulations. It is observed
that the throughput of the network could be quickly regained when the transmission path is recovered by
node replacement.
Effect of node mobility onaomdv protocol in manetijwmn
In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of node mobility on theperformance of AOMDV multipath routing
protocol. This routing protocol in ad hoc network has been analyzed with random way point mobility model
only. This is not sufficient to evaluate the behavior of a routing protocol. Therefore, in this paper, we
have considered Random waypoint, Random Direction and Probabilistic Random Walk mobility Model for
performance analysis of AOMDV protocol. The result reveals that packet delivery ratio decreases with the
increasing node mobility forall mobility models. Also, average end-to-end delay is also vary with varying
node speed, initially upto 20 nodes in all mobility models delay is minimum.
A new channel coding technique to approach the channel capacityijwmn
After Shannon’s 1948 channel coding theorem, we have witnessed many channel coding techniques developed to achieve the Shannon limit. A wide range of channel codes is available with different complexity levels and error correction performance. Many powerful coding schemes have been deployed in the power-limited Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. However, it seems like we have arrived at an end of advancement path, for most of the existing channel codes. This article introduces a new coding technique that can either be used as the last coding stage of concatenated coding scheme or in parallel configuration with other powerful channel codes to achieve reliable error performance with moderately complex decoding. We will go through an example to understand the overall approach of the proposed coding technique, and finally we will look at some simulation results over an AWGN channel to demonstrate its potential.
Analysis of multi hop relay algorithm for efficient broadcasting in manetseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Nearest Adjacent Node Discovery Scheme for Routing Protocol in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
The broad significance of Wireless Sensor Networks is in most emergency and disaster rescue
domain. The routing process is the main challenges in the wireless sensor network due to lack of physical links.
The objective of routing is to find optimum path which is used to transferring packets from source node to
destination node. Routing should generate feasible routes between nodes and send traffic along the selected path
and also achieve high performance. This paper presents a nearest adjacent node scheme based on shortest path
routing algorithm. It is plays an important role in energy conservation. It finds the best location of nearest
adjacent nodes by involving the least number of nodes in transmission of data and set large number of nodes to
sleep in idle mode. Based on simulation result we shows the significant improvement in energy saving and
enhance the life of the network
CODE AWARE DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING FOR DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
Sensor network facilitates monitoring and controlling of physical environments. These wireless networks consist of dense collection of sensors capable of collection and dissemination of data. They have application in variety of fields such as military purposes, environment monitoring etc. Typical deployment of sensor network assumes central processing station or a gateway to which all other nodes route their data using dynamic source routing (DSR). This causes congestion at central station and thus reduces the efficiency of the network. In this work we will propose a better dynamic source routing technique using network coding to reduce total number of transmission in sensor networks resulting in better efficiency.
Efficient Of Multi-Hop Relay Algorithm for Efficient Broadcasting In MANETSijircee
The document proposes a multi-hop relay algorithm to improve broadcasting efficiency in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It aims to optimize end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption during broadcasting. The algorithm uses source, broadcast, and relay queues at each node to facilitate multi-hop transmissions. It transmits packets using either single-hop, two-hop, or multi-hop relaying depending on the location of the destination node. The algorithm is shown to reduce average end-to-end delay by 3.37%, increase PDR by 1.36%, and reduce average energy consumption per node by 10% compared to previous techniques through simulation experiments.
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC)IJCNCJournal
The document summarizes a proposed fuzzy informer homed routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol uses fuzzy logic to select primary cluster heads based on distance to the base station and remaining energy. Each primary cluster head then chooses a backup cluster head from its cluster with the most remaining energy. The backup cluster head monitors the primary cluster head for failures by sending inquiry messages. If the primary cluster head fails to respond after multiple inquiries, the backup cluster head informs nodes to send data to it directly. Simulation results showed the proposed protocol significantly reduces energy consumption and improves reliability compared to existing protocols.
