MapReduce is a software framework introduced by Google that enables automatic parallelization and distribution of large-scale computations. It hides the details of parallelization, data distribution, load balancing, and fault tolerance. MapReduce allows programmers to specify a map function that processes key-value pairs to generate intermediate key-value pairs, and a reduce function that merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key. It then automatically parallelizes the computation across large clusters of machines.
A Unified Framework for Computer Vision Tasks: (Conditional) Generative Model...
Lab seminar introduces Ting Chen's recent 3 works:
- Pix2seq: A Language Modeling Framework for Object Detection (ICLR’22)
- A Unified Sequence Interface for Vision Tasks (NeurIPS’22)
- A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videos (submitted to ICLR’23)
La gestione dei log è da sempre un argomento complesso e nel tempo si sono cercate varie soluzioni più o meno complesse, spesso difficili da integrare nel proprio stack applicativo. Daremo un’ overview generale dei principali sistemi di aggregazione evoluta dei log in realtime (Fluentd, Greylog, eccetera) e illustreremo del motivo ci ha spinto a scegliere ELK per risolvere un’esigenza del nostro cliente; ovvero di consultare i log in modo piu comprensibile da persone non tecniche.
Lo stack ELK (Elasticsearch Logstash Kibana) permette agli sviluppatori di consultare i log in fase di debug / produzione senza avvalersi dello staff sistemistico. Dimostreremo come abbiamo eseguito il deployment dello stack ELK e lo abbiamo implementato per interpretare e strutturare
i log applicativi di Magento.
Natural Language Processing: Comparing NLTK and OpenNLP
In this presentation presented in AI & ML meetup on 2nd Feb, Sangram Mishra develops the same NLP solution using NLTK and OpenNLP, Sangram compares and contrasts the two open source technologies for deeper understanding and insights on choosing and using them for real-world projects.
An introductory but very precise slide on mathematics of RNN/LSTM algorithms. You would get a clearer understanding on RNN back/forward propagation with this.
*This slide is not finished yet. If you like it, please give me some feedback to motivate me.
I made this slide as an intern in DATANOMIQ Gmbh
URL: https://www.datanomiq.de/
This document provides an overview of caching strategies when using an API gateway. It first discusses different types of caches like HTTP caches, DNS caches, and database caches. It then focuses on caching strategies for web services, specifically caching within an API gateway. It discusses patterns like cache-aside, read-through, and write-through. It also covers using replication caches for API gateway infrastructure data and distributing caches between nodes. Finally, it provides examples of caching technologies that could be used in an API gateway like Ehcache, Infinispan, Hazelcast, and Redis.
The Transformer in Vision | Xavier Giro | Master in Computer Vision Barcelona...
The document discusses the Vision Transformer (ViT) model for computer vision tasks. It covers:
1. How ViT tokenizes images into patches and uses position embeddings to encode spatial relationships.
2. ViT uses a class embedding to trigger class predictions, unlike CNNs which have decoders.
3. The receptive field of ViT grows as the attention mechanism allows elements to attend to other distant elements in later layers.
4. Initial results showed ViT performance was comparable to CNNs when trained on large datasets but lagged CNNs trained on smaller datasets like ImageNet.
Donald Knuth is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He began writing "The Art of Computer Programming" in 1962, which is a comprehensive monograph that covers various programming algorithms and their analysis. The work is divided into multiple volumes that cover different aspects of computer programming such as fundamental algorithms, sorting and searching, and syntactic algorithms. In developing the book, Knuth also popularized the use of asymptotic notation or "Big O" notation to characterize the growth rate of functions. Frustrated with publishing tools at the time, he developed the TeX computer typesetting system, which later became known as LaTeX. Knuth is strongly opposed to software patents, arguing that ideas that should be easily
1. O manual apresenta as diferentes assinaturas do selo I'm green da Braskem, incluindo assinaturas completas, simples e com descritivos.
2. São descritas as proporções corretas para aplicação de cada assinatura e são fornecidas versões em cores e monocromáticas.
3. O documento também especifica a área de reserva do selo e reduções máximas de acordo com diferentes suportes e técnicas de impressão.
What is a superpixel?
This presentation describes Superpixel algorithms such as watershed, mean-shift, SLIC, BSLIC (SLIC superpixels based on boundary term)
references:
[1] Luc Vincent and Pierre Soille. Watersheds in digital spaces: An efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 13(6):583–598, 1991.
[2] D. Comaniciu and P. Meer. Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(5):603–619, May 2002.
[3] Radhakrishna Achanta, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Süsstrunk, SLIC Superpixels Compared to State-of-the-art Superpixel Methods, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 34, num. 11, p. 2274 - 2282, May 2012.
[4] Radhakrishna Achanta, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Süsstrunk, SLIC Superpixels, EPFL Technical Report no. 149300, June 2010.
[5] Hai Wang, Xiongyou Peng, Xue Xiao, and Yan Liu, BSLIC: SLIC Superpixels Based on Boundary Term, Symmetry 2017, 9(3), Feb 2017.
HDFS-HC: A Data Placement Module for Heterogeneous Hadoop Clusters
An increasing number of popular applications become data-intensive in nature. In the past decade, the World Wide Web has been adopted as an ideal platform for developing data-intensive applications, since the communication paradigm of the Web is sufficiently open and powerful. Data-intensive applications like data mining and web indexing need to access ever-expanding data sets ranging from a few gigabytes to several terabytes or even petabytes. Google leverages the MapReduce model to process approximately twenty petabytes of data per day in a parallel fashion. In this talk, we introduce the Google’s MapReduce framework for processing huge datasets on large clusters. We first outline the motivations of the MapReduce framework. Then, we describe the dataflow of MapReduce. Next, we show a couple of example applications of MapReduce. Finally, we present our research project on the Hadoop Distributed File System.
