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Internet GIS
Advanced GIS (ITM 524)
   Iwan Setiawan

 iwan@agrisoft.co.id

    @MySetiawan
Agenda:

• Internet & World Wide Web
• Web Mapping
• Internet GIS
• Web Mapping Services Model
• Spatial Data Infrastructure
Internet
• A global computer network providing
  a variety of information and
  communication facilities, consisting of
  interconnected networks using
  standardized communication
  protocols
• Designed for US Military (http://
  dir.yahoo.com/
  Computers_and_internet/Internet/
  History/)
History of Internet

• ARPANET (Advanced Research
  Project Agency Network): 60’s
• UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, Stanford,
  Univ. of Utah.
• Internetworking

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Digital terrain model
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DATA in GIS and DATA Query
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This document discusses key concepts related to data in GIS systems. It describes the different types of spatial and attribute data as well as vector and raster data formats. It explains how data is organized into layers and how those layers can be queried and overlaid to integrate information from different sources and analyze spatial patterns in the data.

Internet-based Services
• E-Mail
• Chat (IRC)
• File Transfer (FTP)
• Remote Access (telnet)
• World Wide Web (Web)
• VoIP
Computer Network

                   Links

Node-A                      Node-B




         Network



                   Node-C
Computer Network
• Stand-alone computer: A PC by itself
  without connecting to other
  computers

• Network: Two or more computers and
  other devices connected together are
  called a network.
• Networking: Concept of connected
  computers sharing resources
Internet

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GIS systems allow for the input, storage, manipulation, analysis and output of geographic data. Spatial data represents location and attributes provide additional data about features. Data can be represented as vectors using points, lines and polygons, or as rasters in a grid cell format. Key properties of spatial data include projection, scale, accuracy, resolution and how it represents real world features. GIS allows for integrated analysis of spatial and attribute data through functions like classification, measurement, overlay and more.

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World Wide Web


• A system of Internet servers that support
  specially formatted documents. The
  documents are formatted in a markup
  language called HTML (HyperText
  Markup Language) that supports links to
  other documents, as well as graphics,
  audio, and video files.
World Wide Web


• Invented by Tim Berners Lee (1990)
• Maintained by W3C
• Document Format : HTML
• Protocol : HTTP
World Wide Web

• Personal/corporate
• e-Commerce, e-Government, e-
  Learning, etc

• News/information/community/
  corporate portal
Web Environment


• Web Server
• Web Browser
• HTTP
• URL

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HTTP

• HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of
  the languages spoken over the Internet, to
  transmit data.

• Web services, which use HTTP to allow
  applications to communicate in order to
  exchange business logic, use the the Web to
  share
HTTP Request


          HTTP      HTTP
  Web                      Web Server and
Browser                     File System
Web Server &
             Web Browser
                                                2. Server fetches
Client machine                 Server machine
                                                 document from
                                                     local file

   Browser                       Web server




OS
                 3. Response



1. Get document request
Uniform Resource
       Locator (URL)
• Uniform (or universal) resource locator, the
  address of a World Wide Web page.

• A URL is one type of Uniform Resource
  Identifier (URI); the generic term for all
  types of names and addresses that refer to
  objects on the World Wide Web.

• Example:
  • file://ftp.serverku.co.id/umum/files/webprog.doc

  • news://news.serverku.co.id/soc.culture.indonesia

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Uniform Resource
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• Every URL consists of some of the
  following:
 • the scheme name (commonly called protocol),
    followed by a colon, two slashes, then, depending on
    scheme, a server name (exp. ftp., www., smtp., etc)
    followed by a dot (.) then a domain name
    (alternatively, IP address), a port number, the path of
    the resource to be fetched or the program to be run,
    then, for programs such as Common Gateway
    Interface (CGI) scripts, a query string, and an optional
    fragment identifier.
URL Structure


Protocol        Domain        Port        Resource
Scheme           Name        Number       Location




http   ://www.domainname.com :80 /path/subdir/files.html
Domain Name System
Web Programming Env.