Comparison of energy efficient data transmission approaches for flat wireless...ijassn
In this paper we have analyzed energy efficient neighbour selection algorithms for routing in wireless
sensor networks. Since energy saving or consumption is an important aspect of wireless sensor networks,
its precise usage is highly desirable both for the faithful performance of network and to increase the
network life time. For this work, we have considered a flat network topology where every node has the
same responsibility and capability. We have compared two energy efficient algorithms and analyzed their
performances when all sensor nodes in a network have either homogeneous or heterogeneous energy with
increase in number of nodes, time rounds and node failures.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA RANSMISSION APPROACHES FOR FLAT WIRELESS ...ijassn
The document compares two energy efficient routing approaches - highest energy (HE) and minimum energy consumption route (MECRT) - for flat wireless sensor networks. Through simulations, it finds that in homogeneous networks, MECRT outperforms HE in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime. However, in heterogeneous networks, HE performs better than MECRT for medium sized networks. Overall, the document analyzes and compares the performance of these two energy efficient routing techniques for both homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks of varying sizes.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using network coding to improve the efficiency of dynamic source routing in wireless sensor networks. The paper describes how typical sensor networks rely on a central processing station that causes congestion. It then discusses network coding and how it allows intermediate nodes to encode packets before forwarding. The paper proposes a scheme where some sensor nodes act as aggregators that apply network coding on received packets from neighboring sensors if the data is significantly different. Simulation results show this approach reduces total transmissions for networks with up to 75 nodes, improving efficiency, but performance degrades for larger networks potentially due to increased collisions.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
This document discusses techniques for data dissemination and caching in wireless sensor networks. It aims to reduce energy consumption by minimizing unnecessary data transmission through cooperative caching. Sensor nodes can store data in their local cache or use nearby nodes' caches through cooperative caching. One node close to the sink is selected as the Immediate Dissemination Node to cache data, while other nodes along the path act as dissemination nodes. By caching data closer to the sink, this approach reduces network traffic and prolongs the battery life of sensor nodes. The paper also reviews several routing protocols and discusses how data negotiation, change expectancy, and discarding duplicate data can further improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
ENERGY EFFICIENT, LIFETIME IMPROVING AND SECURE PERIODIC DATA COLLECTION PROT...ijcsa
The most emerging prominent sensor network applications collect data from sensor nodes and monitors
periodically. Resource constraint Sensor motes sense the environment and transit data to the remote sink
via multiple hops. Minimum energy dissipation and secure data transmission are crucial to such
applications. This paper delivers an energy efficient, lifetime improving, secure periodic Data Gathering
scheme that is a hybrid of heuristic path establishment and secure data transmission. This protocol uses
artificial intelligence (AI) based A* heuristic search algorithm to establish energy efficient admissible
optimal path to sink in terms of high residual energy, minimum hop counts and high link quality. This
scheme also adopts block encryption Rivest Cipher (RC6) Algorithm to secure the transmission of packets.
This code and speed optimized block encryption provides confidentiality against critical data and
consumes less energy for encryption. This proposed method increases the network lifetime there by
reducing the total traffic load. Evaluation of performance analysis of this algorithm using Network
Simulator (NS2) shows the superiority of the proposed scheme
A Fault Tolerant Approach to Enhances Wsn Lifetime in Star TopologyIRJET Journal
This document presents a fault tolerant approach to increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks using a star topology. It proposes using a gradient diffusion algorithm and fault node recovery algorithm to minimize packet loss and broadcast delay. The fault node recovery algorithm identifies non-functioning sensor nodes using a genetic algorithm and replaces them to extend the network lifetime. Simulation results show the approach increases active nodes by 8-10 times, reduces data loss by 98%, and decreases energy consumption by 27-32% compared to other algorithms. This is achieved by reusing sensor nodes and routing paths to prolong the usability of the wireless sensor network.
Enhancement of Improved Balanced LEACH for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Netw...acijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhancement to the Improved Balanced LEACH (IB-LEACH) routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. The proposed enhancement stores residual energy from each routing round in an "energy bank" to increase network lifetime. It also enhances the ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT parameter in the underlying AODV routing protocol. Simulation results using MATLAB show the proposed approach improves network lifetime compared to previous methods. The document provides background on wireless sensor networks, routing protocols, LEACH clustering, and IB-LEACH before detailing the proposed enhancement and simulation results.
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Shortest path algorithm for data transmission in wireless ad hoc sensor networks
1. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
SHORTEST PATH ALGORITHM FOR DATA
TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS AD-HOC SENSOR
NETWORKS
N. Pushpalatha1, Dr.B.Anuradha2
1Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, AITS, Tirupathi
2Associate Professor, Department of ECE,S.V. University College of Engineering,
Tirupathi.
