Published in the year 2014, this paper explains how interoperability and decentralized automation system can be achived in electrical distribution grid using IEC61850. Network information from neighboring nodes can help field controllers make decisions faster and more accurately thereby making the distribution network self- healing and reliable.
PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) is a technology that allows communication between electric substations through existing power lines. It uses coupling devices like capacitors and line matching units to introduce high frequency carrier signals onto power lines for data transmission while preventing the signals from entering power equipment. Common equipment in a PLCC system includes the PLCC station for transmitting/receiving signals, line matching units for impedance matching, wave traps to block carrier signals from entering the power system, and coaxial cables to connect it all. PLCC provides communication over long distances using existing power infrastructure at a lower cost than separate communication lines.
Power Line Communication allows for data transmission over existing power lines. It has the potential to provide broadband internet access to every home or business through existing electrical wiring. There are two main types of Power Line Communication systems - narrowband PLC provides lower data rates for utilities, while broadband PLC enables higher data rates for services like voice, data, and video. Key components of a PLC system include modems, base stations, repeaters, and gateways. Communication is achieved using techniques like OFDM that are robust against noise on power lines. Medium access control and topologies must be designed to handle data transmission over the challenging power line channel. International standards guide the implementation of Power Line Communication networks.
Power line communication (PLC) uses existing power lines to transmit data signals. It can achieve data rates from 600 bps to 45 Mbps. PLC uses radio frequencies and modulation techniques like OFDM to transmit data signals over power lines. It has applications for automatic meter reading and in-home data networking. PLC is an economical alternative to networking as it does not require new infrastructure installation and uses existing power lines. However, power lines were not designed for data transmission so there are technical challenges around noise and interference.
This document is a training report submitted by Rahul Kumar on Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) during an internship at a 132kV grid substation in Jaipur, India. The report provides an introduction to PLCC, describes the key indoor and outdoor equipment used in a PLCC system such as line traps, coupling capacitors, wave traps and carrier terminals. It also discusses different modes of coupling carrier signals to power lines, and the functions of essential components like the coupling capacitor, wave trap, line matching unit and battery charger. The report aims to provide a practical understanding of PLCC technologies and their industrial applications for power network communication and monitoring.
PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) is a technology that allows communication between electric substations through existing power lines. It uses coupling devices like capacitors and line matching units to introduce high frequency carrier signals onto power lines for data transmission while preventing the signals from entering power equipment. Common equipment in a PLCC system includes the PLCC station for transmitting/receiving signals, line matching units for impedance matching, wave traps to block carrier signals from entering the power system, and coaxial cables to connect it all. PLCC provides communication over long distances using existing power infrastructure at a lower cost than separate communication lines.
Power Line Communication allows for data transmission over existing power lines. It has the potential to provide broadband internet access to every home or business through existing electrical wiring. There are two main types of Power Line Communication systems - narrowband PLC provides lower data rates for utilities, while broadband PLC enables higher data rates for services like voice, data, and video. Key components of a PLC system include modems, base stations, repeaters, and gateways. Communication is achieved using techniques like OFDM that are robust against noise on power lines. Medium access control and topologies must be designed to handle data transmission over the challenging power line channel. International standards guide the implementation of Power Line Communication networks.
A communications system allows for the transfer of information from an information source to an information sink. It consists of a transmitter that encodes a message from the information source into a transmitted signal, a channel to carry the signal, and a receiver to decode the signal back into a message for the information sink.
The transmitter may perform operations like modulation, amplification, and filtering on the message signal. The channel can be a wireline medium like coaxial cable or a wireless medium like free space. It is subject to degradation from noise, interference and distortion. The receiver performs complementary operations to the transmitter like demodulation, amplification and filtering to recover the original message from the received signal for the information sink.
Manufacturing of an insulator through embedded scada using power line carrier...Rahul Kalra
This document discusses using power line carrier communication (PLCC) to control the manufacturing of insulators through an embedded supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. PLCC allows communication between different plants over existing power lines, eliminating the need for new wiring. An engineer could monitor and control the insulator manufacturing process from a control room. Key components of the PLCC system include line matching units, wave traps, coupling capacitors, and power line modems to transmit data over power lines using modulation/demodulation. The document also describes the process for manufacturing insulators and components of a basic SCADA system for remote monitoring and control.
