The document discusses strategies for software testing. It defines different levels of testing including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and validation testing. It also discusses different testing approaches such as test-driven development, behavior-driven development, and agile testing. The document provides details on unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and validation testing. It discusses testing strategies, testing methods including black box testing and white box testing, and the differences between black box and white box testing.
The document discusses various software testing strategies and techniques including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and smoke testing. It also covers test team roles, documenting test cases, debugging approaches, and when testing is considered complete. The main goals of testing are to find defects, validate that requirements have been met, and ensure proper functionality and performance. A variety of testing tools and strategies can be used including simulators, monitors, analyzers, and test data generators.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including the necessity of testing, goals of testing, different testing methods like static vs dynamic testing and white box vs black box testing, different testing levels from unit to system testing, testing approaches like bottom-up and top-down, different types of testing like alpha and beta testing, and functional vs non-functional testing. It provides examples of beta tests and concludes that complete testing is infeasible due to time and resource constraints.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing including definitions, principles, objectives, types and processes. It defines testing as "the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors". The key principles discussed are that testing shows presence of bugs but not their absence, exhaustive testing is impossible, early testing is beneficial, and testing must be done by an independent party. The major types of testing covered are unit testing, integration testing and system testing.
Software testing is the process of evaluation a software item to detect differences between given input and expected output. Also to assess the feature of A software item. Testing assesses the quality of the product. Software testing is a process that should be done during the development process. In other words software testing is a verification and validation process.
Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).
Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a computer program/application/product:
• meets the requirements that guided its design and development,
• works as expected,
• can be implemented with the same characteristics,
• and satisfies the needs of stakeholders.
Software Development Process Cycle:-
PLAN (P): Device a plan. Define your objective and determine the strategy and supporting methods required to achieve that objective.
DO (D): Execute the plan. Create the conditions and perform the necessary training to execute the plan.
CHECK (C): Check the results. Check to determine whether work is progressing according to the plan and whether the results are obtained.
ACTION (A): Take the necessary and appropriate action if checkup reveals that the work is not being performed according to plan or not as anticipated.
The document discusses software testing terminology, principles, and phases. It defines errors, faults, failures, and their relationships. It also covers software quality metrics and attributes like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. Twelve principles of software testing are outlined around test planning, invalid/unexpected inputs, regression testing, and integrating testing into the development lifecycle. The phases of a software project are described as requirements gathering, planning, design, development, and testing.
A presentation on software testing importance , types, and levels,...
This presentation contains videos, it may be unplayable on slideshare and need to download
This document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions, purposes, strategies, methods, levels, types, and tools. It defines software testing as evaluating a system to determine if it meets requirements and works as expected. Testing is necessary to find errors, improve reliability and quality, and satisfy users. Strategies include unit, integration, and validation testing. Methods are divided into black-box and white-box testing. Levels include unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. Types incorporate installation, compatibility, smoke, regression, alpha, and beta testing. Tools aid in test management, functional testing, load testing, and debugging.
Fundamentals of software testing, testing levels and types, testing throughout the software life-cycle, bug report and bug severity.
Automated tests via selenium web-driver with a demo.
1. The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including failure, error, fault, and defect.
2. A failure occurs when software fails to perform its required function, an error is a mistake by a programmer, a fault is a condition that causes software to fail, and a defect is a bug or flaw in software.
3. The differences are that a defect is a programming mistake, an error causes a defect, a fault is a condition from an error that causes failure when the software does not function as required.
The document discusses various software development life cycle models and testing methodologies. It introduces the waterfall model, prototyping model, rapid application development model, spiral model, and component assembly model. It then covers testing fundamentals, test case design, white box and black box testing techniques, and the relationships between quality assurance, quality control, verification and validation.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing such as the definitions of testing, different testing methodologies like black box and white box testing, testing levels from unit to acceptance testing, and performance testing types including stress, recovery, and compatibility testing. It also covers testing tools, test plans, test cases, and the software development life cycle.
Software quality and testing (func. & non func.)
Functional testing types include:
- Testing functionality according to requirements
- Testing web services interfaces and compliance with standards
- Conducting testing for software version changes and data migration
Non-functional testing types include:
- Performance testing to ensure systems meet specified performance levels
- Load testing to identify bottlenecks and determine behavior under heavy loads
- Stress testing to detect errors under excessive operational capacity
- Compatibility testing to ensure applications work in different environments
- Security testing to adopt security procedures and probe for vulnerabilities
- Usability testing to evaluate from an end-user perspective
Testbytes is a community of software testers who are passionate about quality and love to test. We develop an in-depth understanding of the applications under test and include software testing strategies that deliver quantifiable results.