The current Hadoop implementation assumes that computing nodes in a cluster are homogeneous in nature. Data locality has not been taken into
account for launching speculative map tasks, because it is
assumed that most maps are data-local. Unfortunately, both
the homogeneity and data locality assumptions are not satisfied
in virtualized data centers. We show that ignoring the datalocality issue in heterogeneous environments can noticeably
reduce the MapReduce performance. In this paper, we address
the problem of how to place data across nodes in a way that
each node has a balanced data processing load. Given a dataintensive application running on a Hadoop MapReduce cluster,
our data placement scheme adaptively balances the amount of
data stored in each node to achieve improved data-processing
performance. Experimental results on two real data-intensive
applications show that our data placement strategy can always
improve the MapReduce performance by rebalancing data
across nodes before performing a data-intensive application
in a heterogeneous Hadoop cluster.
This document provides an overview of Google's Bigtable distributed storage system. It describes Bigtable's data model as a sparse, multidimensional sorted map indexed by row, column, and timestamp. Bigtable stores data across many tablet servers, with a single master server coordinating metadata operations like tablet assignment and load balancing. The master uses Chubby, a distributed lock service, to track which tablet servers are available and reassign tablets if servers become unreachable.
This document describes MapReduce, a programming model and software framework for processing large datasets in a distributed manner. It introduces the key concepts of MapReduce including the map and reduce functions, distributed execution across clusters of machines, and fault tolerance. The document outlines how MapReduce abstracts away complexities like parallelization, data distribution, and failure handling. It has been used successfully at Google for large-scale tasks like search indexing and machine learning.
This document provides an overview of MapReduce, a programming model developed by Google for processing and generating large datasets in a distributed computing environment. It describes how MapReduce abstracts away the complexities of parallelization, fault tolerance, and load balancing to allow developers to focus on the problem logic. Examples are given showing how MapReduce can be used for tasks like word counting in documents and joining datasets. Implementation details and usage statistics from Google demonstrate how MapReduce has scaled to process exabytes of data across thousands of machines.
The document discusses network performance profiling of Hadoop jobs. It presents results from running two common Hadoop benchmarks - Terasort and Ranked Inverted Index - on different Amazon EC2 instance configurations. The results show that the shuffle phase accounts for a significant portion (25-29%) of total job runtime. They aim to reproduce existing findings that network performance is a key bottleneck for shuffle-intensive Hadoop jobs. Some questions are also raised about inconsistencies in reported network bandwidth capabilities for EC2.
MapReduce:Simplified Data Processing on Large Cluster Presented by Areej Qas...
MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets on a distributed computing environment. It allows users to write map and reduce functions to process input key/value pairs in parallel across large clusters of commodity machines. The MapReduce framework handles parallelization, scheduling, input/output distribution, and fault tolerance automatically, allowing developers to focus just on the logic of their map and reduce functions. The paper presents the MapReduce model and describes its implementation at Google for processing terabytes of data across thousands of machines efficiently and with fault tolerance.
Map reduce - simplified data processing on large clusters
The document describes MapReduce, a programming model and software framework for processing large datasets in a distributed computing environment. It discusses how MapReduce allows users to specify map and reduce functions to parallelize tasks across large clusters of machines. It also covers how MapReduce handles parallelization, fault tolerance, and load balancing transparently through an easy-to-use programming interface.
The document discusses using Map-Reduce for machine learning algorithms on multi-core processors. It describes rewriting machine learning algorithms in "summation form" to express the independent computations as Map tasks and aggregating results as Reduce tasks. This formulation allows the algorithms to be parallelized efficiently across multiple cores. Specific machine learning algorithms that have been implemented or analyzed in this Map-Reduce framework are listed.
This document discusses using R for large-scale data analysis on distributed data clouds. It recommends splitting large datasets into segments using MapReduce or UDFs, then building separate models for each segment in R. PMML can be used to combine the separate models into an ensemble model. The Sawmill framework is proposed to preprocess data in parallel, build models for each segment using R, and combine the models into a PMML file for deployment. Running R on each segment sequentially allows scaling to large datasets, with examples showing processing times for different numbers of segments.
MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets in parallel across clusters of machines. It involves splitting the input data into independent chunks which are processed by the "map" step, and then grouping the outputs of the maps together and inputting them to the "reduce" step to produce the final results. The MapReduce paper presented Google's implementation which ran on a large cluster of commodity machines and used the Google File System for fault tolerance. It demonstrated that MapReduce can efficiently process very large amounts of data for applications like search, sorting and counting word frequencies.
The document provides an introduction to physics-informed machine learning. It discusses the limitations of traditional modeling approaches and machine learning alone. Physics-informed machine learning aims to embed physical laws and constraints into machine learning models. There are three main approaches: incorporating observational biases, inductive biases from physics, and learning biases like physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). PINNs have been applied to problems with complex geometries and different physical laws but can have convergence issues that require further research. Overall, physics-informed machine learning shows promise for improving simulations but many open problems remain.
The document discusses programmable network devices and open programmability. Key points include:
1) Programmable network devices allow non-vendor applications to run on network devices through technologies like Java Virtual Machines, enabling new types of applications and local computation on devices.
2) This open programmability enables applications involving distributed computing across network devices and servers, as well as new services like mobile agents, local intelligence for network management systems, and application-layer collaboration between routers and servers.
3) Achieving open programmability requires architectures like programmable networks, active networking, and network services architectures that provide standardized interfaces and safe execution environments for third-party applications on devices.
The macrame of scholarly training - collecting the cords that bind Danny Kingsley
This document summarizes a presentation on the need for a modern curriculum to teach research skills to students. It argues that current training focuses more on teaching and learning but not research practice. A modern curriculum is needed to define and standardize the skills required for research. Libraries are well-positioned to help develop such a curriculum since they already provide much of the training on skills like scholarly communication. Developing a standardized framework of research skills would help libraries and others consistently teach the practices needed for success in research.
