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LessCSS
Myles Braithwaite
http://myles.coffee | me@myles.coffee | @MylesB
Behind every beautiful thing,
there's some kind of pain.
— Bob Dylan
What is LessCSS?
Why?

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The document summarizes Hiroki Tani's presentation at the QCon Tokyo 2014 conference on modern CSS architecture. Some key points discussed include: - Adopting modular approaches like OOCSS and SMACSS to separate structure from skin/style and improve maintainability. - Using techniques like BEM naming to further decouple CSS from HTML. - Developing reusable CSS modules and components with flexible modifiers. - Maintaining styleguides and pattern libraries for consistent front-end development.

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The document describes several templating languages and preprocessors for HTML, CSS, and front-end development including Haml, Jade, LESS, SASS, and Bourbon. It provides code examples to demonstrate features like variables, nesting, mixins, imports and more. These tools can be used to make HTML, CSS, and template files more concise, reusable and maintainable.

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Ask anyone
CSS Sucks!
Not Really
But it's hard.
<h1 style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:2em;font-weight:normal;">
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Myles</span>
<span style="display:none;">Alden</span>
<span>Braithwaite</span>
</h1>
How?

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Variables
@black: #141414;
p {
color: @black;
}
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@blue: rgb(0, 161, 226);
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@light-blue: lighten(@blue, 10%);
a {
color: @blue;
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}
&:active {
color: @light-blue;
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}
}
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— Miscellaneous: color, image-size, image-
width, image-height, convert, data-uri,
default, unit, get-unit, and svg-gradient.
— String: escape, e, % format, and replace.
— List: length and extract.
— Type: isnumber, isstring, iscolor,
iskeyword, isurl, ispixel, isem,
ispercentage, isunix, and isruleset.

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This document discusses browser compatibility and strategies for supporting older browsers like Internet Explorer 6. It addresses common layout issues in IE6 like the double margin bug and float containers. It also provides techniques for conditional comments, CSS hacks, frameworks and tools. The document then covers new technologies like HTML5 video, geolocation, CSS3 features and strategies for mobile browsers.

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Gmail is described as an email service that is intuitive, efficient, and useful, with 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. The document includes stylesheets that define the layout and appearance of buttons, inputs, and other interface elements on Gmail's website.

Functions Math
— Math: ceil, floor, percentage, round, sqrt,
abs, sin, asin, cos, acos, tan, atan, pi, pow,
mod, min, and max.
Fuctions Colour
— Colour Definition: rgb, rgba, argb, hsl, hsla,
hsv, and hsva.
— Colour Channel: hue, saturation, lightness,
hsvhue, hsvsaturation, hsvvaule, red, green,
blue, alpha, luma, and luminance.
Fuctions Colour (continuted)
— Color Operation: saturate, desaturate,
lighten, darken, fadein, Colour, fade, spin,
mix, greyscale, and contrast.
— Colour Blending: multiply, screen, overlay,
softlight, hardlight, difference,
exclusion, average, and negation.
Loops
.make-columns(4);
.make-columns(@n, @i: 1) when (@i =< @n) {
.column-@{i} {
width: (@i * 100% / @n);
}
.generate-columns(@n, (@i + 1));
}
Outputs
.column-1 { width: 25%; }
.column-2 { width: 50%; }
.column-3 { width: 75%; }
.column-4 { width: 100%; }

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}
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Extend
article.pretty {
header {
h1 {
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footer {
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}
article {
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}
header, footer {
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}
section {
.make-sm-column(8);
}
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/* _typography.less START */
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@headings-font-family: 'Sanchez', @font-family-serif;
article {
header {
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}
section {
p {
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}
footer {
padding-top: ((@line-height-computed / 2) - 1);
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}
}
/* _typography.less END */
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/* _aside.less START */
article {
aside {
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.inner {
position: fixed;
}
ul {
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.nav-pills();
.nav-stacked();
}
}
}
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/* _logo.less START */
aside {
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.text-hide();
.thumbnail();
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}
article footer { padding-top: 9px; margin: 40px 0 20px; border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee; }
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style.css
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article aside { position: relative; }
article aside .inner { position: fixed; }
article aside ul { margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; list-style: none; }
article aside ul > li { position: relative; display: block; }
article aside ul > li > a { position: relative; display: block; padding: 10px 15px; }
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article aside ul > li.disabled > a { color: #777777; }
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article aside ul .open > a, article aside ul .open > a:hover, article aside ul .open > a:focus {
background-color: #eeeeee; border-color: #337ab7; }
article aside ul .nav-divider { height: 1px; margin: 9px 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: #e5e5e5; }
article aside ul > li > a > img { max-width: none; }
article aside ul > li { float: left; }
article aside ul > li > a { border-radius: 4px; }
article aside ul > li + li { margin-left: 2px; }
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/* _logo.less START */
aside .logo { font: 0/0 a; color: transparent; text-shadow: none;
background-color: transparent; border: 0; display: block; padding: 4px;
margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.42857143; background-color: #ffffff;
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-o-transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out;
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height: 170px; background-image: url('gtalug.png'); }
aside .logo > img, aside .logo a > img { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
aaside .logo:hover, aaside .logo:focus, aaside .logo.active { border-color: #337ab7; }
aside .logo .caption { padding: 9px; color: #333333; }
/* _logo.less END */
$ wc *.less
16 27 218 _aside.less
19 30 219 _layout.less
12 22 191 _logo.less
21 50 470 _typography.less
5 10 126 style.less
73 139 1224 total
$ lessc --clean-css style.less | wc
0 1496 119568
$ uncss http://127.0.0.1:8000/article.html > style.css
$ wc style.css
370 606 5426 style.css
$ yuicompressor style.css -o style.min.css
$ wc style.min.css
0 86 4348 style.min.css
Installation/Usage
Command Line
— npm install -g lessc
— lessc style.less > style.css
Client-side usage
<link rel="stylesheet/less" type="text/css" href="styles.less">
<script src="less.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