Power line communication uses existing power lines to transmit data signals. It provides a cost-effective solution compared to installing new communication wiring. The document discusses the basic concepts of power line communication, including that different frequencies are used depending on the wiring and applications can have data rates from kilobits per second to megabits per second over short distances. Advances in digital signal processing have allowed new designs to overcome noise issues on power lines using techniques like spread spectrum modulation and error correction coding. Standards still vary globally which limits technical information sharing for these proprietary systems.
This document summarizes power line carrier communication (PLCC), which is used for communication over medium and long distances in power networks. PLCC uses existing power lines as a communication medium. It provides a more economical and reliable communication method than alternatives like telephone lines or wireless systems. The key components of a PLCC system include transmitters, the power line channel, receivers, carrier signals in the audio frequency range, modulation techniques, and coupling arrangements like capacitors to introduce signals onto power lines. Modern PLCC systems can handle various functions like telemetry, signaling, control, and protection.
Power line carrier communication (PLCC) allows for telecommunication between electric substations using existing power lines. Data can be transferred at rates up to 9.6 kbps over many miles of cable. PLCC systems use coupling devices like capacitors and line matching units to connect communication equipment to power lines while preventing carrier currents from interfering with power equipment. Common PLCC equipment includes stations, line matching units, control voltage transformers, earth switches, lightning arrestors, wave traps, and coaxial cables. Wave traps are used to block carrier currents from entering power stations to avoid interference. PLCC offers communication without additional wiring but requires safeguarding equipment from high voltages and currents on power lines.
This document provides an overview of power line carrier communication (PLCC). PLCC uses existing power lines to transmit speech, data, and teleprotection signals between electric substations over long distances at speeds up to 9.6Kbits/sec. It requires coupling devices like capacitors and line matching units to connect communication equipment to high voltage power lines safely. Wave traps are also used to prevent carrier currents from interfering with equipment in power stations. PLCC provides a cost-effective communication solution for power systems.
1) JVVNL is the largest electricity distribution company in Jaipur, Rajasthan, distributing power to 12 districts. It was formed in 2000 by unbundling the state electricity board.
2) Power line carrier communication (PLCC) uses existing power lines to transmit information for telecommunication and monitoring between substations. It involves modulating data onto a carrier frequency and transmitting it through couplers onto power lines.
3) PLCC equipment includes indoor equipment like modems and outdoor equipment like line traps, which block high frequencies but allow power frequencies to pass through power lines.
Power line carrier communication uses high voltage transmission lines to transmit speech, data, and protection signals. It involves impedance matching transformers to isolate communication equipment from high voltages on transmission lines. Single sideband modulation is used with a 4 kHz spacing to transmit signals efficiently. ABB makes line matching units and ETL terminals that are used in power line carrier communication. ETL terminals can transmit multiple channels and use modulation schemes like single sideband suppressed carrier. NSK-5 modems and NSD50 teleprotection devices interface with ETL terminals to provide telecontrol and carrier protection functions.
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data and electric power. This makes power line communication one of the best means for networking. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecommunications, or power line networking (PLN).
This document proposes a solution to remotely detect illegal electricity usage through power line communication (PLC). It involves installing a secondary digital energy meter chip to record energy usage, which is then compared to the main meter. If a difference is detected, an error signal is generated and transmitted over the existing PLC network. This provides an economical way to add illegal usage detection to an existing automatic meter reading system using PLC.
Power line carrier communication (PLCC) is a method of transmitting information over existing power lines. It works by injecting a high frequency signal over electrical power lines. PLCC has been found to be an economical and reliable method of medium to long distance communication. It uses the power lines as a communication medium by varying a carrier signal to convey information. A few common modulation techniques used in PLCC networks include OFDM, GMSK, and DSSS. Security is an important issue for PLCC since it operates over a shared channel like Wi-Fi and requires encryption. PLCC provides communication infrastructure without additional wiring and utilizes the existing power grid.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), defined as small power generation units connected to distribution networks. It covers DG definitions, drivers for DG integration including environmental, economic, technological and regulatory factors. Key benefits of DG integration are improved reliability, power quality, reduced losses and costs. Various DG technologies are classified and compared. Optimal DG planning techniques aim to minimize losses and costs while satisfying constraints like voltage limits.