In short, we help in building incredible software.
What are Software Testing Methodologies | Software Testing Techniques | EdurekaEdureka!
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This Edureka PPT on "Software Testing Methodologies and Techniques" will give you in-depth knowledge about different types of software testing models and techniques
The following are the topics covered in the session:
Importance of Software Testing
Software Testing Methodologies
Software Testing Techniques
Black-Box Techniques
White-Box Techniques
Experience-Based Techniques
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The document discusses software testing concepts like verification, validation, whitebox testing, and blackbox testing. Verification ensures the product satisfies specifications, while validation ensures it meets customer requirements. Whitebox testing uses internal knowledge to test code, while blackbox testing treats the system as a black box without internal knowledge. The document also covers different types of testing like unit, integration, and functional testing.
The document discusses strategies for software testing. It recommends starting with unit testing at the component level and then moving outward to integration testing. Different testing techniques are used at different phases, including white box and black box testing. Validation testing ensures that requirements are met before final system testing in the actual operational environment.
The document discusses various software testing strategies and techniques including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and smoke testing. It also covers test team roles, documenting test cases, debugging approaches, and when testing is considered complete. The main goals of testing are to find defects, validate that requirements have been met, and ensure proper functionality and performance. A variety of testing tools and strategies can be used including simulators, monitors, analyzers, and test data generators.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including the necessity of testing, goals of testing, different testing methods like static vs dynamic testing and white box vs black box testing, different testing levels from unit to system testing, testing approaches like bottom-up and top-down, different types of testing like alpha and beta testing, and functional vs non-functional testing. It provides examples of beta tests and concludes that complete testing is infeasible due to time and resource constraints.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing including definitions, principles, objectives, types and processes. It defines testing as "the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors". The key principles discussed are that testing shows presence of bugs but not their absence, exhaustive testing is impossible, early testing is beneficial, and testing must be done by an independent party. The major types of testing covered are unit testing, integration testing and system testing.
Software testing is the process of evaluation a software item to detect differences between given input and expected output. Also to assess the feature of A software item. Testing assesses the quality of the product. Software testing is a process that should be done during the development process. In other words software testing is a verification and validation process.
Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).
Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a computer program/application/product:
• meets the requirements that guided its design and development,
• works as expected,
• can be implemented with the same characteristics,
• and satisfies the needs of stakeholders.
Software Development Process Cycle:-
PLAN (P): Device a plan. Define your objective and determine the strategy and supporting methods required to achieve that objective.
DO (D): Execute the plan. Create the conditions and perform the necessary training to execute the plan.
CHECK (C): Check the results. Check to determine whether work is progressing according to the plan and whether the results are obtained.
ACTION (A): Take the necessary and appropriate action if checkup reveals that the work is not being performed according to plan or not as anticipated.
The document discusses software testing terminology, principles, and phases. It defines errors, faults, failures, and their relationships. It also covers software quality metrics and attributes like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. Twelve principles of software testing are outlined around test planning, invalid/unexpected inputs, regression testing, and integrating testing into the development lifecycle. The phases of a software project are described as requirements gathering, planning, design, development, and testing.
A presentation on software testing importance , types, and levels,...
This presentation contains videos, it may be unplayable on slideshare and need to download
This document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions, purposes, strategies, methods, levels, types, and tools. It defines software testing as evaluating a system to determine if it meets requirements and works as expected. Testing is necessary to find errors, improve reliability and quality, and satisfy users. Strategies include unit, integration, and validation testing. Methods are divided into black-box and white-box testing. Levels include unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. Types incorporate installation, compatibility, smoke, regression, alpha, and beta testing. Tools aid in test management, functional testing, load testing, and debugging.
Fundamentals of software testing, testing levels and types, testing throughout the software life-cycle, bug report and bug severity.
Automated tests via selenium web-driver with a demo.
Concept of Failure, error, fault and defectchaklee191
1. The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including failure, error, fault, and defect.
2. A failure occurs when software fails to perform its required function, an error is a mistake by a programmer, a fault is a condition that causes software to fail, and a defect is a bug or flaw in software.
3. The differences are that a defect is a programming mistake, an error causes a defect, a fault is a condition from an error that causes failure when the software does not function as required.