• Script (Language): HTML, JavaScript,XML, PHP, ASP, etc
• Interface Design: CSS
• Editor: Kedit,vi,notepad, Dreamweaver, Editplus, etc
• Operating System: Windows, Linux, Mac OS
• Web Server: Apache, IIS, PWS
• Web Browser: Navigator, IE, Mozilla, Opera, Chrome, Safari

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                          vector          raster         attribute data

Data recording                       +             +
                                                       . .
                 tables                            .         polygons
Data                                 Geo-                       lines
organization                       database
                                                   ..
                                                    .         points




Data analysis

                          tables               maps

Data output                           +
GIS Visualization



Basis Data
 Spasial
GIS Visualization

                              www
             Visualization
               Process
                             http   Internet SIG /
                                    Web Mapping




Basis Data
 Spasial
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Why Publish on Web?
Advantages
– True cross-paltform ability
– Widely available
– Very cheap medium

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– Difficult to charge for use
– Limited audience
– Audio, animation and true interactively not directly
  supported
– Limited graphical quality (72 dpi resolution)
– Limited formats (15” screens)
– Limited colour quality (RGB, 256 colours)
   • Design should be specially made for WWW
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 and is it effective?
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                 Distributed GIS

High
                                                                         Distributed
                                                                         GIServices
                                                 Interact Web           Java Beans / Applets
                                                   Mapping              Corba / Java
Functionality




                               Static Web                               ActiveX Controls
                                                   Dynamic HTML        Application Server
                                Mapping            Scripts             DCOM
                                                   Plug-in             Componen – based
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                 Publishing       Tables          Servlets            .Net
                                  CGI
                 HTML            ISAPI
                 Static Map      NSAPI
                  Image

Low

                Low                    Interactivity                             High
Factors involved in web
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• Analysis of geospatial data and definition of
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•   Analysis of required perception levels
•   Application of the graphic variables:
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    • derived variables: transparency, shadow, shading
• Application of multi-media elements:
    • Animation, sound and video
• Production constraints:
    • Technology, manpower, costs
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• An electronic copy of a paper map
• Embedding maps as graphic images like GIF,
  JPEG, and Portable Network Graphic (PNG)
  inside an HTML page.
• A static map publishing does not support
  feature data at the client side and does not
  have map-rendering tools.
• Acrobat’s PDF file is another popular method
  to publish map on the web.
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   map image files inside the HTML documents using <IMG>
   tag or element in the HTML

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• Clickable Maps
  refers to a map that links to separate
  information about different parts of the map
  image

• Architecture of Static Web Publishing
  • The Client: Web Browser
  • The Glue: HTTP
  • The Server: HTTP Server
Web publishing set-up
Architecture of static
  map publishing

  Tier1                      Tier2             Tier3
                                               Map
                                 HTML         Servers
  Web                            Document
Browsers    HTTP
                      HTTP                     DBMS
(HTML &
 Forms)
                                     CGI
                                            Application
                                             Servers
 Web       Internet           Web             Server
Client      TCT/IP           Server         Applications
Architecture of CGI-
based Internet GIS


           User                                     Send
          Request                                 Variables
                    WWW      Invoke
 WWW                                       CGI                 GIS
                    Server
Browser                                  SCRIPT               Server
          Deliver   (http)   Translate             Return
          Results             Results              Result

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• More interactions between user and
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        GIS plug-ins
                       Request GIS
 WWW                   Data Object                           WWW
Browser                                                      Server

                                       Send GIS
 Browser does not                        Data
 understand data
      type

Search for Plug-ins
or helper programs                No                     GIS Plug-in to
on the local system                                      Support Data


              Yes                             Load GIS
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 Java applets

                Request GIS
                Data Object
  WWW                           WWW Server
 Browser                        (Java Applet)



                              Send Java Applet
                                and GIS Data


           Java Applet and
           GIS Data Display
Work Procces of
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                Data Object
  WWW                                WWW
 Browser                             Server



                              Send ActiveX Control
                                and Data Object


           GIS Control and
              GIS Data
               Display
Server-side CGI set-up
Dynamic architecture
for Web map services
 Scenario A (Thin Client)   Scenario B (Medium Client)

    Client                    Client


  GIS          Display       GIS          Display
  Component                  Component
  Container                  Container
                                          Render


                                               Download

   Server                     Server

               Display                    Display
  GIS                        GIS
  Component      DEG         Component     DEG
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• What is Internet GIS:
  • Internet GIS is a research and application that
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    processing and dissemination of geographic
    information and spatial analysis knowledge.

  • Network based GIS that utilizes the Internet to
    access remote geographic information and geo-
    processing tools.