This document discusses communications network requirements for substation automation. It describes how utilities are adopting IP and Ethernet-based intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to improve grid performance and efficiency. This requires new communications network infrastructures within substations and between substations and control centers to handle increased traffic. The document outlines architectures that segment intra-substation and wide area network communications according to standards like IEC 61850. It also provides an example case study of a smart substation project in France where Nokia is implementing digital substations for grid improvements.
ATM is a cell relay protocol designed to optimize fiber optic networks. It breaks data into fixed-size cells for uniform transmission. ATM aims to maximize bandwidth, interface existing systems, be inexpensive, support telecom hierarchies, ensure reliable delivery, and minimize software functions. Connections between endpoints are established through virtual paths and circuits identified by header fields. Cells contain a 5-byte header and 48-byte payload. Connections can be permanent or switched. ATM defines layers for applications, cell processing, and physical transmission. It supports various quality of service levels through parameters like cell error and loss rates.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT/VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...cscpconf
1) The document presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in a distribution substation in the Canary Islands.
2) Optimal power flow applications currently used have limitations for isolated power systems due to high computational burden and response times.
3) A fuzzy controller was designed with heuristic rules from operator experience to maintain voltage profile and power factor, and tested successfully online for a day in the substation.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...csandit
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution and its implementation in
isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited and it is common using the same
applications as in continental power systems. This means that lot of functionalities do not apply
and computational burden generates high response times. A fuzzy controller, with logic
guidelines embedded based upon heuristic rules resulting from operators at dispatch control
center past experience, has been designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under
real conditions and it has managed the operation during a whole day in a distribution
substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the system, the controller maintained
successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98 and it has ostensibly
improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
The document discusses implementing a Smart Communication System (SCS) using digital power line carrier (DPLC) technology to integrate traditional telecommunication networks with modern IP-based networks for electrical utilities. By using DPLC terminals with routing capabilities, the SCS can provide automatic switching between different communication links, such as fiber, radio, and power lines, to transport both TDM and IP protocols in a hybrid network with increased reliability compared to traditional linear networks. The SCS allows the electrical grid's inherent mesh structure to be leveraged for packet switching independent of the underlying technology of each individual link.
This paper proposes a single-bit ADC system based Proportional and Integral (PI) controller to maintain a desired level of power transfer efficiency in Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) systems. In this paper, a simple single-bit ADC system i.e., Single-Bit Modulator (SBM) is considered as an alternative to the commonly used multi-bit ADC systems. Unique features of employing SBM are 1) its ability to convert analog signals into single-bit signals and 2) its easy integrability in digital chips with linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) such as FPGAs. A SBM based PI (SBM-PI) controller is designed to judicially interface with the single-bit output of SBM. The proposed (SBM-PI) controller guarantees less hardware resources, latency and regulates the output voltage to provide the desired power transfer efficiency. The behavior of SBM-PI controller is compared to that of a conventional multi-bit controller, with the results of both controllers being identical. The effectiveness of the proposed controller with SBM is further demonstrated using the experimental prototype of CPT by implementing a SBM-PI controller using $16$ MHz ATmega8 microcontroller. The experimental results from a laboratory prototype illustrate that SBM-PI controller successfully regulates the output voltage of CPT to control the power flow.
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for integrated volt/var control (VVC) in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution applying conservation voltage reduction
(CVR) in isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited. A fuzzy controller has been
designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under real conditions and it has managed the
operation during a whole day in a distribution substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the
system, the controller maintained successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98
and it has ostensibly improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
CVR savings during the test are evaluated and the aim to integrate it in the VVC is presented.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol developed for broadband ISDN that supports high data transmission rates. It uses fixed-size cells called ATM cells that are 53 bytes long, with 5 bytes for header and 48 bytes for payload. ATM cells allow data to be organized into logical connections identified by Virtual Channel Identifier and Virtual Path Identifier values. These logical connections support quality of service guarantees and efficient transmission of data, making ATM well-suited for real-time multimedia applications.
Smart Local Backup Protection for Smart SubstationIJECEIAES
This paper presents a novel smart local backup protection SLBP used for the support and backup of the protective relays in a smart substation. The proposed SLBP is based on the IEC61850 standards and the concept consists of the acquisition of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GOOSE used for tripping and interlocks exchange between Intelligent Equipment Devices IEDs and the reading of the Sampled Value SV existing in the process bus coming from Mergin Units MU or Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers NCIT. Several logical schemes to protect different zones of the substation are presented and how can be integrated using data in the substation automation system. The SLBP was developed using an open source library and free operating system. Moreover, a low cost prototype is presented in order to evaluate the efficiency and the operation of the SLBP under diverse scenarios of the proposed logical protective schemes such us breaker failure and overcurrent protection.