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks determine probable in military, environments, health and commercial
applications. The process of transferring of information from a remote sensor node to other nodes in a
network holds importance for such applications. Various constraints such as limited computation, storage
and power makes the process of transferring of information routing interesting and has opened new arenas
for researchers. The fundamental problem in sensor networks states the significance and routing of
information through a real path as path length decides some basic performance parameters for sensor
networks. This paper strongly focuses on a shortest path algorithm for wireless adhoc networks. The
simulations are performed on NS2 and the results obtained discuss the role of transferring of information
through a shortest path.
KEYWORDS
Sensor Node, Shortest Path algorithm, WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks), Radio Range.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless adhoc sensors are being used in various applications and have gained curiosity as well as
importance during the last decades. Wireless adhoc sensor network consists of a number of
sensors increase across a geographical area, each sensor has wireless communication ability and
some level of aptitude for signal processing and networking of the information. Some examples
of wireless ad hoc sensor networks also includes military sensor networks (MSN) and wireless
observation sensor networks (WSSN).Specific applications like object tracking, vehicle
monitoring and forest fire detection rely totally on adhoc networks, since there use, design and
exploitation is fixed requiring great amount of stability. Therefore two ways to classify wireless
adhoc sensor networks are, (a) whether or not the nodes are independently addressable (b)
whether the information in the network is aggregated. The sensor nodes in a parking lot network
should be independently addressable, so that one can trace the entire object. In some applications
broadcasting of a message is required within all the nodes. Therefore each node in the network is
liable and its priority of node placement also becomes important [10]. The above cited theory
reflects an important requirement for adhoc networks to ensure that the required data is scattered
to proper end users through a genuine and shortest path. The work proposed in this paper shows
that adhoc networks can be easily managed and configured for specific use if the routing path is
shortest. Sensors can schedule their role more accurately and in time if the connecting path is
DOI : 10.5121/ijasuc.2014.5402 13
2. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
shortest. The reduced path length also improves localization and power consumption for self
powered sensor nodes within adhoc networks.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consists of mobile wireless nodes communicating without the
support of any pre-existing fixed communications. Such great WSNs offer vast application
perspectives. Sensors are small devices with hardware constraints (low memory storage and low
computational resources) that rely on battery. Sensor Networks thus require energy efficient
algorithms to make them work properly in a way that their hardware features and application
requirements.A low power sensor node has limited transmission power and this can communicate
only to limited number of nodes, called its neighbourhood. Multi-hop communications are used to
route data from source to destination [8].
14
2. RELATED WORKS
The current interests in sensor networks has led to a number of routing schemes that use limited
resources available for sensor nodes to effectively find and resolve to a shortest path for power
optimization and an efficient information forwarding scheme. Some of the existing shortest path
algorithms are discussed as follows. Many research and performance studies have been made on
evaluation and energy utilization. However, there has been only modest research on how the
network topology impacts WSN performances. Most of the research on the topic rather focuses
on how to efficiently place node on a field to achieve the best performances for given algorithm
[11].
2.1. DV (Distance Vector) Hop localization algorithm
In multihop propagation the distance between two or more than two hops is calculated using
conventional DV-Hop algorithm [2]. In a sensor network each node whether it is a beacon node
or an anchor node as a hop count. The information is processed from one node to another through
a hop path, if higher is the hop count of a sink node the information becomes unusable more
early, therefore only a minimum level of hop count should be maintained within all useful nodes.
This algorithm relies on averaging of hops and is performed to calculate approximately the size of
a single hop, upon receiving average size of the hop, left over node multiply the size of the hop
with the total number of hop count to calculate the actual distance between two hops as shown in
equation 1.
Where (xi , yi ), ( xj , yj ) are the coordinates of anchor node i and anchor node j, hj is the hop
between beacon node i and beacon node j. The technique facilitates the unknown nodes to receive
hop size information, and save time, they transmit the hop size to their neighboring nodes and
could assure that the majority of nodes receive the hop-size from a beacon node which has the
least hop between them. Lastly unknown nodes compute the distances of the beacon nodes based
on hop length.