The document discusses various software development life cycle models and testing methodologies. It introduces the waterfall model, prototyping model, rapid application development model, spiral model, and component assembly model. It then covers testing fundamentals, test case design, white box and black box testing techniques, and the relationships between quality assurance, quality control, verification and validation.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing such as the definitions of testing, different testing methodologies like black box and white box testing, testing levels from unit to acceptance testing, and performance testing types including stress, recovery, and compatibility testing. It also covers testing tools, test plans, test cases, and the software development life cycle.
Software quality and testing (func. & non func.)Pragya G
Functional testing types include:
- Testing functionality according to requirements
- Testing web services interfaces and compliance with standards
- Conducting testing for software version changes and data migration
Non-functional testing types include:
- Performance testing to ensure systems meet specified performance levels
- Load testing to identify bottlenecks and determine behavior under heavy loads
- Stress testing to detect errors under excessive operational capacity
- Compatibility testing to ensure applications work in different environments
- Security testing to adopt security procedures and probe for vulnerabilities
- Usability testing to evaluate from an end-user perspective
Testbytes is a community of software testers who are passionate about quality and love to test. We develop an in-depth understanding of the applications under test and include software testing strategies that deliver quantifiable results.
In short, we help in building incredible software.
The document discusses the importance of software testing and provides examples of why it is needed. It describes an incident where a radiation therapy machine caused patient deaths due to a lack of software testing. It then lists some of the key benefits of testing such as bug discovery and prevention, improving quality, and gaining confidence in code. The document also provides an overview of different levels of software testing from unit to acceptance testing and describes tools like JUnit that can be used to make testing easier.
Software testers are also well trained to take care of bugs that arise during the functioning of any software program. With the right quality assurance training, you will be armed with all the essentials to be qualified as a software tester. It is also essential that you enroll for a duly approved and certified training in quality assurance.
Once you acquire the necessary qa training, you will also learn the two most important skills required in software testing- advanced technical knowledge and communication.
As a proficient software tester, you should ideally possess strong written and verbal communication skills.
Good communication is important to ensure you are able to put our concepts and ideas across so that other team members understand your vision as well as understanding of the situation at hand. Even a small miscommunication can lead to serious errors in the completion of the software project.
The role of a QA professional is quite an integral one since it eases off the burden of other personnel like stakeholders, software developers as well as software managers. These people do not have to constantly worry about the quality, performance as well the errors faced in developing as well as using any new software developed.
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Software testing is a formal process where specialized testing teams examine software units, integrated units, or entire packages by running programs on a computer according to approved test procedures and cases. The purpose is to find errors in software before customers receive releases, ensuring software is robust and free of bugs. Software testing evaluates deliverables to find errors and detect differences between inputs and expected outputs.
Testing is the process of executing a program with the intention of finding errors. Software testing is an analysis that gives data to estimate quality and includes executing programs to find bugs. Testing is done by software testers, developers, project leads, and end users and includes both manual and automated methods. Functional testing examines a system's functionality against requirements while non-functional testing examines reliability, efficiency and other non-functional aspects.
This is the power point presentation on Software Testing. Software Testing is the process of finding error or bug in the developed software product based on the client requirement.
This power point presentation give the basic knowledge about the software testing.
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This document discusses various types of software testing methods and strategies. It describes black box testing as treating software as a black box without knowledge of internal implementation. White box testing involves working with internal data structures and algorithms. Unit testing validates individual units of source code. The document outlines the aims, processes, advantages, and limitations of these different testing approaches.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its components to identify differences between expected and actual results. It involves executing a system to identify gaps, errors, or missing requirements. There are different types of testing such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Testing can be manual, automated, functional, or non-functional. Functional testing evaluates system functionality while non-functional testing evaluates attributes like performance and security. Common non-functional test types are load testing and stress testing which analyze a system's behavior under different load conditions.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its components to identify errors or gaps between expected and actual results. It can be done manually or through automation. There are different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Testing also includes functional testing to check system requirements and non-functional testing to evaluate performance. Key aspects of testing include the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different models like waterfall, prototyping, incremental, spiral, and agile.
The document discusses various software testing methods, including static testing, white box testing, black box testing, unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. It outlines the benefits and pitfalls of each method. For example, static testing can find defects early but is time-consuming, while black box testing tests from a user perspective but may leave code paths untested. The document recommends using a black box approach combined with top-down integration testing, breaking the system into subsystems and assigning specific test responsibilities.
