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Asychronous transfer mode(atm)

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Meenakshi Devi
Meenakshi Devi

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol developed for broadband ISDN that supports high data transmission rates. It uses fixed-size cells called ATM cells that are 53 bytes long, with 5 bytes for header and 48 bytes for payload. ATM cells allow data to be organized into logical connections identified by Virtual Channel Identifier and Virtual Path Identifier values. These logical connections support quality of service guarantees and efficient transmission of data, making ATM well-suited for real-time multimedia applications.

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Asynchronous Tranfer Mode (ATM)
Outline Introduction Design goals ATM protocol architecture ATM logical connections ATM Cells ATM Application
Introduction ATM : Switching techniques Can support data rates. Advantage is reliability and fidelity of modern facilities provide faster packet switching. Was developed as part of the work on the broadband ISDN Combination of ATM with B-ISDN will allow high speed interconnections of all the world’s network.
Design goals To optimize the use of the high data rate transmission media,in particular optical fiber. It can interface with the existing system and to provide wide area interconnectivity between them without lowering their effectiveness. It can be implemented inexpensively. The new system must able to work and support the existing telecommunication hierarchies. It must be connection oriented to ensure accurate and predictable delivery . To move as many of the functions to hardware and eliminate as many software functions as possible
continued… The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets called cells. ATM is streamlined protocol with minimal error and flow control capabilities . It reduces the overhead of processing ATM cells and reduces the number of overhead bits to operate at high data rates. Functions: 1.It involves the transfer of data in discrete chunks. 2.It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface.
ATM PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
Continued … Physical layer: Involves the specification of transmission medium and the signal encoding scheme. Data rate specified in this layer 155.52Mbps and 622.08Mbps. ATM layer: Provide packet transfer capabilities. Defines transmission of data in fixed size cells. Define the use of the logical connection.
Continued… ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL): Service dependent. Maps higher layer information into ATM cells to be transported over an ATM network . Collects the information from ATM cells for deliver to higher layers. It consists of three separate planes: 1.User plane 2.Control plane 3.Management plane
Continued… User plane :provides user information transfer along with associated controls. Control plane:performs call control and connection control function. Management plane: 1.Plane management it performs mangement functions related to a system. Provides coordination between all the planes. 2.Layer management It performs management functions relating to resources and parameters residing in its protocol entities.
ATM LOGICAL CONNECTION
Continued… ATM connections are identified by a virtual channel identifier (VCI) and a virtual path identifier (VPI). VCI and VPI are combined to be used in a switch to route a cell. The identity of a "physical" link is identified by two "logical" links: virtual channel (VC) and virtual path (VP). When a connection is set up, the values of these identifiers remain unchanged for the lifetime of the ATM connection.
FUNCTIONS Virtual channel: Setup between two end users through the network. Leads to control signaling and user-network exchange, network-network exchange. Virtual path: Helps to contain the control cost by grouping connections sharing common paths through the network into a single unit. Network management actions can be applied to a small number of groups of connections instead of a large number of individual connection.
Continued… Advantages of virtual path: 1.Simplified network architecture 2.Increased network performance and reliability. 3.Reduced processing and short connection setup 4.Enhanced network services.
CALL ESTABLISHMENT
Continued… A VCC can be established between end users, between end user and switch, or between two switches. Between end users: to carry user data/control signaling. VPC provides the users with an overall capacity. The set of VCCs should not exceed the VPC capacity. Between end user and switch: for user to network control information. Between two switches: for traffic management and routing functions.
Continued… Characteristics of virtual channel: 1.Quality of service: Quality of service is specified by cell loss ratio and cell delay variation. 2.Switched and semi permanent virtual channel connections can be established. 3.Cell sequence integrity 4.Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring. The strategies can be: Deny request for new VCCs (the best choice) Discard cells Terminate existing connections (worst)
ATM CELLS The ATM cell has 53 bytes, containing 5 bytes of header and 48 bytes of information. The advantages of this small and fixed cell size are: Cells can be switched more efficiently , leading to high-speed data transfer. Since the cell size is fixed, hardware implementation is easier. Queuing delay is reduced. Therefore it allows support for multimedia services.
ATM cell: user–network interface.
ATM cell: network–network interface .
Continued… The UNI header consists of the following fields: Generic flow control - used to provide local functions, such as identifying multiple stations that share a single ATM interface. The GFC field is typically not used and is set to a default value. Virtual path identifier – used in conjunction with the VCI, to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches Virtual channel identifier - used, in conjunction with the VPI, to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination
Continued… Payload type - t he first bit indicates whether the cell contains user data or control data. If the cell contains user data, the second bit indicates congestion, and the third bit indicates whether the cell is the last in a series of cells that represent a single AAL5 frame. Congestion loss priority - indicates whether the cell should be discarded if it encounters extreme congestion as it moves through the network. Header error control - is a checksum contains error control information.
Header error control-flow chart
ATM Applications ATM is used for applications such as audio/video transmission in real time it is necessary that at the receiving end, the cells are received without variable delay. the cells should be received at a constant speed. Example, PCM-coded speech produces a continuous stream of bits at the rate of 64kbps. To transmit PCM over ATM, the PCM data stream has to be assembled into cells and transmitted over the network; at the receiver, the cells should be received with constant delay.
Continued… To achieve this, special protocols are required. ATM adaptation layer (AAL) has been defined to provide the necessary services to handle such applications. The AAL provides the following services: Segmentation and reassembly Flow control and timing control Handling of transmission errors Handling of lost cells
 

