A overview on WAMS/PMU.

This document discusses state estimation in power systems. It begins by defining state estimation as assigning values to unknown system state variables based on measurements according to some criteria. It then discusses that the most commonly used criterion is the weighted least squares method. It provides an example of using measurements to estimate voltage angles as state variables and calculate other power flows. Finally, it discusses the weighted least squares state estimation technique in detail including developing the measurement function matrix and solving the weighted least squares optimization.

Role of storage in smart grid Different types of storage technologies USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID TYPES OF BATTERIES SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE} Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid Real time pricing Smart Meters CLOUD Computing cyber security for smart grid Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

The document discusses various objectives and applications of static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power, control voltage profiles, minimize line overvoltage under light loads using shunt reactors, and maintain voltage levels under heavy loads using shunt capacitors. Midpoint shunt compensation significantly increases transmitted power and is best located at the midpoint where voltage sag is maximum. End of line shunt compensation effectively increases voltage stability limits and regulates terminal voltages to prevent voltage instability. Shunt compensation can also improve transient stability and damp power oscillations on transmission lines.

An introduction to power quality and various power quality issues. Please do comment your corrections and suggestions...

This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.

The document discusses Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC), a FACTS device that uses thyristors to control the capacitive reactance of transmission lines. TCSC can enhance power flow, limit fault current, improve stability and transients. It introduces benefits like mitigating subsynchronous resonance risks, damping power oscillations, and improving post-contingency stability. TCSC operates in modes like blocking, bypass, capacitive boost and inductive boost to accurately regulate power flow and damp oscillations while increasing transmission capacity and stability.

The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of stability (steady state, transient, and dynamic) and factors that affect transient stability. It also covers topics like the swing equation, equal area criterion, critical clearing angle, and multi-machine stability studies. Some key points: 1) Power system stability refers to a system's ability to return to normal operating conditions after disturbances like faults or load changes. 2) Transient stability depends on factors like fault duration and location, generator inertia, and pre-fault loading conditions. 3) The equal area criterion states that a system will remain stable if the accelerating and decelerating area segments on the power-angle curve are equal. 4)

This document discusses constraints and load flow analysis in power systems. It outlines four key constraints: active power constraint, reactive power constraint, voltage magnitude constraint, and load angle constraint. It also describes load flow analysis as a balanced mechanism between demand and generation under incremental loading. Load flow analysis is important for the safe and future operation of power systems. The document further discusses bus classification, basic power flow conditions including the proportional relationships between reactive power and voltage and active power and load angle. It also covers the development of the Y-bus matrix considering line resistances and inductances alone and then including line capacitances.

This presentation deals with various aspects of voltage stability and various tools to analyze and stabilize voltage.

The document discusses the operation of a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC). It describes the basic components of a TCSC including its controller, capacitor, and thyristor-controlled reactor. It explains the three main modes of TCSC operation - bypassed thyristor mode, blocked thyristor mode, and partially conducting thyristor or vernier mode. The bypassed and blocked modes allow the TCSC to behave as a fixed capacitor or inductor. The vernier mode provides continuously variable capacitive or inductive reactance through phase-controlled thyristor firing.

The load dispatch center monitors and controls the power system to ensure reliable power supply. It collects data using a SCADA system and oversees elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines. The load dispatch center performs economic and secure operation of the power system, and works to restore power lines after faults. It is responsible for functions like load forecasting, outage monitoring, voltage regulation, load scheduling, and coordination between grids.

This document discusses power quality and defines it as the ability of a power system to supply voltage continuously within tolerances. It outlines various power quality events like sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, and their causes and effects. It then describes various techniques to mitigate power quality issues, including dynamic voltage restorers, harmonic filters, static VAR compensators, and unified power quality conditioners. Maintaining high power quality improves system efficiency and equipment lifespan while eliminating problems like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and reactive power issues.

This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.

The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.

A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system. In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.