A Unified Framework for Computer Vision Tasks: (Conditional) Generative Model...Sangwoo Mo
Lab seminar introduces Ting Chen's recent 3 works:
- Pix2seq: A Language Modeling Framework for Object Detection (ICLR’22)
- A Unified Sequence Interface for Vision Tasks (NeurIPS’22)
- A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videos (submitted to ICLR’23)
La gestione dei log è da sempre un argomento complesso e nel tempo si sono cercate varie soluzioni più o meno complesse, spesso difficili da integrare nel proprio stack applicativo. Daremo un’ overview generale dei principali sistemi di aggregazione evoluta dei log in realtime (Fluentd, Greylog, eccetera) e illustreremo del motivo ci ha spinto a scegliere ELK per risolvere un’esigenza del nostro cliente; ovvero di consultare i log in modo piu comprensibile da persone non tecniche.
Lo stack ELK (Elasticsearch Logstash Kibana) permette agli sviluppatori di consultare i log in fase di debug / produzione senza avvalersi dello staff sistemistico. Dimostreremo come abbiamo eseguito il deployment dello stack ELK e lo abbiamo implementato per interpretare e strutturare
i log applicativi di Magento.
In this presentation presented in AI & ML meetup on 2nd Feb, Sangram Mishra develops the same NLP solution using NLTK and OpenNLP, Sangram compares and contrasts the two open source technologies for deeper understanding and insights on choosing and using them for real-world projects.
An introductory but very precise slide on mathematics of RNN/LSTM algorithms. You would get a clearer understanding on RNN back/forward propagation with this.
*This slide is not finished yet. If you like it, please give me some feedback to motivate me.
I made this slide as an intern in DATANOMIQ Gmbh
URL: https://www.datanomiq.de/
This document provides an overview of caching strategies when using an API gateway. It first discusses different types of caches like HTTP caches, DNS caches, and database caches. It then focuses on caching strategies for web services, specifically caching within an API gateway. It discusses patterns like cache-aside, read-through, and write-through. It also covers using replication caches for API gateway infrastructure data and distributing caches between nodes. Finally, it provides examples of caching technologies that could be used in an API gateway like Ehcache, Infinispan, Hazelcast, and Redis.
The document discusses the Vision Transformer (ViT) model for computer vision tasks. It covers:
1. How ViT tokenizes images into patches and uses position embeddings to encode spatial relationships.
2. ViT uses a class embedding to trigger class predictions, unlike CNNs which have decoders.
3. The receptive field of ViT grows as the attention mechanism allows elements to attend to other distant elements in later layers.
4. Initial results showed ViT performance was comparable to CNNs when trained on large datasets but lagged CNNs trained on smaller datasets like ImageNet.
Donald Knuth is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He began writing "The Art of Computer Programming" in 1962, which is a comprehensive monograph that covers various programming algorithms and their analysis. The work is divided into multiple volumes that cover different aspects of computer programming such as fundamental algorithms, sorting and searching, and syntactic algorithms. In developing the book, Knuth also popularized the use of asymptotic notation or "Big O" notation to characterize the growth rate of functions. Frustrated with publishing tools at the time, he developed the TeX computer typesetting system, which later became known as LaTeX. Knuth is strongly opposed to software patents, arguing that ideas that should be easily
Manual de aplicação I'green (Empresa Braskem)qsustentavel
1. O manual apresenta as diferentes assinaturas do selo I'm green da Braskem, incluindo assinaturas completas, simples e com descritivos.
2. São descritas as proporções corretas para aplicação de cada assinatura e são fornecidas versões em cores e monocromáticas.
3. O documento também especifica a área de reserva do selo e reduções máximas de acordo com diferentes suportes e técnicas de impressão.
What is a superpixel?
This presentation describes Superpixel algorithms such as watershed, mean-shift, SLIC, BSLIC (SLIC superpixels based on boundary term)
references:
[1] Luc Vincent and Pierre Soille. Watersheds in digital spaces: An efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 13(6):583–598, 1991.
[2] D. Comaniciu and P. Meer. Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(5):603–619, May 2002.
[3] Radhakrishna Achanta, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Süsstrunk, SLIC Superpixels Compared to State-of-the-art Superpixel Methods, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 34, num. 11, p. 2274 - 2282, May 2012.
[4] Radhakrishna Achanta, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Süsstrunk, SLIC Superpixels, EPFL Technical Report no. 149300, June 2010.
[5] Hai Wang, Xiongyou Peng, Xue Xiao, and Yan Liu, BSLIC: SLIC Superpixels Based on Boundary Term, Symmetry 2017, 9(3), Feb 2017.
HDFS-HC: A Data Placement Module for Heterogeneous Hadoop ClustersXiao Qin
An increasing number of popular applications become data-intensive in nature. In the past decade, the World Wide Web has been adopted as an ideal platform for developing data-intensive applications, since the communication paradigm of the Web is sufficiently open and powerful. Data-intensive applications like data mining and web indexing need to access ever-expanding data sets ranging from a few gigabytes to several terabytes or even petabytes. Google leverages the MapReduce model to process approximately twenty petabytes of data per day in a parallel fashion. In this talk, we introduce the Google’s MapReduce framework for processing huge datasets on large clusters. We first outline the motivations of the MapReduce framework. Then, we describe the dataflow of MapReduce. Next, we show a couple of example applications of MapReduce. Finally, we present our research project on the Hadoop Distributed File System.
The current Hadoop implementation assumes that computing nodes in a cluster are homogeneous in nature. Data locality has not been taken into
account for launching speculative map tasks, because it is
assumed that most maps are data-local. Unfortunately, both
the homogeneity and data locality assumptions are not satisfied
in virtualized data centers. We show that ignoring the datalocality issue in heterogeneous environments can noticeably
reduce the MapReduce performance. In this paper, we address
the problem of how to place data across nodes in a way that
each node has a balanced data processing load. Given a dataintensive application running on a Hadoop MapReduce cluster,
our data placement scheme adaptively balances the amount of
data stored in each node to achieve improved data-processing
performance. Experimental results on two real data-intensive
applications show that our data placement strategy can always
improve the MapReduce performance by rebalancing data
across nodes before performing a data-intensive application
in a heterogeneous Hadoop cluster.