  • Part of Distributed GIS
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•   Spatial information dissemination
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      explore spatial information from their
      web browser.
•   GIS processing
    • Conduct GIS processing and analysis (in
      the future..).
Geographic Information
 Services Architecture
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    dependent.
• Client/Server System
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    technique such as ODBC (Open database
    connectivity).
• Distributed Services
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    heterogeneous systems and platforms at the
    same time (online processes of information).
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  communication systems to perform
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Internet GIS

  • 1. Internet GIS Advanced GIS (ITM 524) Iwan Setiawan iwan@agrisoft.co.id @MySetiawan
  • 2. Agenda: • Internet & World Wide Web • Web Mapping • Internet GIS • Web Mapping Services Model • Spatial Data Infrastructure
  • 3. Internet • A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols • Designed for US Military (http:// dir.yahoo.com/ Computers_and_internet/Internet/ History/)
  • 4. History of Internet • ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network): 60’s • UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, Stanford, Univ. of Utah. • Internetworking
  • 5. Internet-based Services • E-Mail • Chat (IRC) • File Transfer (FTP) • Remote Access (telnet) • World Wide Web (Web) • VoIP
  • 6. Computer Network Links Node-A Node-B Network Node-C
  • 7. Computer Network • Stand-alone computer: A PC by itself without connecting to other computers • Network: Two or more computers and other devices connected together are called a network. • Networking: Concept of connected computers sharing resources
  • 9. World Wide Web • A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files.
  • 10. World Wide Web • Invented by Tim Berners Lee (1990) • Maintained by W3C • Document Format : HTML • Protocol : HTTP
  • 11. World Wide Web • Personal/corporate • e-Commerce, e-Government, e- Learning, etc • News/information/community/ corporate portal
  • 12. Web Environment • Web Server • Web Browser • HTTP • URL
  • 13. HTTP • HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol • The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. • Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the the Web to share
  • 14. HTTP Request HTTP HTTP Web Web Server and Browser File System
  • 15. Web Server & Web Browser 2. Server fetches Client machine Server machine document from local file Browser Web server OS 3. Response 1. Get document request
  • 16. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) • Uniform (or universal) resource locator, the address of a World Wide Web page. • A URL is one type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); the generic term for all types of names and addresses that refer to objects on the World Wide Web. • Example: • file://ftp.serverku.co.id/umum/files/webprog.doc • news://news.serverku.co.id/soc.culture.indonesia
  • 17. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) • Every URL consists of some of the following: • the scheme name (commonly called protocol), followed by a colon, two slashes, then, depending on scheme, a server name (exp. ftp., www., smtp., etc) followed by a dot (.) then a domain name (alternatively, IP address), a port number, the path of the resource to be fetched or the program to be run, then, for programs such as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts, a query string, and an optional fragment identifier.
  • 18. URL Structure Protocol Domain Port Resource Scheme Name Number Location http ://www.domainname.com :80 /path/subdir/files.html
  • 20. Web Programming Env. • Script (Language): HTML, JavaScript,XML, PHP, ASP, etc • Interface Design: CSS • Editor: Kedit,vi,notepad, Dreamweaver, Editplus, etc • Operating System: Windows, Linux, Mac OS • Web Server: Apache, IIS, PWS • Web Browser: Navigator, IE, Mozilla, Opera, Chrome, Safari
  • 21. GIS Concept vector raster attribute data Data recording + + . . tables . polygons Data Geo- lines organization database .. . points Data analysis tables maps Data output +
  • 23. GIS Visualization www Visualization Process http Internet SIG / Web Mapping Basis Data Spasial
  • 24. GIS Visualization www Visualization Process http Internet SIG / Web Mapping Cetak Basis Data Spasial
  • 25. GIS Visualization www Visualization Process http Internet SIG / Web Mapping Cetak Basis Data Spasial Multi-Media
  • 26. Why Publish on Web? Advantages – True cross-paltform ability – Widely available – Very cheap medium Disadvantages – Difficult to charge for use – Limited audience – Audio, animation and true interactively not directly supported – Limited graphical quality (72 dpi resolution) – Limited formats (15” screens) – Limited colour quality (RGB, 256 colours) • Design should be specially made for WWW
  • 27. What do I say to whom and is it effective?
  • 28. What do I say to whom and is it effective?
  • 29. Evolution of Distributed GIS High Distributed GIServices Interact Web  Java Beans / Applets Mapping  Corba / Java Functionality Static Web  ActiveX Controls  Dynamic HTML  Application Server Mapping  Scripts  DCOM  Plug-in  Componen – based Static Map  HTML Forms  ActiveX Controls  XML Publishing  Tables  Servlets  .Net  CGI  HTML  ISAPI  Static Map  NSAPI Image Low Low Interactivity High