The document discusses key aspects of smart grid distribution systems, including what a smart grid is, how it works, its components like smart meters and microgrids, and technologies involved like SCADA systems and energy storage. Some benefits are more reliable and accurate billing, reduced energy theft, and improved integration of distributed renewable generation. Case studies show how utilities are implementing smart grid technologies to improve reliability, incorporate more renewables, and engage customers.

The document discusses emerging facts about STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) controllers. It describes that a STATCOM is a voltage source converter that produces synchronized AC output voltages using a DC voltage input to compensate for reactive power. It can improve dynamic voltage control, power oscillation damping, transient stability, voltage flicker control, and control of both reactive and active power. The STATCOM structure uses encapsulated electronic converters in a small footprint to minimize environmental impact. It can independently generate or absorb reactive power depending on the magnitude of its output voltage compared to the line voltage.

This document discusses the hardware implementation of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using a DSP microcontroller, GPS receiver, and supporting components. PMUs are used to measure voltage and current phasors in real time with synchronized time tags. The hardware PMU is tested in a LabVIEW environment. Measured voltage and current signals are converted to digital values and transmitted via an RS232 link. Output signals from the hardware are also sent via SMS using a GSM modem.

GPS technology provides an accurate timing signal that can be used to synchronize measurements across large power grids. Power companies have implemented GPS-based time synchronization devices in power plants and substations due to repeated power blackouts demonstrating the need for improved synchronization. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) use GPS signals to provide synchronized voltage and current phasor measurements from different substations. These synchronized phasor measurements allow various applications including improved monitoring, control, and prediction of issues like voltage instability.

This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel low-cost WAMPAC system for power network monitoring and control. The system uses data sampling units to measure voltage, current, and frequency from distribution feeders. A data concentrator unit timestamps the measurements using a GPS module and stores them in a database. A master controller provides remote monitoring and control via wireless communication. Various protection schemes like distance, overcurrent, differential and synchronizing are implemented for feeder protection and coordinated between the feeder and master controllers. The proposed low-cost design aims to provide reliable monitoring and protection at an affordable price for all power sectors.

This document describes the real-time implementation of an adaptive wide-area control system (WACS) that considers communication delays. The WACS uses measurements from different areas of a power system to provide stabilizing control signals to generators. A simultaneous recurrent neural network is used for system identification and control in the WACS design. The performance of the WACS is evaluated on a two-area power system model implemented on a real-time digital simulator. The WACS is able to provide damping and compensate for communication delays of up to 1.4 seconds in signals.

Telemetry is the process of measuring physical variables remotely and transmitting the data to another location for analysis and recording. The document discusses different types of telemetry including wire and wireless systems. It provides details on the components of a basic telemetry system such as transducers, conditioning circuits, modulators/encoders, transmitters, receivers, and demodulators. Wireless telemetry is commonly used for applications where the measurement area is not accessible, as it allows transmission over longer distances and at higher speeds compared to wire systems. Real-time telemetry is important for applications like aircraft testing where data is monitored during maneuvers from a safe ground station.

The document discusses wide area measurement systems (WAMS) which are used to monitor India's electricity grid. WAMS take synchronized phasor measurements from across the grid using phasor measurement units (PMUs) and transmit the data to control centers. This provides operators wide area situational awareness to improve stability. Currently there are about 60 PMUs providing data but larger scale deployment is needed to maximize benefits. WAMS combines metering with communication to acquire synchronized phasor data, transmit it, and process it to monitor the grid at a high level of granularity.

In order to increase power system stability and reliability during and after disturbances, power grid global and local controllers must be developed. SCADA system provides steady and low sampling density. To remove these limitation PMUs are being rapidly adopted worldwide. Dynamic states of power system can be estimated using EKF. This requires field excitation as input which may not available. As a result, the EKF with unknown inputs proposed for identifying and estimating the states and the unknown inputs of the synchronous machine.