This document provides an overview of Google's Bigtable distributed storage system. It describes Bigtable's data model as a sparse, multidimensional sorted map indexed by row, column, and timestamp. Bigtable stores data across many tablet servers, with a single master server coordinating metadata operations like tablet assignment and load balancing. The master uses Chubby, a distributed lock service, to track which tablet servers are available and reassign tablets if servers become unreachable.
This document describes MapReduce, a programming model and software framework for processing large datasets in a distributed manner. It introduces the key concepts of MapReduce including the map and reduce functions, distributed execution across clusters of machines, and fault tolerance. The document outlines how MapReduce abstracts away complexities like parallelization, data distribution, and failure handling. It has been used successfully at Google for large-scale tasks like search indexing and machine learning.
This document provides an overview of MapReduce, a programming model developed by Google for processing and generating large datasets in a distributed computing environment. It describes how MapReduce abstracts away the complexities of parallelization, fault tolerance, and load balancing to allow developers to focus on the problem logic. Examples are given showing how MapReduce can be used for tasks like word counting in documents and joining datasets. Implementation details and usage statistics from Google demonstrate how MapReduce has scaled to process exabytes of data across thousands of machines.
The document discusses network performance profiling of Hadoop jobs. It presents results from running two common Hadoop benchmarks - Terasort and Ranked Inverted Index - on different Amazon EC2 instance configurations. The results show that the shuffle phase accounts for a significant portion (25-29%) of total job runtime. They aim to reproduce existing findings that network performance is a key bottleneck for shuffle-intensive Hadoop jobs. Some questions are also raised about inconsistencies in reported network bandwidth capabilities for EC2.
MapReduce:Simplified Data Processing on Large Cluster Presented by Areej Qas...areej qasrawi
MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets on a distributed computing environment. It allows users to write map and reduce functions to process input key/value pairs in parallel across large clusters of commodity machines. The MapReduce framework handles parallelization, scheduling, input/output distribution, and fault tolerance automatically, allowing developers to focus just on the logic of their map and reduce functions. The paper presents the MapReduce model and describes its implementation at Google for processing terabytes of data across thousands of machines efficiently and with fault tolerance.
Map reduce - simplified data processing on large clustersCleverence Kombe
The document describes MapReduce, a programming model and software framework for processing large datasets in a distributed computing environment. It discusses how MapReduce allows users to specify map and reduce functions to parallelize tasks across large clusters of machines. It also covers how MapReduce handles parallelization, fault tolerance, and load balancing transparently through an easy-to-use programming interface.
The document discusses using Map-Reduce for machine learning algorithms on multi-core processors. It describes rewriting machine learning algorithms in "summation form" to express the independent computations as Map tasks and aggregating results as Reduce tasks. This formulation allows the algorithms to be parallelized efficiently across multiple cores. Specific machine learning algorithms that have been implemented or analyzed in this Map-Reduce framework are listed.
Sawmill - Integrating R and Large Data CloudsRobert Grossman
This document discusses using R for large-scale data analysis on distributed data clouds. It recommends splitting large datasets into segments using MapReduce or UDFs, then building separate models for each segment in R. PMML can be used to combine the separate models into an ensemble model. The Sawmill framework is proposed to preprocess data in parallel, build models for each segment using R, and combine the models into a PMML file for deployment. Running R on each segment sequentially allows scaling to large datasets, with examples showing processing times for different numbers of segments.
MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets in parallel across clusters of machines. It involves splitting the input data into independent chunks which are processed by the "map" step, and then grouping the outputs of the maps together and inputting them to the "reduce" step to produce the final results. The MapReduce paper presented Google's implementation which ran on a large cluster of commodity machines and used the Google File System for fault tolerance. It demonstrated that MapReduce can efficiently process very large amounts of data for applications like search, sorting and counting word frequencies.
Users define a deadline for cluster computing tasks. The proposed solution uses stream processing and MapReduce to dynamically expand or contract the cluster size to meet the deadline while minimizing costs. The authors implemented deadline queries on Amazon EC2 and experiments showed the approach was feasible and effective in meeting deadlines even when introducing node perturbations.
This document discusses embarrassingly parallel problems and the MapReduce programming model. It provides examples of MapReduce functions and how they work. Key points include:
- Embarrassingly parallel problems can be easily split into independent parts that can be solved simultaneously without much communication. MapReduce is well-suited for these types of problems.
- MapReduce involves two functions - map and reduce. Map processes a key-value pair to generate intermediate key-value pairs, while reduce merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key.
- Implementations like Hadoop handle distributed execution, parallelization, data partitioning, and fault tolerance. Users just provide map and reduce functions.
This document provides an introduction to MapReduce programming model. It describes how MapReduce inspired by Lisp functions works by dividing tasks into mapping and reducing parts that are distributed and processed in parallel. It then gives examples of using MapReduce for word counting and calculating total sales. It also provides details on MapReduce daemons in Hadoop and includes demo code for summing array elements in Java and doing word counting on a text file using the Hadoop framework in Python.
Data Science is concerned with the analysis of large amounts of data. When the volume of data is really large, it requires the use of cooperating, distributed machines. The most popular method of doing this is Hadoop, a collection of programs to perform computations on connected machines in a cluster. Hadoop began life as an open-source implementation of MapReduce, an idea first developed and implemented by Google for its own clusters. Though Hadoop's MapReduce is Java-based, and quite complex, this talk focuses on the "streaming" facility, which allows Python programmers to use MapReduce in a clean and simple way. We will present the core ideas of MapReduce and show you how to implement a MapReduce computation using Python streaming. The presentation will also include an overview of the various components of the Hadoop "ecosystem."