  • 30. Factors involved in web map design: • Analysis of geospatial data and definition of map content • Analysis of required perception levels • Application of the graphic variables: • colour, size, orientation, form, value and texture • derived variables: transparency, shadow, shading • Application of multi-media elements: • Animation, sound and video • Production constraints: • Technology, manpower, costs
  • 31. Static Map Publishing • An electronic copy of a paper map • Embedding maps as graphic images like GIF, JPEG, and Portable Network Graphic (PNG) inside an HTML page. • A static map publishing does not support feature data at the client side and does not have map-rendering tools. • Acrobat’s PDF file is another popular method to publish map on the web.
  • 32. Embedding Map Images in HTML Documents • Make a map as one of the many graphic image formats, such as GIF, JPEG, and PNG or PDF. Then embed these map image files inside the HTML documents using <IMG> tag or element in the HTML <IMG SRC=“/maps/kotabogor.gif” ALIGN=“center” ALT=“A Kota Bogor Maps”> • The map could also be linked with another map images or HTML pages <A HREF=“about_ktbgr.htm”> <IMG SRC=“/maps/ kotabogor.gif”>
  • 33. Static Map Publishing • Clickable Maps refers to a map that links to separate information about different parts of the map image • Architecture of Static Web Publishing • The Client: Web Browser • The Glue: HTTP • The Server: HTTP Server
  • 35. Architecture of static map publishing Tier1 Tier2 Tier3 Map HTML Servers Web Document Browsers HTTP HTTP DBMS (HTML & Forms) CGI Application Servers Web Internet Web Server Client TCT/IP Server Applications
  • 36. Architecture of CGI- based Internet GIS User Send Request Variables WWW Invoke WWW CGI GIS Server Browser SCRIPT Server Deliver (http) Translate Return Results Results Result
  • 37. Interactive Web Mapping • More interactions between user and the client interface and more client- side processing and functionalities than static web mapping applications
  • 38. Work process of GIS plug-ins Request GIS WWW Data Object WWW Browser Server Send GIS Browser does not Data understand data type Search for Plug-ins or helper programs No GIS Plug-in to on the local system Support Data Yes Load GIS Plug-in GIS Data Displayed
  • 41. Work process of Java applets Request GIS Data Object WWW WWW Server Browser (Java Applet) Send Java Applet and GIS Data Java Applet and GIS Data Display
  • 42. Work Procces of ActiveX controls Request GIS Data Object WWW WWW Browser Server Send ActiveX Control and Data Object GIS Control and GIS Data Display
  • 44. Dynamic architecture for Web map services Scenario A (Thin Client) Scenario B (Medium Client) Client Client GIS Display GIS Display Component Component Container Container Render Download Server Server Display Display GIS GIS Component DEG Component DEG Container Container Filter Filter
  • 45. Internet GIS • What is Internet GIS: • Internet GIS is a research and application that utilizes the Internet to facilitate the access, processing and dissemination of geographic information and spatial analysis knowledge. • Network based GIS that utilizes the Internet to access remote geographic information and geo- processing tools. • Part of Distributed GIS
  • 46. The impact of Internet on GIS • GIS data access • Provide easy access to acquire GIS data from different data providers. • Spatial information dissemination • General public can directly access and explore spatial information from their web browser. • GIS processing • Conduct GIS processing and analysis (in the future..).
  • 47. Geographic Information Services Architecture • Traditional System • Closed, centralized system (interface program and data), platform dependent and application dependent. • Client/Server System • Allowed distributed clients to access a server remotely by using distributed computing technique such as ODBC (Open database connectivity). • Distributed Services • Can connect and interact with multiple and heterogeneous systems and platforms at the same time (online processes of information).
  • 48. Distributed GIS • Network based GIS that utilizes the Internet access and other networking communication systems to perform data presentation, data exchange data analysis and data dissemination.
  • 49. Distributed GIS • Integrated Client/Server System • Thin client: little logic processing at the client server. • Thick client: most logic processing is performed at the client side. • Web Base Interactive System
  • 50. Distributed GIS • Cross Platform and Interoperable • Can be accessible across platform regardless of what operating system the user is running. • Interoperable; the ability to access many form of GIS data and functions in the heterogeneous environment.
  • 51. Basic Components of Internet GIS • The client • Is a place for users to interact with geographic information and function in Internet GIS. • Web Server and Application Server • Web Server: respond to request from web browsers via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). • Application Server: acts as connector/ translator between the web server and map server.