This summarizes a document describing a remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA energy-efficient switchable distribution transformer. The system uses an embedded system to acquire voltages, currents, temperatures and control switching devices. It implements embedded Ethernet to enable remote monitoring over a local area network. The system was tested by applying it to the transformer connected to a variable power supply and load. Results showed the system can successfully perform remote monitoring and control tasks.
This document summarizes a study on implementing the multi-VDD power reduction technique. The study replicates an ISCAS'89 benchmark circuit at two different voltage domains, with one instance at a high VDD and the other at a low VDD. Experimental results found that applying multi-VDD reduced total power by 85.83% and area by 57.44% compared to using a single high VDD, though 47 level shifters increased area overhead by 0.82% and power overhead by 4.98%. The multi-VDD technique effectively reduced both static and dynamic power for the circuit.
This document proposes a method for distribution network automation using a microcontroller-based system. The system would detect faults in power lines using sensors and indicate the faults using a GSM modem. It would automatically switch feeders to restore power when faults are detected. It could also detect voltage fluctuations and power theft in lines. The system would communicate faults to a control station using GSM and allow for faster troubleshooting. It describes the hardware components including a microcontroller, sensors, relays, and GSM modem. It also discusses the software used for programming the microcontroller and transmitting signals via GSM. The goal is to minimize power losses and downtime when faults occur in distribution networks.
The document discusses the IEC 61850 standard for substation automation. It describes the key requirements for communication systems in substations, including high-speed device communication, networkability, availability, and support for functions like file transfer. It then explains the use of Ethernet and serial-based networks in substations and discusses communication protocols. A key aspect of IEC 61850 is that it provides a model for how devices should organize data in a consistent way across all device types and brands. IEC 61850 also enables the introduction of process bus networks that connect merging units and sensors directly into the communication infrastructure.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PROTECTION SCHEME OF DIGITAL SUBSTATION USING IEC61850-...IAEME Publication
Substations are a fundamental part in electrical energy transmission and
distribution. The role of a substation is to transfer and transform electrical energy by
stepping up or down the voltage. To do this, high voltage switching equipment and
power transformers are used, in addition to instrument transformers that supply the
status of the primary system to the secondary equipment. Substation Automation
Systems are then used to control, protect and monitor the substations. The IEC 61850
standard developed digital substation with most advanced techniques. The IEC 61850
standard define in its sub- clauses IEC 600448 and IEC 61850-9-2 about digital
interface, digital communication and Sampled Values transmission over an Ethernet
link called Process Bus. Process Bus technology mainly developed in order to reduce
the usage of copper wiring at substation control by introducing IEC 61850-9-2 digital
interface.
This document discusses enabling reliable transport of teleprotection traffic over IP/MPLS networks for power utilities. It explains that legacy mission-critical applications like teleprotection require stringent transport and differential protection requires symmetric delay. It describes how Nokia IP/MPLS networks can meet these requirements through features like Circuit Emulation Service and Asymmetric Delay Control to attain symmetric delay for teleprotection even over packet networks. It provides examples of Nokia IP/MPLS networks being tested and deployed for teleprotection applications.
Distributed Utility-Based Energy Efficient Cooperative Medium Access Control...IJMER
Cooperative communication, that utilizes near terminals to relay the overhearing
information to grasp the variability gains, choices a nice potential to strengthen the transmission
potency in wireless networks. to the subsume the hard medium access interactions evoked by relaying
and leverage the advantages of such cooperation, associate economical Cooperative Medium Access
management (CMAC) protocol is required. throughout this paper, we've got an inclination to tend to
propose a completely unique cross-layer Wide unfold Energy-adaptive Location-based CMAC
protocol, notably WEAL-CMAC, for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). the design objective of
WEAL-CMAC is to strengthen the performance of the MANETs in terms of network amount and
energy potency. a wise energy consumption model is used throughout this paper, that takes the energy
consumption on each transceiver instrumentation and transmit instrumentation into thought. A
distributed utility-based best relay different strategy is incorporated, that selects the most effective
relay supported location information and residual energy. moreover, with the aim of enhancing the
spacial apply, associate innovative network allocation vector setting is provided to the subsume the
variable transmission power of the beginning and relay terminals. we've got an inclination to tend to
point that the planned WEAL-CMAC considerably prolongs the network amount below varied
circumstances even for prime instrumentation energy consumption cases by comprehensive simulation
study
The document discusses the history and development of ATM networks. It explains that ATM networks emerged from standardization activities around Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) in the 1970s. This was driven by the trend toward an all-digital telephone network and the need to support digital connectivity for end users as well as non-voice applications like data and video. The document then provides details on the ATM cell header format and its various fields that are used to identify connections and support different types of traffic and services.