NYC Data Science Academy is excited to welcome Sam Kamin who will be presenting an Introduction to Hadoop for Python Programmers a well as a discussion of MapReduce with Streaming Python.
Sam Kamin was a professor in the University of Illinois Computer Science Department. His research was in programming languages, high-performance computing, and educational technology. He taught a wide variety of courses, and served as the Director of Undergraduate Programs. He retired as Emeritus Associate Professor, and worked at Google until taking his current position as VP of Data Engineering in NYC Data Science Academy.
--------------------------------------
Our fall 12-Week Data Science bootcamp starts on Sept 21st,2015. Apply now to get a spot!
If you are hiring Data Scientists, call us at (1)888-752-7585 or reach info@nycdatascience.com to share your openings and set up interviews with our excellent students.
This document provides an introduction to big data and MapReduce frameworks. It discusses:
- What big data is and examples of large datasets.
- An overview of MapReduce, including how it allows programmers to break problems into parallelizable map and reduce tasks.
- Details of how MapReduce frameworks like Apache Hadoop work, including distributed processing, fault tolerance, and the roles of mappers, reducers, and other components.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes the MapReduce programming model and associated implementation developed by Google for processing and generating large datasets in a distributed computing environment. It describes how users specify computations using map and reduce functions, and the underlying system automatically parallelizes execution across large clusters, handles failures, and coordinates inter-machine communication. The authors note over 10,000 distinct programs have been implemented using MapReduce internally at Google to process over 20 petabytes of data daily across its clusters.
In this session you will learn:
1. Meet MapReduce
2. Word Count Algorithm – Traditional approach
3. Traditional approach on a Distributed System
4. Traditional approach – Drawbacks
5. MapReduce Approach
6. Input & Output Forms of a MR program
7. Map, Shuffle & Sort, Reduce Phase
8. WordCount Code walkthrough
9. Workflow & Transformation of Data
10. Input Split & HDFS Block
11. Relation between Split & Block
12. Data locality Optimization
13. Speculative Execution
14. MR Flow with Single Reduce Task
15. MR flow with multiple Reducers
16. Input Format & Hierarchy
17. Output Format & Hierarchy
The document discusses distributed computing and the MapReduce programming model. It provides examples of how Folding@home and PS3s contribute significantly to distributed computing projects. It then explains challenges with inter-machine parallelism like communication overhead and load balancing. The document outlines Google's MapReduce model which handles these issues and makes programming distributed systems easier through its map and reduce functions.
Hadoop Institutes: kelly technologies are the best Hadoop Training Institutes in Hyderabad. Providing Hadoop training by real time faculty in Hyderabad.
http://www.kellytechno.com/Hyderabad/Course/Hadoop-Training
The document presents Debug Me, a statistical-based fault localization toolbox. It discusses categories of bug localization techniques, including static and dynamic analysis. It also covers related work on statistical approaches like SOBER and challenges they address. Debug Me ranks predicates based on their evaluation biases in passing and failing tests to localize bugs. It was evaluated on Siemens programs and showed improvements over previous techniques. Future work includes enhancing Debug Me and studying how test suites impact accuracy.
The document introduces type-2 fuzzy sets, which can model uncertainty, and their applications in perceptual computing. It discusses interval and general type-2 fuzzy sets, type-2 fuzzy set theory and operations, type-2 fuzzy systems, and an example of using type-2 fuzzy logic for image edge detection. It then explains computing with words, perceptual computing using type-2 fuzzy logic to model linguistic uncertainty, and presents an example application of a journal publishing judgment advisor that uses perceptual computing.
Megastore is a scalable data storage system developed by Google to meet the requirements of modern interactive online services. It blends the scalability of NoSQL databases with the convenience of SQL, providing ACID transactions across entity groups. Megastore uses Bigtable for data storage and an improved Paxos algorithm to synchronously replicate transaction logs across data centers, achieving high availability even in the case of data center failures.
This document summarizes a probabilistic algorithm for online 3D mobile robot mapping presented by Noha Quan Ravi. The algorithm uses an online Expectation-Maximization approach to build 3D maps from laser rangefinder and camera sensor data in real-time. It models the environment as planar surfaces and represents each surface with nine parameters. The algorithm iterates between estimating surface correspondences to measurements (E-step) and re-estimating the surface parameters (M-step). It processes a constant number of new measurements at each time step to allow real-time mapping performance as the robot moves through its environment. Experimental results demonstrate it can successfully build 3D maps of indoor environments in real-time.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling behavior modification through reward-induced attitude change. It describes:
1) Modeling the internal cognitive and psychological state of a person and designing a controller to track desired behavior via rewards.
2) The system model accounts for theories of planned behavior, cognitive dissonance, and overjustification. Dissonance is quantified as the percentage of inconsistent cognitive pairs.
3) The controller is designed in two stages to either increase positive attitude or allow for attitude reversal, with the goal of minimizing cognitive dissonance and guiding behavior.
This document presents an approach for autonomous resource provisioning in virtual data centers. It aims to optimize resource allocation to avoid under and overprovisioning while enabling service differentiation. The proposed solution uses machine learning models to predict resource needs and a fuzzy rule-based system to tune allocations based on errors. It was tested on a real workload trace achieving accurate predictions. The system can also adapt online or offline through retraining models with new data to maintain optimal resource allocation over time.
Comparison Table of DiskWarrior Alternatives.pdfAndrey Yasko
To help you choose the best DiskWarrior alternative, we've compiled a comparison table summarizing the features, pros, cons, and pricing of six alternatives.
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Quantum Communications Q&A with Gemini LLM. These are based on Shannon's Noisy channel Theorem and offers how the classical theory applies to the quantum world.
Are you interested in dipping your toes in the cloud native observability waters, but as an engineer you are not sure where to get started with tracing problems through your microservices and application landscapes on Kubernetes? Then this is the session for you, where we take you on your first steps in an active open-source project that offers a buffet of languages, challenges, and opportunities for getting started with telemetry data.