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p {
color: $color;
}
Less
@color: #141414;
p {
color: @color;
}
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}
}
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Output
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span.one { color: blue; }
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— Email: me@myles.coffee
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LessCSS Presentation @ April 2015 GTALUG Meeting

  • 2. Behind every beautiful thing, there's some kind of pain. — Bob Dylan
  • 10. Tangent Design Tip: Never Use Black by Ian Storm Taylor.
  • 15. Built in Functions @blue: rgb(0, 161, 226); @dark-blue: darken(@blue, 10%); @light-blue: lighten(@blue, 10%); a { color: @blue; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid @dark-blue; &:hover { color: @dark-blue; border-bottom-color: @blue; } &:active { color: @light-blue; border-bottom-color: @dark-blue; } }
  • 16. Fuctions — Miscellaneous: color, image-size, image- width, image-height, convert, data-uri, default, unit, get-unit, and svg-gradient. — String: escape, e, % format, and replace. — List: length and extract. — Type: isnumber, isstring, iscolor, iskeyword, isurl, ispixel, isem, ispercentage, isunix, and isruleset.
  • 17. Functions Math — Math: ceil, floor, percentage, round, sqrt, abs, sin, asin, cos, acos, tan, atan, pi, pow, mod, min, and max.
  • 18. Fuctions Colour — Colour Definition: rgb, rgba, argb, hsl, hsla, hsv, and hsva. — Colour Channel: hue, saturation, lightness, hsvhue, hsvsaturation, hsvvaule, red, green, blue, alpha, luma, and luminance.
  • 19. Fuctions Colour (continuted) — Color Operation: saturate, desaturate, lighten, darken, fadein, Colour, fade, spin, mix, greyscale, and contrast. — Colour Blending: multiply, screen, overlay, softlight, hardlight, difference, exclusion, average, and negation.
  • 20. Loops .make-columns(4); .make-columns(@n, @i: 1) when (@i =< @n) { .column-@{i} { width: (@i * 100% / @n); } .generate-columns(@n, (@i + 1)); } Outputs .column-1 { width: 25%; } .column-2 { width: 50%; } .column-3 { width: 75%; } .column-4 { width: 100%; }
  • 21. Mixins .min-resolution(@size) { -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: @size; -moz-device-pixel-ratio: @size; min-resolution: @size; } .2x(@path, @w: auto, @h: auto) { background-image: url(@path); @2x_path: ~`@{path}.replace(/.w+$/, function(match) { return "@2x" + match; })`; @media (.min-resolution(1.5px)) { background-image: url("@{2x_path}"); background-size: @w @h; } }
  • 22. Extend article.pretty { header { h1 { font-family: 'Sanchez', @serif-family; } } section, footer { font-family: 'Questrial', @sans-serif-family; } section { color: @dark-gray; } footer { color: @gray; } }
  • 23. Extend Your Website With BootstrapCSS — Font-end Framework for web sites. — http://getbootstrap.com/
  • 24. article.html <main> <article> <header> <h1>Article Title</h1> </header> <section> <!-- the body of the article --> </section> <aside> <!-- table of contents --> </aside> <footer> <!-- author, published date, copyright --> </footer> </article> </main>
  • 25. _layout.less /* _layout.less START */ main { .container(); } article { .make-row(); } header, footer { .make-xs-column(12); } section { .make-sm-column(8); } aside { .make-sm-column(4); .hidden-xs(); } /* _layout.less END */
  • 26. _typography.less /* _typography.less START */ @font-family-base: 'Questrial', @font-family-sans-serif; @headings-font-family: 'Sanchez', @font-family-serif; article { header { .page-header(); } section { p { &:first-of-type { .lead(); } } } footer { padding-top: ((@line-height-computed / 2) - 1); margin: (@line-height-computed * 2) 0 @line-height-computed; border-top: 1px solid @page-header-border-color; } } /* _typography.less END */
  • 27. _aside.less /* _aside.less START */ article { aside { position: relative; .inner { position: fixed; } ul { .nav(); .nav-pills(); .nav-stacked(); } } } /* _aside.less END */
  • 28. _logo.less /* _logo.less START */ aside { .logo { .text-hide(); .thumbnail(); width: 170px; height: 170px; background-image: url('gtalug.png'); } } /* _logo.less END */
  • 29. style.less @import "bt/bootstrap.less"; @import "_layout.less"; @import "_typography.less"; @import "_aside.less"; @import "_logo.less";