ATC for congestion management in deregulated power systemBhargav Pandya
This document discusses congestion management in deregulated power systems through enhancement of available transfer capacity (ATC) using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. It proposes a new set of AC sensitivity factors called AC power transfer congestion distribution factors (ACPTCDF) to calculate ATC and identify the most congested transmission line. FACTS devices like UPFC can then be optimally placed to enhance ATC and relieve transmission congestion while maintaining system security and stability constraints. The document provides background on deregulation, open access, congestion management, ATC calculation methodology, and the role of various FACTS technologies to improve power transfer capability.
The OptiQNet 852 is a carrier ethernet demarcation device that provides reliable connectivity between customer and provider networks. It offers features to ensure transport, operation, and precision (TOP) such as VLAN tagging, QoS, OAM protocols for monitoring, and synchronization using PTP and SyncE. It also supports management functions, alarms and diagnostics, and protects existing TDM infrastructure investments.
Switching and multicast schemes in asynchronous transfer mode networksEditor Jacotech
This document summarizes various switching and multicast schemes used in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. It discusses shared memory ATM switching architectures and different approaches for supporting multicast traffic in shared memory switches including replication-at-receiving, replication-at-sending, multiple write multiple read, and single write single read schemes. It also covers requirements for ATM multicast and compares these schemes in terms of advantages and disadvantages related to memory usage and switching performance.
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https://www.splunk.com/en_us/campaigns/the-hidden-costs-of-downtime.html
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-leading-observability-practice.pdf
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-modern-security-program.pdf
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20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
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Case study.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
1. 1
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION BASED ON IEC61850
Nirmal Thaliyil
nirmal@kalkitech.com
Kalki Communication Technologies Pvt Limited
Abstract: This paper illustrates an example of
an interoperable and decentralized
distribution automation system based on the
IEC61850 standard. Advanced distribution
automation controllers residing along with
primary equipment such as load break
switches, sectionalizers, autoreclosers and tie
switches have enough resources to make use
of IEC61850 ACSE services for information
exchanges between each other as well as with
the central location. Network information
from neighboring nodes can help field
controllers make decisions faster and more
accurately thereby making the distribution
network self- healing and reliable.
I. Distribution Automation
The challenges faced by Distribution utilities
have increased significantly recently, due to
increased demand, higher expectations of
reliability and power quality by customers and
integration of distributed resources into the
grid. Distribution Automation (DA) allows
utilities to operate power systems more
effectively. It improves reliability by using a
network that is self-healing with improved
power quality and efficiency (reduced losses),
better asset utilization, is immune to physical
and cyber breaches, and can incorporate
more energy generation and storage options.
The main distribution automation functions
which assist utilities to accomplish the above
requirements are
a)
b) Fault location isolation and service
restoration (FLISR)
c) Feeder Load balancing
d) Volt-VAR optimization
e) Conservative voltage reduction (CVR)
f) Condition monitoring
In this article, we choose one of the
elementary Distribution Automation use cases
called Volt-VAR optimization to try and find
the most suitable communication protocol,
media and data model, which may be best
suited for standardization.
II. Volt-VAR Optimization
The objectives for using Volt-VAR optimization
as a use case are:
a) Minimize kWh consumption at
voltages beyond given voltage quality
limits (i.e., ensure standard voltages
at customer terminals)
b) Minimize feeder segment(s) overload
c) Reduce load while respecting given
voltage tolerance
d) Conserve energy via voltage reduction
e) Reduce or eliminate overload in
transmission lines
f) Reduce or eliminate voltage violations
on transmission lines
g) Provide reactive power support for
distribution bus
h) Provide spinning reserve support
i) Minimize cost of energy
Capacitor banks are more widely used in
distribution systems for VAR (reactive power)
and regulators for voltage control. Controlling
the capacitor banks and regulators would
2. 2
June 2014
require measurement from single or multiple
phases e.g. voltage level, power factor, VAR
flow and time of day. The VAR/voltage control
devices can be used to switch capacitor banks
on/off in order to minimize the reactive
power flows on the system and to maintain
the bus voltage.