The project is called openTelemetry, but before diving into the specifics, we’ll start with de-mystifying key concepts and terms such as observability, telemetry, instrumentation, cardinality, percentile to lay a foundation. After understanding the nuts and bolts of observability and distributed traces, we’ll explore the openTelemetry community; its Special Interest Groups (SIGs), repositories, and how to become not only an end-user, but possibly a contributor.We will wrap up with an overview of the components in this project, such as the Collector, the OpenTelemetry protocol (OTLP), its APIs, and its SDKs.
Attendees will leave with an understanding of key observability concepts, become grounded in distributed tracing terminology, be aware of the components of openTelemetry, and know how to take their first steps to an open-source contribution!
Key Takeaways: Open source, vendor neutral instrumentation is an exciting new reality as the industry standardizes on openTelemetry for observability. OpenTelemetry is on a mission to enable effective observability by making high-quality, portable telemetry ubiquitous. The world of observability and monitoring today has a steep learning curve and in order to achieve ubiquity, the project would benefit from growing our contributor community.
Implementations of Fused Deposition Modeling in real worldEmerging Tech
The presentation showcases the diverse real-world applications of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) across multiple industries:
1. **Manufacturing**: FDM is utilized in manufacturing for rapid prototyping, creating custom tools and fixtures, and producing functional end-use parts. Companies leverage its cost-effectiveness and flexibility to streamline production processes.
2. **Medical**: In the medical field, FDM is used to create patient-specific anatomical models, surgical guides, and prosthetics. Its ability to produce precise and biocompatible parts supports advancements in personalized healthcare solutions.
3. **Education**: FDM plays a crucial role in education by enabling students to learn about design and engineering through hands-on 3D printing projects. It promotes innovation and practical skill development in STEM disciplines.
4. **Science**: Researchers use FDM to prototype equipment for scientific experiments, build custom laboratory tools, and create models for visualization and testing purposes. It facilitates rapid iteration and customization in scientific endeavors.
5. **Automotive**: Automotive manufacturers employ FDM for prototyping vehicle components, tooling for assembly lines, and customized parts. It speeds up the design validation process and enhances efficiency in automotive engineering.
6. **Consumer Electronics**: FDM is utilized in consumer electronics for designing and prototyping product enclosures, casings, and internal components. It enables rapid iteration and customization to meet evolving consumer demands.
7. **Robotics**: Robotics engineers leverage FDM to prototype robot parts, create lightweight and durable components, and customize robot designs for specific applications. It supports innovation and optimization in robotic systems.
8. **Aerospace**: In aerospace, FDM is used to manufacture lightweight parts, complex geometries, and prototypes of aircraft components. It contributes to cost reduction, faster production cycles, and weight savings in aerospace engineering.
9. **Architecture**: Architects utilize FDM for creating detailed architectural models, prototypes of building components, and intricate designs. It aids in visualizing concepts, testing structural integrity, and communicating design ideas effectively.
Each industry example demonstrates how FDM enhances innovation, accelerates product development, and addresses specific challenges through advanced manufacturing capabilities.
Fluttercon 2024: Showing that you care about security - OpenSSF Scorecards fo...Chris Swan
Have you noticed the OpenSSF Scorecard badges on the official Dart and Flutter repos? It's Google's way of showing that they care about security. Practices such as pinning dependencies, branch protection, required reviews, continuous integration tests etc. are measured to provide a score and accompanying badge.
You can do the same for your projects, and this presentation will show you how, with an emphasis on the unique challenges that come up when working with Dart and Flutter.
The session will provide a walkthrough of the steps involved in securing a first repository, and then what it takes to repeat that process across an organization with multiple repos. It will also look at the ongoing maintenance involved once scorecards have been implemented, and how aspects of that maintenance can be better automated to minimize toil.
Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Em...Erasmo Purificato
Slide of the tutorial entitled "Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Emerging Trends" held at UMAP'24: 32nd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (July 1, 2024 | Cagliari, Italy)
Mitigating the Impact of State Management in Cloud Stream Processing SystemsScyllaDB
Stream processing is a crucial component of modern data infrastructure, but constructing an efficient and scalable stream processing system can be challenging. Decoupling compute and storage architecture has emerged as an effective solution to these challenges, but it can introduce high latency issues, especially when dealing with complex continuous queries that necessitate managing extra-large internal states.
In this talk, we focus on addressing the high latency issues associated with S3 storage in stream processing systems that employ a decoupled compute and storage architecture. We delve into the root causes of latency in this context and explore various techniques to minimize the impact of S3 latency on stream processing performance. Our proposed approach is to implement a tiered storage mechanism that leverages a blend of high-performance and low-cost storage tiers to reduce data movement between the compute and storage layers while maintaining efficient processing.
Throughout the talk, we will present experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in mitigating the impact of S3 latency on stream processing. By the end of the talk, attendees will have gained insights into how to optimize their stream processing systems for reduced latency and improved cost-efficiency.
How RPA Help in the Transportation and Logistics Industry.pptxSynapseIndia
Revolutionize your transportation processes with our cutting-edge RPA software. Automate repetitive tasks, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency in the logistics sector with our advanced solutions.
UiPath Community Day Kraków: Devs4Devs ConferenceUiPathCommunity
We are honored to launch and host this event for our UiPath Polish Community, with the help of our partners - Proservartner!
We certainly hope we have managed to spike your interest in the subjects to be presented and the incredible networking opportunities at hand, too!
