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2 votes
1 answer
48 views

How a switching mixer works in this example circuit?

I am reading about lock-in amplifiers and came across this example circuit of a mixer: You have one sinusoidal input signal $e_1$ with a phase $\phi_1$ and the local oscillator has a square-wave ...
NeonGabu's user avatar
  • 229
22 votes
12 answers
8k views

How do computers store sound waves just by sampling the amplitude of a wave and not the frequency?

All of this just doesn’t make sense though. I mean, doesn’t the amplitude represent the loudness and the frequency the pitch? Aren’t they completely independent from each other? Is the book just ...
RedP's user avatar
  • 390
0 votes
1 answer
70 views

Doubt on time invariant system

Now I am delaying the output of a system (which takes $x \left( t \right)$ as input and gives $t \cdot x \left( t \right)$ as output) by $T$ then final output is: Let's denote the output of the ...
Qwe Boss's user avatar
7 votes
2 answers
555 views

What do I hear when listening to a computer-generated sine wave?

When I use a sine-wave generator (such as this one), I give credit to the software and my hardware that a pure sine wave is produced (as close as is technologically possible) — that is, no harmonics. ...
Aaron's user avatar
  • 173
0 votes
1 answer
241 views

What happens during under-modulation?

I need clarification regarding what exactly happens to the information in amplitude modulation if it is under-modulated. I know that if it is over-modulated, some information will not reach the ...
Shawn Leeny's user avatar
0 votes
1 answer
391 views

Removing $1/f$ noise with lock-in-amplifiers

On the Wikipedia page for 1/f noise (at the bottom of the page) it suggests the noise can be reduced if the signal of interest is at DC. DC signals suffer from significant 1/f noise, so one method of ...
jamie1989's user avatar
  • 1,816
1 vote
2 answers
67 views

Wireless data transmission more than a bit at a time

I'm not that educated in wireless data transmission, but, the basics of frequency modulation and or amplitude modulation are quite basic. Is there any examples of transferring more than a bit at a ...
CasperG's user avatar
  • 11
2 votes
1 answer
83 views

How LHC sensors work? [closed]

newbie here. I am here because after working with Raspberry Pi sensors and Analog to Digital converters, and computer processors, I wondered how exactly do sensors in large scale physics experiments ...
Tuomas Talvitie's user avatar
0 votes
2 answers
138 views

Multiple frequencies [closed]

could someone please inform me how it is possible to send multiple frequencies down one wire? I’m referring specifically to a communication protocol known as HART. It seems they send a 4-20mA signal ...
Blob's user avatar
  • 29
0 votes
1 answer
182 views

What does the phase discriminator portion of the Costas Receiver do mathematically?

What does the phase discriminator portion of the Costas Receiver do mathematically? The output of the $I$-channel is $ \frac{1}{2}A_C \cos \phi \, m(t) $. Which means for small deviation of phase $ \...
Anwesa Roy's user avatar
0 votes
1 answer
20 views

What influences the variance of signal transmission speed?

I'm currently thinking about the various sources that influence time when it is synchronized with the NTP protocol. One of them is the physical layer (OSI-model). When sending a bit over a cable, ...
Martin Thoma's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
123 views

How do scintillation detectors work, for gamma ray spectroscopy

So I understand what happens in the crystal with respect to the interactions and how the electrons in PMT are multiplied by hitting dynodes etc. But what I can't really seem to find any information on ...
james2018's user avatar
  • 579
0 votes
1 answer
45 views

Can the telephone signals be tapped by an intruder? [closed]

I have a doubt. There are lots of telecommunication signals moving across the world, at the same time. For example, take the case of mobile phone calls. Millions of speech signals are propagating ...
AlphaLife's user avatar
  • 12.5k
2 votes
1 answer
1k views

Larsen effect and pitch of sound

Why Larsen effect produces always high pitched sounds, never low pitched?
Anarchasis's user avatar
  • 1,343
0 votes
2 answers
218 views

Example of transfer function and driving signal equation

In a text I am using it states that for linear dynamical systems, there is a very simple relationship between the power spectrum of the driving signal and that of any one of the system variables. If ...
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