III. IEC61850
The IEC61850 communication standard had
originally been conceived by TC57 group for
substation automation functions. It provides a
panoptic view of the power system domain
and is now making the object model more
comprehensive and more standardized the
communication structure. Some of the
application areas added are hydro power
plants, DER, substation to substation and
substation to control center communication
and wind power plants. There are also work
under progress for adapting the standard for
feeder automation, electrical storage,
transportation, transferring synchrophasor
data etc.. This trend opens up new opportunities
for the development of intelligent applications for
the power system.
IEC61850 has an inherent ability to support
more sophisticated automation systems with
larger numbers of smart devices. The
adoption of 61850 by vendors in their
products will provide a standardized
information model for each type of vendor
product, e.g., relay, capacitor bank,
switchgear, etc. The principal benefits of using
IEC 61850 for Distribution Automation
functions are
Object oriented data model
Adaptable data exchange rate as per
application
Peer to peer communication topology
Process bus integration
Simplified engineering process
Enhanced security features
IV. Modeling for Volt-VAR control
The Shunt capacitor can be modeled as
shown in Figure 1.
A capacitor bank normally consists of several
parallel capacitors per-phase. Therefore each
phase has more than one switch logical node
XSWI (Circuit Switch) associated with it to
engage and disengage capacitors into the
circuit. For measurement purposes, there are
three instrument transformers TCTR (Current
transformer) and TVTR (Voltage Transformer)
for each phase. ZCAP (Capacitor bank) logical
node represents capacitor bank status such as
health, device status, name plate, and
operation time. Automatic control logical
node AVCO (Automatic Voltage controller)
can either be based on local setpoints or
setpoints that are received remotely through
a communications link from a centralized or
peer capacitor controller. Scheduled or set
points for a certain range are available for
taking necessary actions. Ranges are normally
used for voltage, VAR, temperature and
current.
Voltage regulators with automatic tap
changing capabilities allow for controlling the
XSWI
AVCO CSWI
ZCAP
MMXU/
MMXN
XSWI
XSWI
XSWI
XSWI
XSWI
TCTR
XSWI
XSWI
TVTR
Figure 1: Modelling capacitor bank
3. 3
June 2014
voltage according to predefined automatic
logic or by remote access through the
operator command. Regulators can be
modeled as shown in Figure 2.
To regulate the voltage of a three-phase
three-wire system, banks of single phase
regulators can be created. The common
schemes are two single-phase voltage
regulators connected in an open delta
connection, or three single-phase voltage
regulators connected in a closed delta. Open-
delta configuration requires fewer devices at
the cost of a smaller regulation range. Typical
regulation range for open delta configuration
is ±10% for phases with regulators and ±5%
for phase without the regulator. In case of
closed delta configuration the range is about
±15% for all phases.
ATCC or Automatic Tap Changer Control
logical node will control the tap changers.
ATCC will have status indication for local
operation, operation counter, tap position,
parallel/independent operations and block
automatic control in addition to controlling
operation data and settings and other status
information. There may be three or two YLTC
(Transformer tap changer) logical nodes in the
system as per the scheme explained above.
V. Communication Protocols
Abstract data models defined in IEC 61850 can
be mapped to a number of protocols.
Currently, mappings are available for MMS
(Manufacturing Message Specification),
GOOSE (Generic object oriented substation
events) , SMV (Sampled Measured Values) and
Web Services. These protocols are usually run
over Ethernet links. Mission critical messages
that need to be transferred between devices
are transferred as GOOSE messages. GOOSE
messages are connection less packets that are
sent to the network as a multicast message on
layer 2 in the OSI model. The router is
designed to prevent broadcast and multicast
packets from leaving the LAN and only passes
IP packets on layer 3. However, this is
achieved by attaching a VLAN tag that can be
recognized by the router, with each GOOSE
message. The router converts GOOSE
messages with a VLAN tag into a routable IP
packet and sends it to the destination IP.