  • 52. Basic Components of Internet GIS • Map Server/Spatial Server • A component that provides GIS function such as spatial queries, conducts spatial analysis and generates maps based on the user’s request. I.e: ArcIMS, Map Server, MapXtreme • Data Server • Holds and serves data, spatial and non- spatial.
  • 53. Basic Components of Mobile GIS • Mobile Device Clients • Wireless Communication Networks • Gateway Services • Translating the user request to HTTP request for the web server and send the output into different format to fits the user’s mobile devices. • Internet GIS Server • Data Server
  • 55. How Does it Work? Interfaces based on the OpenGIS Specification
  • 57. Standard • WMS (Web Map Service) • WFS (Web Feature Service) • WCS (Web Coverage Service) • G3 (Geoparser, Gazetteer, Geocoder) • GML (Geographic Markup Language) • ...
  • 58. Spatial Data Infrastructure Regional National National (FGDC) Global (GSDI) Regional
  • 59. Core component of the SDI Partnerships
  • 60. Core component of the SDI GEOdata Partnerships
  • 61. Core component of the SDI Framework GEOdata Partnerships
  • 62. Core component of the SDI Metadata Framework GEOdata Partnerships
  • 63. Core component of the SDI Clearinghouse & Web Mapping Metadata Framework GEOdata Partnerships
  • 64. Core component of the SDI Clearinghouse & Web Mapping Metadata Framework GEOdata Standards Partnerships
  • 65. Tomorrow: A Global Infrastructure Enabled Through Partnerships, Standards, Technology Users s Businesses s Citizens s Government Internet Service Web-Enabled Clearinghouse Map Catalog Services Services Services Registry Internet Registered Data Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Servers Imagery Elevation Hydrography Demographics Health Geodetic Transportation Control Environment Economic Crime
  • 66. Tomorrow: A Global Infrastructure Enabled Through Partnerships, Standards, Technology Users s Businesses s Citizens s Government Internet Service •E-Commerce Web-Enabled Clearinghouse Map Catalog •Authentication Services •Other Services Services Registry Internet Registered Data Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Servers Imagery Elevation Hydrography Demographics Health Geodetic Transportation Control Environment Economic Crime
  • 67. Clearing house & Metadata • Search and Discovery via Clearinghouse • Clearinghouse Registration
  • 68. What is Clearing house? • Distributed service to locate geospatial data based on their characteristics expressed in metadata • Clearinghouse allows one to pose a query of all or a portion of the community in a single session • Like a spatial AltaVista
  • 69. Discovery in Clearinghouse Service Clearinghouse Registry Nodes Web Web Client Server User Gateway(s) HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol
  • 70. Discovery in Clearinghouse Service Clearinghouse Registry Nodes Web Web Client Server User Gateway(s) HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol
  • 71. Discovery in Clearinghouse Service Clearinghouse Registry Nodes Web Web Client Server User Gateway(s) HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol
  • 72. Discovery in Clearinghouse Service Clearinghouse Registry Nodes Web Web Client Server User Gateway(s) HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol
  • 73. Discovery in Clearinghouse Service Clearinghouse Registry Nodes Web Web Client Server User Gateway(s) HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol
  • 74. Discovery in Clearinghouse Service Clearinghouse Registry Nodes Web Web Client Server User Gateway(s) HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol
  • 75. Before OGC Interfaces Vendor A Vendor B (Coastlines) (Inland Water) Vendor C Vendor D (Coarse elevation (Fine elevation) with ocean)
  • 77. Interoperable Web Mapping Web Mapping Client
  • 78. Interoperable Web Mapping Land Water Web Mapping Client Boundaries
  • 79. Interoperable Web Mapping GetM Source A ap Land Water Web Mapping Client Boundaries
  • 80. Interoperable Web Mapping GetM Source A ap Land G etMap Source B Water Web Mapping Client Boundaries
  • 81. Interoperable Web Mapping GetM Source A ap Land G etMap Source B Water ap G etM Source C Web Mapping Client Boundaries
  • 82. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 83. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 84. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 85. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 86. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 87. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 88. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 89. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 90. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 91. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 92. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 93. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 94. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 95. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 96. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 97. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 98. Web Mapping with WMS Map Server Viewer Client Web Browser Web Map Servers Map Server internet Map Server Map Server
  • 99. With OGC Interfaces Minutes, Vendor instead neutral of days Up to Format date neutral data Get exactly what you want, not an entire continent

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