Check out our proposed agenda below 👇👇
08:30 ☕ Welcome coffee (30')
09:00 Opening note/ Intro to UiPath Community (10')
Cristina Vidu, Global Manager, Marketing Community @UiPath
Dawid Kot, Digital Transformation Lead @Proservartner
09:10 Cloud migration - Proservartner & DOVISTA case study (30')
Marcin Drozdowski, Automation CoE Manager @DOVISTA
Pawel Kamiński, RPA developer @DOVISTA
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
09:40 From bottlenecks to breakthroughs: Citizen Development in action (25')
Pawel Poplawski, Director, Improvement and Automation @McCormick & Company
Michał Cieślak, Senior Manager, Automation Programs @McCormick & Company
10:05 Next-level bots: API integration in UiPath Studio (30')
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
10:35 ☕ Coffee Break (15')
10:50 Document Understanding with my RPA Companion (45')
Ewa Gruszka, Enterprise Sales Specialist, AI & ML @UiPath
11:35 Power up your Robots: GenAI and GPT in REFramework (45')
Krzysztof Karaszewski, Global RPA Product Manager
12:20 🍕 Lunch Break (1hr)
13:20 From Concept to Quality: UiPath Test Suite for AI-powered Knowledge Bots (30')
Kamil Miśko, UiPath MVP, Senior RPA Developer @Zurich Insurance
13:50 Communications Mining - focus on AI capabilities (30')
Thomasz Wierzbicki, Business Analyst @Office Samurai
14:20 Polish MVP panel: Insights on MVP award achievements and career profiling
How Social Media Hackers Help You to See Your Wife's Message.pdfHackersList
In the modern digital era, social media platforms have become integral to our daily lives. These platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Snapchat, offer countless ways to connect, share, and communicate.
Best Practices for Effectively Running dbt in Airflow.pdfTatiana Al-Chueyr
As a popular open-source library for analytics engineering, dbt is often used in combination with Airflow. Orchestrating and executing dbt models as DAGs ensures an additional layer of control over tasks, observability, and provides a reliable, scalable environment to run dbt models.
This webinar will cover a step-by-step guide to Cosmos, an open source package from Astronomer that helps you easily run your dbt Core projects as Airflow DAGs and Task Groups, all with just a few lines of code. We’ll walk through:
- Standard ways of running dbt (and when to utilize other methods)
- How Cosmos can be used to run and visualize your dbt projects in Airflow
- Common challenges and how to address them, including performance, dependency conflicts, and more
- How running dbt projects in Airflow helps with cost optimization
Webinar given on 9 July 2024
2. Problem and Motivations
— Large Data Size
— Limited CPU Powers
— Difficulties of Distributed , Parallel Computing
2
3. MapReduce
— MapReduce is a Software framework
— introduced by Google
— Enables automatic parallelization and distribution
of large-scale computations
— Hides the details of parallelization, data
distribution, load balancing and fault tolerance.
— Achieves high performance
3
4. Outline
— MapReduce : Execution Example
— Programming Model
— MapReduce: Distributed Execution
— More Examples
— Customization on Cluster
— Refinements
— Performance measurement
— Conclusion and Future Work
— MapReduce in other companies
4
6. Example
q Input:
— Page 1: the weather is good
— Page 2: today is good
— Page 3: good weather is good.
q Output Desired:
The frequency each word is encountered in all pages.
(the 1), (is 3), (weather 2),(today 1), (good 4)
6
7. Input
The weather is good Today is good Good weather is good
Data
map(key, value):
for each word w in value:
emit(w, 1)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Intermediate
Data
(The,1) (weather,1) (is,1) (good,1) (Today,1) (is,1) (good,1)
(good,1) (weather,1) (is,1) (good,1)
Group by Key
reduce(key, values):
result=0
Grouped
for each count v in values
(The,[1]) (weather,[1,1]) (is,[1,1,1]) (good,[1,1,1]) (Today,[1])
Data
result += v
emit(key, result)
R
R
R
R
R
Output
Data
(The,1) (weather, 2) (is, 3) (good,3) (Today,1)
7
8. Programming Model
§ Input : A set of key/value pairs
§ Programmer specifies two functions:
Map
Reduce
• map
(k,v)
à
<k’,
v’>
• reduce
(k’,<v’>*)
à
<k’,v’>*
All v’ with same k’ are reduced together
8
11. MapReduce Examples
— Count of URL Access Frequency:
www.cbc.com
www.cnn.com
www.bbc.com
www.cbc.com
www.cbc.com
www.bbc.com
MAP
CBC, [1,1,1]
CNN [1]
BBC [1,1]
RED
CBC, 3
BBC, 2
CNN, 1
Web server logs
11
12. MapReduce Examples
q Reverse Web-Link Graph:
www.facebook.com
www.youtube.com
source
target
MAP
(facebook,youtube)
(facebook, disney)
Facebook.com
Twitter.com
RED
www.disney.com
Facebook.com
Web server logs
(Facebook, [youtube, disney])
12
13. MapReduce Examples
q Term-Vector per Host:.
MAP
word1>
word2>
word2>
word2>
….
RED
Documents of the
facebook (hostname)
<facebook,
<facebook,
<facebook,
<facebook,
<facebook, [word2, …]>
Summary of the most popular words
13
18. Customizations on Clusters
q Scheduling
Master scheduling policy: (objective: conserve network bandwidth)
1. GFS divides each file into 64MB block.
2. I/P data are stored on the worker’s local disks (managed by GFS)
Ø Locality :using the same cluster for both data storage and data
processing.
3. GFS stores multiple copies of each block (typically 3 copies)
on different machines.
18
19. Customizations on Clusters
q Fault Tolerance
On worker failure:
•
•
•
•
Detect failure via periodic heartbeats
Re-execute completed and in-progress map tasks
Re-execute in progress reduce tasks
Task completion committed through master
Master failure:
• Could handle, but don't yet (master failure unlikely)
• MapReduce task is aborted and client is notified
19
20. Customizations on Clusters
q Task Granularity
(How tasks are divided ?)