Software Testing :
It is the process used to identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software.
It is the process of executing a program/application under positive and negative conditions by manual or automated means. It checks for the :-
Specification
Functionality
Performance
The document discusses different types of software testing including manual testing, automation testing, black box testing, white box testing, and grey box testing. It provides details on when each type of testing should be used and their advantages and disadvantages. The levels of software testing covered are unit testing, integration testing, system testing, regression testing, acceptance testing, alpha testing, and beta testing. Non-functional testing types like performance testing, load testing, and stress testing are also explained.
This document discusses software testing. It defines software testing as evaluating a system to determine if it meets requirements. It then discusses different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. It also covers testing techniques like black box testing, which focuses on functionality without knowing internal design, and white box testing, which tests internal program structure. Finally, it discusses testing at different levels like unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing and the importance of regression testing when changes are made.
Here we are discussing the worth of software testing i.e how testing improves the quality of any product before its launching. You will also learn techniques of software testing in brief and benefits .
This document provides an introduction to software testing. It defines software testing as a process used to identify correctness, completeness, and quality of computer software. The key points covered include: why software testing is important; who should be involved in testing; when testing should start and stop in the software development lifecycle; the differences between verification and validation; types of errors; types of testing including manual and automation; methods like black box and white box testing; levels of testing from unit to acceptance; and definitions of test plans and test cases.
The document discusses different types of software testing including manual testing techniques like white box, black box and grey box testing. It also discusses automated testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, functional testing, non-functional testing types like performance, load, stress, scalability, stability and usability testing. Compatibility testing is also discussed which checks if the software works across different platforms and environments.
Software testing is an important phase of the software development process that evaluates the functionality and quality of a software application. It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Some key points:
- Software testing is needed to identify defects, ensure customer satisfaction, and deliver high quality products with lower maintenance costs.
- It is important for different stakeholders like developers, testers, managers, and end users to work together throughout the testing process.
- There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and different methodologies like manual and automated testing. Proper documentation is also important.
- Testing helps improve the overall quality of software but can never prove that there
Software Testing
Different Types of Software Testing
Verification
Validation
Unit Testing
Beta Testing
Alpha Testing
Black Box Testing
White Box testing
Error
Bug
This document contains a 50 question quiz about XML technology. The questions cover topics like the definition of XML, XML syntax and structure, XML parsers, XML schemas, XML DOM, using XML with HTML and data binding, and the benefits of XML. The quiz tests knowledge of XML fundamentals, best practices, and how XML is used with other technologies.
Relational algebra is a relational query language that takes two relations as input and produces another relation as output. It uses fundamental operations like selection, projection, set intersection, and natural join. The selection operation is denoted by σ and uses predicates in the subscript and relation in parentheses. Set difference is denoted by - and allows finding tuples in one relation not in another. The assignment operator is denoted by <-. Relational algebra includes selection, projection, and aggregation operators but not division. Example queries demonstrate the selection operation on relations to find students by team or fees criteria.
This document contains 25 multiple choice questions about database management systems (DBMS). The questions cover topics such as database architecture, data modeling, transactions, security, and normalization. Example questions ask about the components of a database environment, the purpose of rollback in a database, and which normal form is considered adequate for relational database design.
This document contains questions and answers related to software engineering. Some key points covered include:
- Software is defined as a set of programs, documentation, and configuration of data.
- Data flow diagrams (DFDs) describe data flow.
- Characteristics of software include being engineered rather than manufactured, not wearing out, and being customizable.
- Outdated or obsolete software programs are called legacy applications.
- The IEEE 830-1998 standard provides requirements for software requirement specification and design activities.
- The primary objectives of a requirements model are to describe customer needs, provide a basis for design, and define validatable requirements.
- The spiral model combines elements of the waterfall and
The management spectrum describes the management of a software project through four key elements: people, product, process, and project. It focuses on controlling these elements to smoothly progress the project from planning to completion. People include all those involved from managers to developers. The product is the ultimate goal being developed. The process provides the framework for development. And the project encompasses the entire software development lifecycle from requirements to maintenance.
This document discusses software engineering and the software process. It explains that the software process provides a framework with activities like requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and deployment. The process also includes umbrella activities like project management, quality assurance, and configuration management. A key purpose of the software process is to deliver software in a timely manner with sufficient quality. It establishes context for producing work products and managing quality, change, and milestones.
