WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEMS(WAMS)

This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.

This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.

This document discusses the input-output, heat rate, and incremental cost characteristics of thermal power plants. It defines input-output characteristics as a plot of fuel input versus power output. Heat rate is the ratio of fuel input to energy output and is the slope of the input-output curve. An incremental fuel rate curve plots the incremental fuel rate, or change in input divided by change in output, versus output. The incremental cost curve multiplies incremental fuel rate by fuel cost to determine incremental cost in monetary terms per unit of output. Economic dispatch of power plants aims to minimize total incremental costs while meeting demand.

The document discusses concepts related to resilience and self-healing in smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an electrical grid using communications technologies to improve efficiency. Key functions include enabling customer participation and accommodating different generation options. Self-healing is the ability of a system to automatically restore itself without human intervention. For the electrical grid, this means timely detection of issues and minimizing loss of service through reconfiguring resources. The transmission and distribution components can be modeled using graph theory to analyze resilience. Automatic meter reading is one approach for distribution grids.

Series compensation is used to improve the performance of extra high voltage transmission lines by connecting capacitors in series with the line. It allows for increased transmission capacity and improved system stability by reducing the phase angle between sending and receiving end voltages for the same power transfer. Shunt compensation controls the receiving end voltage by connecting shunt capacitors or reactors to meet reactive power demand and prevent voltage drops or rises. Flexible AC transmission systems use high-speed thyristors to switch transmission line components like capacitors and reactors to control parameters like voltages and reactances to optimize power transfer.

The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.

1. Power system stability refers to a power system's ability to maintain equilibrium after disturbances. Modern systems face stability challenges from complex interconnections and stressed operating conditions. 2. Rotor angle stability depends on synchronous machines maintaining synchronism after disturbances. It can be categorized as small signal or transient stability depending on the size of the disturbance. 3. The swing equation describes the rotor angle dynamics and acceleration of a synchronous machine. It balances the electromagnetic torque and mechanical input torque.

The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of stability (steady state, transient, and dynamic) and factors that affect transient stability. It also covers topics like the swing equation, equal area criterion, critical clearing angle, and multi-machine stability studies. Some key points: 1) Power system stability refers to a system's ability to return to normal operating conditions after disturbances like faults or load changes. 2) Transient stability depends on factors like fault duration and location, generator inertia, and pre-fault loading conditions. 3) The equal area criterion states that a system will remain stable if the accelerating and decelerating area segments on the power-angle curve are equal. 4)

This document provides an overview of optimization techniques applied to solve the unit commitment problem for a 10 unit power system. It describes the objective function and constraints of the unit commitment problem formulation. It then briefly introduces several common optimization techniques used to solve unit commitment, including simulated annealing, harmony search, and multi-agent evolutionary programming incorporating a priority list. The document presents cost comparisons of applying different optimization techniques to the standard 10 unit test system, including tabular and graphical summaries of results from research papers. It concludes with references.

Power system planning involves studies ranging from 1-10 years to determine generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs. Key aspects of transmission planning include load forecasting, generation expansion planning to meet load, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning to transmit power from generators to loads, and reactive power planning. Both static planning looking at single time periods and dynamic planning considering multiple time periods simultaneously are used. Transmission planning is interconnected with generation planning, as transmission systems deliver power from generators to loads.

This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.

1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines. 2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies. 3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to