Rule of thumb:
Make M and R much larger than the number of worker machines
à Improves dynamic load balancing
à speeds recovery from worker failure
Usually R is smaller than M
20
21. Customizations on Clusters
q Backup tasks
— Problem of stragglers (machines taking long time
to complete one of the last few tasks )
— When a MapReduce operation is about to complete:
Ø
Ø
Master schedules backup executions of the
remaining tasks
Task is marked “complete” whenever either the
primary or the backup execution completes.
Effect: dramatically shortens job completion time
21
22. Outline
þ— MapReduce : Execution
þ— Example
þ— Programming Model
þ— MapReduce: Distributed Execution
þ— More Examples
—
þ Customizations on Clusters
— Refinements
— Performance measurement
— Conclusion & Future Work
— Companies using MapReduce
22
24. Refinements : Partitioning Function
— MapRedue users specify no. of tasks/output files desired (R)
— For reduce, we need to ensure that records with the same
intermediate key end up at the same worker
— System uses a default partition function
e.g., hash(key) mod R ( results fairly well-balanced partitions )
— Sometimes useful to override
— E.g., hash(hostname(URL key)) mod R
Ø
ensures URLs from a host end up in the same output file
24
25. Refinements : Skipping Bad Records
§ Map/Reduce functions sometimes fail for particular
inputs
• MapReduce has a special treatment for ‘bad’
input data, i.e. input data that repeatedly leads to
the crash of a task.
Ø The master, tracking crashes of tasks, recognizes
such situations and, after a number of failed retries,
will decide to ignore this piece of data.
• Effect: Can work around bugs in third-party libraries
25
26. Refinements : Status Information
— Status pages shows the computation progress
— Links to standard error and output files generated
by each task.
— User can
Ø Predict the computational length
Ø Add more resources if needed
Ø Know which workers have failed
— Useful in user code bug diagnosis
26
27. Other Refinements
§ Combiner function: Compression of intermediate data
Ø useful for saving network bandwidth
§ User-defined counters
Ø periodically propagated to the master from worker machines
Ø Useful for checking behavior of MaReduce operations (appears on
master status page )
27
28. Outline
þ— MapReduce : Execution
þ— Example
þ— Programming Model
þ— MapReduce: Distributed Execution
þ— More Examples
—
þ Customizations on Clusters
þ Refinements
—
— Performance measurement
— Conclusion & Future Work
— Companies using MapReduce
28
29. Performance
§ Tests run on cluster of 1800 machines: each machine has:
— 4 GB of memory
— Dual-processor 2 GHz Xeons with Hyperthreading
— Dual 160 GB IDE disks
— Gigabit Ethernet link
— Bisection bandwidth approximately 100-200 Gbps
§ Two benchmarks:
— Grep:
Scan 1010 100-byte records to extract records
matching a rare pattern (92K matching records)
— Sort:
Sort 1010 100-byte records
29
30. Grep
1764 workers
M=15000 (input split= 64MB)
R=1
Assume all machines has same host
Search pattern: 3 characters
Found in: 92,337 records
• 1800 machines read 1 TB of data at peak of ~31 GB/s
• Startup overhead is significant for short jobs (entire
computation = 80 + 1 minute start up
30
31. Sort
M=15000 (input split= 64MB)
R=4000, # of workers = 1746
Fig.(a) Btr than Terasoft benchmark reported result of 1057 s
(a) Normal Execution
(b) No backup tasks
(c) 200 tasks killed
(a) Locality optimization èInput rate > shuffle rate and output rate
Output phase writes 2 copies of sorted data è Shuffle rate > output rate
(b) 5 Stragglers à Entire computation rate increases 44% than normal 31
32. Experience:
Rewrite of Production
Indexing System
§ New code is simpler, easier to understand
§ MapReduce takes care of failures, slow machines
§ Easy to make indexing faster by adding more
machines
32
33. Outline
þ— MapReduce : Execution
þ— Example
þ— Programming Model
þ— MapReduce: Distributed Execution
þ— More Examples
—
þ Customizations on Clusters
—
þ Refinements
—
þ Performance measurement
— Conclusion & Future Work
— Companies using MapReduce
33
34. Conclusion & Future Work
— MapReduce has proven to be a useful abstraction
— Greatly simplifies large-scale computations
— Fun to use: focus on problem, let library deal w/
messy details
34
35. MapReduce Advantages/Disadvantages
Now it s easy to program for many CPUs
• Communication management effectively gone
Ø I/O scheduling done for us
• Fault tolerance, monitoring
Ø machine failures, suddenly-slow machines, etc are handled
• Can be much easier to design and program!
• Can cascade several (many?) MapReduce tasks
But … it further restricts solvable problems
• Might be hard to express problem in MapReduce
• Data parallelism is key
Ø Need to be able to break up a problem by data chunks
• MapReduce is closed-source (to Google) C++
Ø Hadoop is open-source Java-based rewrite
35
36. Outline
þ— MapReduce : Execution
þ— Example
þ— Programming Model
þ— MapReduce: Distributed Execution
þ— More Examples
—
þ Customizations on Clusters
—
þ Refinements
—
þ Performance measurement
—
þ Conclusion & Future Work
— Companies using MapReduce
36
37. Companies using MapReduce
v Amazon: Amazon Elastic MapReduce :
§ a web service
§ enables businesses, researchers, data analysts, and
developers to easily and cost-effectively process vast
amounts of data.
§ It utilizes a hosted Hadoop framework running on the webscale infrastructure of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
(Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service
(Amazon S3).
§ allows you to use Hadoop with no hardware investment
— http://aws.amazon.com/elasticmapreduce/
37
38. Companies using MapReduce
— Amazon: to build product search indices
— Facebook: processing of web logs, via both Map-Reduce and
Hive
— IBM and Google: making large compute clusters available to
higher ed and research organizations
— New York Times: large scale image conversions
— Yahoo: use Map Reduce and Pig for web log processing, data
model training, web map construction, and much, much more
— Many universities for teaching parallel and large data
systems
And many more, see them all at
http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/ PoweredBy
38