  • 30. style.css /* _layout.less START */ main { margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; } @media (min-width: 768px) { main { width: 750px; } } @media (min-width: 992px) { main { width: 970px; } } @media (min-width: 1200px) { main { width: 1170px; } } main > .navbar-header, main > .navbar-collapse { margin-right: -15px; margin-left: -15px; } @media (min-width: 768px) { main > .navbar-header, main > .navbar-collapse { margin-right: 0; margin-left: 0; } } article { margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px; } header, footer { position: relative; float: left; width: 100%; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; } section { position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; } @media (min-width: 768px) { section { float: left; width: 66.66666667%; } } aside { position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; } @media (min-width: 768px) { aside { float: left; width: 33.33333333%; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { aside { display: none !important; } } /* _layout.less END */
  • 31. style.css /* _typography.less START */ article header { padding-bottom: 9px; margin: 40px 0 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid #eeeeee; } article section p:first-of-type { margin-bottom: 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; } @media (min-width: 768px) { article section p:first-of-type { font-size: 21px; } } article footer { padding-top: 9px; margin: 40px 0 20px; border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee; } /* _typography.less END */
  • 32. style.css /* _aside.less START */ article aside { position: relative; } article aside .inner { position: fixed; } article aside ul { margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; list-style: none; } article aside ul > li { position: relative; display: block; } article aside ul > li > a { position: relative; display: block; padding: 10px 15px; } article aside ul > li > a:hover, article aside ul > li > a:focus { text-decoration: none; background-color: #eeeeee; } article aside ul > li.disabled > a { color: #777777; } article aside ul > li.disabled > a:hover, article aside ul > li.disabled > a:focus { color: #777777; text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; cursor: not-allowed; } article aside ul .open > a, article aside ul .open > a:hover, article aside ul .open > a:focus { background-color: #eeeeee; border-color: #337ab7; } article aside ul .nav-divider { height: 1px; margin: 9px 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: #e5e5e5; } article aside ul > li > a > img { max-width: none; } article aside ul > li { float: left; } article aside ul > li > a { border-radius: 4px; } article aside ul > li + li { margin-left: 2px; } article aside ul > li.active > a, article aside ul > li.active > a:hover, article aside ul > li.active > a:focus { color: #ffffff; background-color: #337ab7; } article aside ul > li { float: none; } article aside ul > li + li { margin-top: 2px; margin-left: 0; } /* _aside.less END */
  • 33. style.css /* _logo.less START */ aside .logo { font: 0/0 a; color: transparent; text-shadow: none; background-color: transparent; border: 0; display: block; padding: 4px; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.42857143; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #dddddd; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out; width: 170px; height: 170px; background-image: url('gtalug.png'); } aside .logo > img, aside .logo a > img { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } aaside .logo:hover, aaside .logo:focus, aaside .logo.active { border-color: #337ab7; } aside .logo .caption { padding: 9px; color: #333333; } /* _logo.less END */
  • 34. $ wc *.less 16 27 218 _aside.less 19 30 219 _layout.less 12 22 191 _logo.less 21 50 470 _typography.less 5 10 126 style.less 73 139 1224 total $ lessc --clean-css style.less | wc 0 1496 119568
  • 35. $ uncss http://127.0.0.1:8000/article.html > style.css $ wc style.css 370 606 5426 style.css $ yuicompressor style.css -o style.min.css $ wc style.min.css 0 86 4348 style.min.css
  • 36. Installation/Usage Command Line — npm install -g lessc — lessc style.less > style.css Client-side usage <link rel="stylesheet/less" type="text/css" href="styles.less"> <script src="less.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
  • 38. Variables Sass $color: #141414; p { color: $color; } Less @color: #141414; p { color: @color; }
  • 39. Nesting Sass and Less a { color: red; &:hover { color: blue; } }
  • 40. Mixins Sass @mixin bordered { border-top: dotted 1px black; border-bottom: solid 2px black; } span { @include bordered; } Less .bordered { border-top: dotted 1px black; border-bottom: solid 2px black; } span { .bordered(); }
  • 41. Selector Inheritance Sass Only .bordered { border: 1px solid black; } span.one { @extend .bordered; color: blue; } span.two { @extend .bordered; color: red; } Output .bordered, span.one, span.two { border: 1px solid black; } span.one { color: blue; } span.two { color: red; }
  • 43. Sass is pretty cool And is worth it's own talk
  • 45. Contact Me — Web: http://myles.coffee/ — Email: me@myles.coffee — Twitter: @MylesB
  • 46. Attributions — Black Cat photographed by Simon Law.