This document proposes a personalized wireless sensor network communication model for automating electric power distribution. It involves using sensor networks to monitor parameters like voltage, current, temperature across the distribution system. Sensors would be grouped into clusters and use a virtual MIMO scheme within clusters to reduce errors from transients. Between clusters, a location-aware GEAR routing protocol would be used to route data to monitoring stations efficiently. This decentralized approach could automate operations faster than current centralized SCADA systems while reducing power consumption. It could also help detect electricity theft by strategically placing sensor nodes along transmission lines.

This document describes the development of a phasor measurement unit (PMU) for remote power system monitoring. Key points include: - A PMU was designed and developed to measure voltage, current, frequency and phase at the distribution level to monitor the power system remotely. - Software was created to log measurements from the PMU and allow remote monitoring via web and mobile platforms. - The PMU design uses an NI myRIO computing platform, current and voltage sensors, and a GPS receiver for time synchronization to provide synchrophasor data for applications like oscillation detection and frequency/voltage stability monitoring.

This document presents a new hybrid technique for detecting unsymmetrical faults in transmission lines using data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The technique analyzes positive sequence voltage and current measurements from PMUs. It was tested on the IEEE 9 Bus System in MATLAB/Simulink. The results showed the effectiveness of using positive sequence voltage magnitudes to identify faults - a drop or change indicated the faulty area. When this approach failed, positive sequence current magnitudes were analyzed instead, with a maximum value pinpointing the nearest bus to the fault. The technique provides an accurate way to detect faults compared to conventional non-PMU methods.

SmartWAM (Wide-Area Monitoring System with Synchrophasor) is a wide-area monitoring system that performs the collection, processing and displaying of synchrophasor data on the basis of Phasor Measurement Unit technology to reliably and timely monitor large-scaled power systems. SmartWAMS can be deployed independently of SCADA system to assist the SCADA system in the monitoring, operation, computation and off-line analysis.

As modern electric power systems are transforming into smart grids, real time wide area monitoring system (WAMS) has become an essential tool for operation and control. With the increasing applications of WAMS for on-line stability analysis and control in smart grids, phasor measurement unit (PMU) is becoming a key element in wide area measurement system and the consequence of the failure of PMU is very severe and may cause a black out. Therefore reliable operation of PMU is very much essential for smooth functioning of the power system. This thesis is focused mainly on evaluating the reliability of PMU using hidden Markov model. Firstly, the probability of given observation sequence is obtained for the individual modules and PMU as a whole using forward and backward algorithm. Secondly, the optimal state sequence each module passes through is found. Thirdly, the parameters of the hidden Markov model are re-estimated using Baum-Welch algorithm.

About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.

Smart meters are advanced electric meters that allow two-way communication between the utility and customers. They provide benefits like more accurate billing, outage detection, and potential cost savings through time-based pricing programs. However, some are concerned about the health effects of the radiofrequency radiation emitted by smart meters and their mesh networks. Opponents argue that smart meters increase overall radiation exposure and fossil fuel usage compared to traditional analog meters. The World Health Organization has classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans based on some evidence of increased cancer risk from cell phone use.

This document summarizes a 32-channel modular multi-input data acquisition system called KAU-MIDAS-I designed for industrial process gamma tomography applications. The system allows counting pulses from up to 32 NaI(TI) scintillation detectors simultaneously. It is housed in standard 19-inch racks for easy mounting and mobility. Each pulse processing system module processes signals from 8 detectors and includes high voltage supply, preamplifier, amplifier, and single channel analyzer components on a single board, making the system compact. The system provides synchronization between data acquisition and motion control systems for tomography applications.

This document describes a 32-channel modular multi-input data acquisition system called KAU-MIDAS-I that was designed for industrial process gamma tomography applications using NaI(TI) scintillation detectors. The system allows counting pulses from up to 32 detectors simultaneously. It is housed in standard 19-inch racks for easy mounting and mobility. Each pulse processing system module can process signals from 8 detectors, handling high voltage supply, pulse processing, and interfacing with the data acquisition system. The compact, modular design makes the system portable while maintaining synchronization between detector motion and data collection.