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Asychronous transfer mode(atm)

  • 2. Outline Introduction Design goals ATM protocol architecture ATM logical connections ATM Cells ATM Application
  • 3. Introduction ATM : Switching techniques Can support data rates. Advantage is reliability and fidelity of modern facilities provide faster packet switching. Was developed as part of the work on the broadband ISDN Combination of ATM with B-ISDN will allow high speed interconnections of all the world’s network.
  • 4. Design goals To optimize the use of the high data rate transmission media,in particular optical fiber. It can interface with the existing system and to provide wide area interconnectivity between them without lowering their effectiveness. It can be implemented inexpensively. The new system must able to work and support the existing telecommunication hierarchies. It must be connection oriented to ensure accurate and predictable delivery . To move as many of the functions to hardware and eliminate as many software functions as possible
  • 5. continued… The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets called cells. ATM is streamlined protocol with minimal error and flow control capabilities . It reduces the overhead of processing ATM cells and reduces the number of overhead bits to operate at high data rates. Functions: 1.It involves the transfer of data in discrete chunks. 2.It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface.
  • 7. Continued … Physical layer: Involves the specification of transmission medium and the signal encoding scheme. Data rate specified in this layer 155.52Mbps and 622.08Mbps. ATM layer: Provide packet transfer capabilities. Defines transmission of data in fixed size cells. Define the use of the logical connection.
  • 8. Continued… ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL): Service dependent. Maps higher layer information into ATM cells to be transported over an ATM network . Collects the information from ATM cells for deliver to higher layers. It consists of three separate planes: 1.User plane 2.Control plane 3.Management plane
  • 9. Continued… User plane :provides user information transfer along with associated controls. Control plane:performs call control and connection control function. Management plane: 1.Plane management it performs mangement functions related to a system. Provides coordination between all the planes. 2.Layer management It performs management functions relating to resources and parameters residing in its protocol entities.
  • 11. Continued… ATM connections are identified by a virtual channel identifier (VCI) and a virtual path identifier (VPI). VCI and VPI are combined to be used in a switch to route a cell. The identity of a "physical" link is identified by two "logical" links: virtual channel (VC) and virtual path (VP). When a connection is set up, the values of these identifiers remain unchanged for the lifetime of the ATM connection.
  • 12. FUNCTIONS Virtual channel: Setup between two end users through the network. Leads to control signaling and user-network exchange, network-network exchange. Virtual path: Helps to contain the control cost by grouping connections sharing common paths through the network into a single unit. Network management actions can be applied to a small number of groups of connections instead of a large number of individual connection.
  • 13. Continued… Advantages of virtual path: 1.Simplified network architecture 2.Increased network performance and reliability. 3.Reduced processing and short connection setup 4.Enhanced network services.
  • 15. Continued… A VCC can be established between end users, between end user and switch, or between two switches. Between end users: to carry user data/control signaling. VPC provides the users with an overall capacity. The set of VCCs should not exceed the VPC capacity. Between end user and switch: for user to network control information. Between two switches: for traffic management and routing functions.
  • 16. Continued… Characteristics of virtual channel: 1.Quality of service: Quality of service is specified by cell loss ratio and cell delay variation. 2.Switched and semi permanent virtual channel connections can be established. 3.Cell sequence integrity 4.Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring. The strategies can be: Deny request for new VCCs (the best choice) Discard cells Terminate existing connections (worst)
  • 17. ATM CELLS The ATM cell has 53 bytes, containing 5 bytes of header and 48 bytes of information. The advantages of this small and fixed cell size are: Cells can be switched more efficiently , leading to high-speed data transfer. Since the cell size is fixed, hardware implementation is easier. Queuing delay is reduced. Therefore it allows support for multimedia services.
  • 20. Continued… The UNI header consists of the following fields: Generic flow control - used to provide local functions, such as identifying multiple stations that share a single ATM interface. The GFC field is typically not used and is set to a default value. Virtual path identifier – used in conjunction with the VCI, to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches Virtual channel identifier - used, in conjunction with the VPI, to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination
  • 21. Continued… Payload type - t he first bit indicates whether the cell contains user data or control data. If the cell contains user data, the second bit indicates congestion, and the third bit indicates whether the cell is the last in a series of cells that represent a single AAL5 frame. Congestion loss priority - indicates whether the cell should be discarded if it encounters extreme congestion as it moves through the network. Header error control - is a checksum contains error control information.
  • 23. ATM Applications ATM is used for applications such as audio/video transmission in real time it is necessary that at the receiving end, the cells are received without variable delay. the cells should be received at a constant speed. Example, PCM-coded speech produces a continuous stream of bits at the rate of 64kbps. To transmit PCM over ATM, the PCM data stream has to be assembled into cells and transmitted over the network; at the receiver, the cells should be received with constant delay.
  • 24. Continued… To achieve this, special protocols are required. ATM adaptation layer (AAL) has been defined to provide the necessary services to handle such applications. The AAL provides the following services: Segmentation and reassembly Flow control and timing control Handling of transmission errors Handling of lost cells
  • 25.