This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI). It defines AI as the simulation of human intelligence by machines, especially computer systems, involving processes like learning, reasoning, and self-correction. The document then discusses the history of AI, current applications like mobile phones and robotics, challenges such as building trust in AI systems, and the future potential of AI in areas like automated transportation and improving elder care. It concludes by defining AI as the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines.
This document summarizes a group signature scheme that is resistant to colluding attacks. It begins with definitions of group signatures and their requirements. It then discusses applications of group signatures, including e-voting, e-commerce, and corporate organizations. The document outlines the phases of a typical group signature scheme and the issue of collusion. It proposes a group signature scheme using a trusted third party to manage communications and prevent colluding attacks. The key phases of the proposed scheme are setup, join, signature generation, verification, and open. It discusses an implementation of the proposed scheme using Java and a database. In conclusion, the proposed scheme satisfies security properties and is applicable to applications like e-voting and e-commerce.
This document discusses using the Apriori algorithm to generate association rules from a supermarket dataset in order to gain insights into customer purchasing patterns. It provides an introduction to association rule mining and market basket analysis. It then describes applying the Apriori algorithm to the supermarket dataset using the Weka tool to generate rules based on support and confidence measures. The rules can benefit customers and organizations by suggesting additional products customers may want to purchase.
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Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
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About Astro Pathshala
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For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
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The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
2. A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SOFTWARE TESTING
Testing is a set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted
systematically. For this reason a template for software testing—a set of steps
into which we can place specific test-case design techniques and testing
methods—should be defined for the software process.
What is it? Software is tested to uncover errors that were made inadvertently
as it was designed and constructed. But how do you conduct the tests? Should
you develop a formal plan for your tests? Should you test the entire program as
a whole or run tests only on a small part of it? Should you rerun tests you’ve
already conducted as you add new components to a large system? When
should you involve the customer? These and many other questions are
answered when you develop a software testing strategy.
Who does it? A strategy for software testing is developed by the project
manager, software engineers, and testing specialists.
3. LEVELS OF TESTING
UNIT TESTING : Size of single module can be tested easily.
INTEGRATION TESTING : If single module work fine then it’s time to test
that they will work fine if integrated together.
SYSTEM TESTING : Testing the behavior of whole system,(As defined in
Software Requirement Specification i.e. SRS) .
VALIDATION TESTING : Testing a system as whole to find out if it is satisfies
the requirements specifications.
Unit Testing
Integration
testing
System
Testing
Acceptance/
Validation
Testing
7. UNIT TESTING
UNIT TESTING is a type of software testing where individual units or
components of a software are tested. The purpose is to validate that each unit of
the software code performs as expected. Unit Testing is done during the
development (coding phase) of an application by the developers. Unit Tests
isolate a section of code and verify its correctness. A unit may be an individual
function, method, procedure, module, or object.
Code coverage techniques used in Unit Testing are listed below:
• Statement Coverage
• Decision Coverage
• Branch Coverage
• Condition Coverage
• Finite State Machine Coverage
8. INTEGRATION TESTING
INTEGRATION TESTING is defined as a type of testing where software
modules are integrated logically and tested as a group. A typical software
project consists of multiple software modules, coded by different
programmers. The purpose of this level of testing is to expose defects in the
interaction between these software modules when they are integrated.
Once all the components or modules are working independently, then we
need to check the data flow between the dependent modules is known
as integration testing.
Approaches :
• Top Down
• Bottom Up
• Sandwich/ Hybrid
10. MAINTENANCE TESTING
Regression Testing : Whenever a Software product is updated with
new code, features or functionality, it is tested thoroughly to detect
is there any negative impact of added code.
Smoke Testing : It is used when software product is rebuilt(with
new components added) and smoke test everyday.
11. SYSTEM TESTING
SYSTEM TESTING is a level of testing that validates the complete
and fully integrated software product. The purpose of a system test
is to evaluate the end-to-end system specifications. Usually, the
software is only one element of a larger computer-based system.
Ultimately, the software is interfaced with other software/hardware
systems. System Testing is actually a series of different tests whose
sole purpose is to exercise the full computer-based system.
12. Recovery Testing: To test system’s ability to recover from failure.
Security & Portability Testing: This is done when software is meant to work on
various platforms and accessed by number of persons..
14. VERIFICATION TESTING
Verification is the process of
evaluating work-products of a
development phase to determine
whether they meet the specified
requirements.
verification ensures that the product
is built according to the
requirements and design
specifications. It also answers to the
question, Are we building the
product right?