Decentralized automation methods are
chosen over centralized methods for higher
scalability, better performance and for
enabling micro-grid operations. Adoption of
IEC61850 for distribution automation
application requires transferring GOOSE
packets over IP for peer-to-peer
communication. Decentralized distribution
automation use cases FLISR, VVO (volt-var
optimization), CVR require sending
measurement and status information
between intelligent electronic controllers
residing in the field. Protocol Independent
Multicast (PIM) used for intra-domain
multicast is a bandwidth-conserving
technology that reduces traffic by
simultaneously delivering a single stream of
information to potentially thousands of
nodes. Bidirectional PIM variant can be
adopted for efficient many-to-many
communications within an individual PIM
distribution network domain. Although PIM is
said to be suitable because of less overhead,
MMXU/
MMXN
ATCC
XSWI
XSWI
TVTR
XSWI
XSWI
YLTC
XSWI
XSWI
TCTR
Figure 2: Modelling Voltage Regulators
4. 4
June 2014
there are also other mechanisms to transfer
GOOSE packets over IP using layer 2 tunneling
protocol, GRE tunneling, MPLS encapsulation
and virtual private LAN service encapsulation
methods.
VI. Communication Technologies
As per the IEC61850 standard, the protection
class of a distribution network is P1 which
means it transfers trip signals in the order of
half a cycle i.e. 10ms. For other fast messages,
total transmission time shall be less than or
equal to 100ms. So it is critical to select the
communication technologies which will be
able to meet the above specified performance
criteria.
The assets of distribution utilities are spread
across their service territory. In urban areas,
the length of the 11kV feeder is typically 3 km
and in rural areas, the feeder length may go
up to 20km.
Wireless solutions have shown the greatest
potential for automating distribution
networks because they communicate virtually
anywhere at a comparatively less investment
cost.
VII. Conclusion
Communication latency, coverage/reach,
availability, security, installation, operating
and maintenance costs are critical parameters
that unremarkably drive the decision-making
behind the technology to be used for DA
applications. More over out of the above
listed communication technologies, only some
have the option for peer-to-peer
communication using meshing technologies
like 802.15.4 and 802.11 mesh. There are
standard guideline work in progress like
IEEEP1777 to develop the functional,
performance, security, and on-site testing
requirements for wireless data
802.15.4 Mesh WLAN
(802.11s)
WLAN (802.11b/g) Cellular/3G/LTE Wimax (802.16
d/e/m)
Usage Low data rate Last mile, broadband
for rural area
LAN & indoor
wireless,
Backhaul
connectivity, internet
Broadband internet/
VoIP/ IPTV
Frequency
range
ISM: 868 MHz ,
2.4GHz (unlicensed)
DSSS
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz,
5.8 GHz (unlicensed)
Both ISM and U-NII
frequency
bands
Unlicensed: 2.4 and 5
GHz; DSSS, OFDM
GSM 900 MHz, UMTS
1900/2100MHz,
GSM 1800 MHz,
PCS1900MHz,
Cellular 850 MHz
2.3, 2.5, 3.5 GHz
licensed bands;
450 MHz, 700 MHz
also used
Channel
Bandwidth
200kHz to 1.2MHz 20/40 MHz for
802.11n
20 MHz for 802.11
a/g
200kHz to 20MHz 20 or 25
MHz (United States)
or 28 MHz (Europe)
Coverage 50 to 1000 meters as
per line of sight
Varies with frequency
line of sight : 0-15
miles
non-line of sight :0-3
miles
Indoor: up to 100 m;
Outdoor: up to 250 m
3-5 miles (to base
station)
3-4 miles
Single user
data rate
20 to 250 kbps,
depending on
frequency band
As high as 300 Mbps 802.11b: up to 11
Mbps
802.11g/h/j: up to 54
Mbps
HSPA+: Up to 28
Mbps,
cdma2000/EVDO rev
B: Up to 14.7 Mbps
Typical 4-16 Mbps
Cost Low Moderate Low High Moderate
5. 5
June 2014
communication technologies that are to be
used in different aspects (types, classes) of
power system operations. Whole success of
distribution automation depends on
communication technology which would be
able to cater to above mentioned network
constraints which can transfer data over
futuristic communication protocol also
meeting advanced distribution automation
use-cases.