2.2. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)
LEACH [3] is a cluster based routing protocol in which a cluster head collects information from
sensor node belongs to a cluster and sends the information to the sink node after the collection
procedure. To make all sensor nodes in this network consume their node energy equally and
3. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
develop the life time of the network, this algorithm at random changes the cluster head, which in
turn uses more energy compare to other nodes. To reduce the communication costs, the cluster
head does information aggregation and then sends the information to the sink node. The theory is
explained through a mathematical relation in equation 2.
Where Pt is the desired percentage of cluster heads, r is the current position number, G is the set
of nodes that have not been cluster-heads in the last 1/Pt positions. It consists of two phases; a
set-up phase and a steady state phase. This algorithm has three postulates that are specifically
predecided namely cluster set, cluster node and cluster head, and can seen in fig 1. The cluster
head send the aggregated data to the sink node, called its base station. To reduce the slide of the
cluster head, many positions of information frame transfer are performed followed by a repeat of
the cluster reconfiguration procedure. Since LEACH uses a possibility in selection of cluster
heads, its advantage is that all nodes have an opportunity of becoming a cluster head within a
network, hence maintaining uniformity.
15
Figure 1: Clusters of LEACH Algorithm
2.3. Greedy Algorithms
In this approach whenever a node decides the transmission path based on the position of its
neighbors, the source compares the position of the destination with the coordinates of its
neighbors and propagates the information to the neighbor which is closest to the final destination.
The process is repeated until the packet reaches the deliberate destination. Several metrics related
to the concept of closeness have been proposed in this area, among them, the most popular
metrics is the Euclidean distance and the projected line joining the relaying node and the
destination. In this scheme the unreliable neighbors are not taken into account for the
retransmissions. Another geographic protocol for information is discussed SPEED (Stateless
Protocol for End-to-End Delay) to calculate approximately the delay of the transmitted packets
[4][8]. The major limitation of the greedy algorithms is that the transmission may fail when the
current holder of the message has no neighbors closer to the destination except itself. This could
occur even when there is a possible path between the two extremes, for instance, when an
obstacle is comes into existence. The setup is shown in Figure 2.
4. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
16
Figure 2: Distance Estimation of Greedy Algorithm
Greedy Schedule (S[1..n],F[1..n]):
Sort F and permute S to match
Count 1
X[count] 1
for i 2 to n
if S[i] F[X[count]]
count count + 1
X[count] i
Return X[1..count]
2.4. SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation)
A family of adaptive protocols, called SPIN [5] is suggested efficiently to broadcast information
among sensors in an energy-constrained wireless sensor network. Nodes organization a SPIN
communication protocol name their information using high-level information descriptors, called
as meta-information. They use meta-information discussions to eliminate the transmission of
redundant information throughout the network. The SPIN nodes can base their communication
decisions both upon application-specific knowledge of information and on knowledge of the
resources that are available to the information. This allows the sensors to efficiently distribute
information given a limited energy supply. Four specific SPIN protocols have been analyzed they
are, SPIN-PP and SPIN-EC, which are optimized for a point-to-point set of connections, and
SPIN-BC and SPIN-RL, which are optimized for a distribution network. In point-to-point
networks, the sender announces that it has new information with an advertisement message to
each neighbor. When the neighbor receives the information, the node checks the meta-information
to know if it already has stored the information item. If the neighbor is interested in
the information, it responds with a request memo, upon receiving it, the sender retransmits the
information in a information message. The neighbor that receives the message informs about the
availability to its own neighbors with an advertisement message. Taking into account the
broadcast transmission, the node also responds with just one information message even when it
has received multiple request messages. SPIN incorporates some consistency functionalities to
keep track of the messages that it receives and its position of origin. This algorithm is also very
successful in energy starved WSNs.
2.5. Data Centric Routing Protocol
The information centric routing protocol is the first group of routing protocols and discuses some
conventional aspects. The SPIN which is a source-initiated protocol [6] does not apply a three
stage handshake interface for disseminating information. The source and destination might
transmit alternately as follows, request to send, ready to receive, send message, message received
5. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
[7][9]. Meta-information is used to discuss with each other before transmitting information to
avoid transmitting unnecessary information in the network. This protocol can be implemented for
real time sensor networks.