15. VALIDATION TESTING
Validation Testing, carried out by QA
professionals, is to determine if the system
complies with the requirements and
performs functions for which it is intended
and meets the organization’s goals and user
needs. This kind of testing is very
important, as well as verification testing.
Validation is done at the end of the
development process and takes place after
verification is completed.
17. METHODS OF TESTING
Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which the
internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested
is not known to the tester
White Box Testing is a software testing method in which the
internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested
is known to the tester.
18. BLACK BOX TESTING
In the black-box testing, test cases are designed from an examination of the
input/output values only and no knowledge of design, or code is required. The
following are the two main approaches to designing black box test cases.
• Equivalence class portioning
• Boundary value analysis
Equivalence Class Partitioning
In this approach, the domain of input values to a program is partitioned into a set of
equivalence classes. This partitioning is done such that the behavior of the program is
similar for every input data belonging to the same equivalence class.
Boundary Value Analysis
A type of programming error frequently occurs at the boundaries of different
equivalence classes of inputs. The reason behind such errors might purely be due to
psychological factors.
19. WHITE BOX TESTING
One white-box testing strategy is said to be stronger than another strategy, if all
types of errors detected by the first testing strategy is also detected by the
second testing strategy, and the second testing strategy additionally detects
some more types of errors.
Control Flow Graph (CFG)
A control flow graph describes the sequence in which the different instructions
of a program get executed. In other words, a control flow graph describes how
the control flows through the program.
Data flow-based testing
Data flow-based testing method selects test paths of a program according to the
locations of the definitions and uses of different variables in a program.
20. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLACK BOX TESTING AND WHITE BOX TESTING
Parameter Black Box testing White Box testing
Definition It is a testing approach which is
used to test the software without
the knowledge of the internal
structure of program or
application.
It is a testing approach in which
internal structure is known to the
tester.
Alias It also knowns as data-driven, box
testing, data-, and functional
testing.
It is also called structural testing,
clear box testing, code-based
testing, or glass box testing.
Base of Testing Testing is based on external
expectations; internal behavior of
the application is unknown.
Internal working is known, and
the tester can test accordingly.
Usage This type of testing is ideal for
higher levels of testing like
System Testing, Acceptance
testing.
Testing is best suited for a lower
level of testing like Unit Testing,
Integration testing.
21. Parameter Black Box testing White Box testing
Programming knowledge Programming knowledge is not
needed to perform Black Box
testing.
Programming knowledge is
required to perform White Box
testing.
Implementation knowledge Implementation knowledge is not
requiring doing Black Box testing.
Complete understanding needs to
implement White Box testing.
Automation Test and programmer are
dependent on each other, so it is
tough to automate.
White Box testing is easy to
automate.
Objective The main objective of this testing is
to check what functionality of the
system under test.
The main objective of White Box
testing is done to check the quality
of the code.
Basis for test cases Testing can start after preparing
requirement specification
document.
Testing can start after preparing for
Detail design document.
Tested by Performed by the end user,
developer, and tester.
Usually done by tester and
developers.
22. Parameter Black Box testing White Box testing
Granularity Granularity is low. Granularity is high.
Testing method It is based on trial and error
method.
Data domain and internal
boundaries can be tested.
Time It is less exhaustive and time-
consuming.
Exhaustive and time-consuming
method.
Algorithm test Not the best method for algorithm
testing.
Best suited for algorithm testing.
Benefit Well suited and efficient for large
code segments.
It allows removing the extra lines of
code, which can bring in hidden
defects.
Skill level Low skilled testers can test the
application with no knowledge of
the implementation of
programming language or
operating system.
Need an expert tester with vast
experience to perform white box
testing.
23. Parameter Black Box testing White Box testing
Techniques Equivalence partitioning is Black
box testing technique is used for
Black box testing.
Equivalence partitioning divides
input values into valid and invalid
partitions and selecting
corresponding values from each
partition of the test data.
Boundary value analysis
checks boundaries for input
values.
Statement Coverage, Branch
coverage, and Path coverage are
White Box testing technique.
Statement Coverage validates
whether every line of the code is
executed at least once.
Branch coverage validates whether
each branch is executed at least
once
Path coverage method tests all the
paths of the program.
Drawbacks Update to automation test script is
essential if you to modify
application frequently.
Automated test cases can become
useless if the code base is rapidly
changing.