I need clarification regarding what exactly happens to the information in amplitude modulation if it is under-modulated. I know that if it is over-modulated, some information will not reach the receiving end (distortion), which can cause unintelligible sounds or scrambled video. Additionally, there is noise present. However, I cannot seem to grasp what exactly is the effect of under-modulation on the information? Is it not just the same as that of a perfect-modulation?
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Short answer—I'm not qualified to give a longer one:
Practical analog signal paths always are noisy. Reducing the modulation level will also reduce the signal-to-noise ratio. That makes it harder for the receiver to recover the desired information.