17
2.6. A Basic Approach towards Problem Formulation
The route mapping problem requires a wide area of research, along with an algorithm, pertaining
to dissimilar cases. There has been a great research on existing algorithms and suggested
approaches for designing a network based on successful path for minimizing energy utilization.
The basic problem in this environment relies totally on managing such a path that extensively
overcomes and out performs the existing approaches. The algorithm suggested often finds use in
applications based on a reasonable and pedagogic approach. The current trend mainly focuses on
a probabilistic approach to transfer information from or within nodes deployed to from a self-sustainable
wireless sensor network. The work highlighted in the paper shows an approach for
transmission of information within randomly placed sensor nodes. It presents a basic technique
for analyzing the information transfer between nodes that are deployed to from a WSN.
Initially five nodes are positioned in an open environment as shown in fig.3 for sensing the
mechanism to route information depends totally on the path and its supportive algorithms. The
direction of information transfer is calculated using the position of the node, protocols and the
topology. Simulations are performed on NS2 and verification of results are generally discussed in
sections to follow. The algorithm is as follows.
Step1: Label five nodes
Step2: Check information flow between nodes
Step3: Check route between node 0 to node 4
Step4: Check information transfer between nodes
Step5: Check route between node 1 to node 4
Step6: Check overlap between node 2 and node 3
Step7: If path breaks between node 0 and node 2 find novel path,
Step8: Novel path between node 1 to node 2 , If novel path fails,
Step9: Ensure again a novel path between node 2 to node 4
6. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
Step10: Ensure information flow between node 2 to node 4, check information flow again
18
Step11: The shortest path is verified for information flow
2.7. Results
The information transfer mechanism can achieve between the nodes taking different routes in
amount. The prophecy of route is performed over Nam (Network Animator). Nam provides clear
prophecy of packet follow between nodes deployed to from a network. Initially the route followed
is from node 0 to node 4 as shown in fig. 4 having some amount of time t which equals to 0.5 ns.
During second mode of packet forwarding the route starts from node 1 to node 4 as shown in fig.
5 having the previous amount of delay time. It is noted that at the same instance of time t
collisions of information packet occurs between nodes 2 and node 3as shown in fig 6, as between
node. The route gets break and information flow is intermittent. The key point to be noted is,
upon route breaking between node 0 and node 2 and the path breaking between node 1 and node
2. The information flow starts from node 2 to node 4 adaptive in shortest path to promote the
information flow in a continuous manner, this can be visualized in fig 7. The simulated results are
captured in a trace file of nam as shown in the graphs highlighted in Figure 8.
Figure 4: Information Flow from Node 0 to Node 4
7. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
19
Figure 5: Information Flow from Node 1 to Node 4
Figure6: Collisions of Information Packet
8. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
20
Figure 7: Path Break Between One Node to Another Node
3. CONCLUSIONS
The results show major role for the values plotted in this graph. The number of nodes and their
propinquity can be seen for a shortest path used to transfer information between nodes in an
adhoc sensor network. The proposed scheme needs a particular justification and testing before
applying to accomplish practical results pertaining to such types of deployments. In the graph x-axis
indicates no. of nodes and y-axis indicates time in seconds and blue line show the flow of
information.
Figure 8: Simulation Results of Nodes Vs Time Plot
9. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.4, August 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges to Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences for
the Environment for funding this work. The author also acknowledges S.V. University College of
Engineering for supporting our WSN deployment at the facility. Finally, a thank you goes to the
reviewers for their insightful suggestions to improve the quality of this paper.
21
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AUTHORS
N.Pushpalatha completed her B.Tech at JNTU, Hyderabad in 2004 and M.Tech at A.I.T.S.,
Rajampet in 2007. Presently she is working as Assistant Professor of ECE, Annamacharya
Institute of Technology and Sciences Tirupati since 2006. She has guided many B.Tech
projects and M.Tech Projects. Her Research area includes Data Communications and Ad-hoc
Wireless Sensor Networks.
Dr.B.Anuradha is working as Professor in the Department of ECE, at Sri Venkateswara
University College of Engineering since 1992. She has guided many B.Tech and M.Tech
projects. At present Five Scholars are working for PhD. She has published a good number of
papers in journals and conferences