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Introduction to arc gis

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Mohamed Hamed
Mohamed Hamed

The document provides an introduction to ArcGIS. It outlines that it will discuss what GIS is, how geographic data is represented in GIS, how data is stored in ArcGIS, GIS maps, GIS analysis processes, what ArcGIS is, and planning a GIS project. It then proceeds to define GIS, explain how geographic data is modeled in vector and raster formats, describe how data is organized and stored in an ArcGIS geodatabase, discuss GIS mapping and visualization, and overview spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS.

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Introduction to ArcGIS Prepared by Eng . Mohamed Hamed E-mail : eng.mohamedhamed55@gmail.com
2
Outline of Presentations What is GIS ? How GIS Representation Geographic data ? How data are stored in ArcGIS ? GIS Maps GIS Analyze Process What is ArcGIS ? Planning a GIS Project
What is GIS Geographic Information System Refer to :
What is Geography ? Geography is a science that deals with the earth and life on the earth and provide the position data (Spatial Data)
What is an Information System? Its System used for: Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing Data
IS Data Storage User Query Information Information System
 A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing and present all types of spatial or geographical data.  A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic information on a map.  GIS allows you to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize data in many ways in form of maps, reports and charts.  A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.  Briefly GIS mean Making Smart Maps can Talk to You  Then GIS is
Different groups of people (general public, planners, teachers, scientists) can find a different definition useful.  “GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.  “A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”  “GIS is a spatial decision support system”  “GIS is a method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic information”  “GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”  “GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.” There are a number of definitions of GIS :
 A Geographic Information System is not only about computers, software and electronic data.  A GIS is an organized collection of :  Hardware  Software  Network  Data  Procedures  And people! GIS Not Software only!
Geographic data Management Mapping and Visualization Spatial Analysis There are three main functions of GIS : GIS functions
I Geographic data Management
How GIS Representation Geographic data “The World in GIS”
 Two components of geographic data  Spatial Data: representation of geographic features associated with real-world locations Says where the feature is Co-ordinate based Stored in files and managed by the GIS software  Attribute Data (non Spatial) : descriptive information Says what a feature is . like : statistics, text, images, sound, etc. Stored in tables and managed by an RDBMS (relational database management system) Geographic Data
Geographic data models  Two main models for geographic data  Vector data: Discrete features three feature types  points/nodes (single x,y locations)  lines/arcs (linear string of x,y locations)  areas/polygons (closed string of x,y locations) zones or areas  Raster data : A continuous surface  Rectangular array of cells or pixel
Geographic data models  Other models :  Surfaces for 3D visualization  Networks (geometric, transportation)
Introduction to arc gis
How data are stored in ArcGIS “Data Management”
All data store in the genius GIS Container “Geo-Database”
What is a geodatabase?  ArcGIS geodatabase is a collection of geographic datasets of various types held in a common file system folder, a Microsoft Access database, or a multiuser relational DBMS The geodatabase contains three primary dataset types: Feature classes Raster datasets Tables
Types of geodatabases  There are three types of GDB:  Personal Geodatabase  Single user editing / multiple readers  Stored in MS Access  Size limit of 2 GB  File Geodatabase  Single user editing / multiple readers  1 TB per table  Reduced storage requirements  ArcSDE Geodatabase  Stored in an Enterprise DBMS  Supports multiuser editing via versioning  Requires ArcEditor or ArcInfo to edit
An overview of geodatabase design  How the geographic features are to be represented for each theme (for example, as points, lines, polygons, or rasters) along with their tabular attributes  How the data will be organized into datasets, such as feature classes, attributes, raster datasets, and so forth  What additional spatial and database elements will be needed for integrity rules, for implementing rich GIS behavior (such as topologies, networks, subtypes and raster catalogs), and defining spatial and attribute relationships between datasets
Geodatabase Workflow  Create Schema  Import / Load data  Pre-process data to store geodatabase behaviors  Create geodatabase behaviors ( subtypes, domain,…)  Apply behaviors  Create topology or geometric network  Create connectivity rules for networks  Use and edit in ArcMap  Feature and attribute validation  Backtrack to create needed schemas if necessary
Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure
Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure Geodatabase Feature Dataset Feature Classes Geometric Network Object Table Relationship Workspace Annotation Topology
II Mapping and Visualization “GIS Maps” Wisdom ) GIS Power “The data behind the map” (
 A geological map is a Unique Values Map based on categorical data representing different formations, or other geological units  This maps have fixed scale 27 Ordinary Maps
 GIS organizes the world into ‘layers’ of geographic objects that are alike.  Each map Composed of a series of layers drawn in a particular order.  Each layer is used to display and work with a specific GIS dataset.  Layer references the data stored in geodatabases  Layer defines how a GIS dataset is symbolized and labeled in your map views 28 GIS Maps
Advantage of GIS maps: Composed of a series of layers. Dynamic Scale Dynamic Labels, Annotations Symbols associated with Data Variable not fixed 29 GIS Maps
Not Easy to Understand GIS Maps
Changeable Maps Visualization Maps
Visualization Graphs, Statistics, Reports
III Spatial Analysis “Geoprocessing”
Analyzing GIS data  The true power of a GIS lies in its ability to analyze geospatial data  Why analysis ?  Gain more information than with visualization  Answer questions about your data  Use for site selection  Make better decisions  Derive new data that contains new information
Ask a question Acquire data Explore data Analyze data Act on Knowledge GIS analysis workflow
Analyzing GIS data  The most commonly used GIS tools  Overlay and proximity  Table management  Surface creation  Spatial and nonspatial statistics  Selection and extraction
Analyzing GIS data  Overlay analysis  One of the most basic questions asked of a GIS is "What's on top of what?"
Analyzing GIS data  Overlay analysis
Analyzing GIS data  Proximity analysis  One of the most basic questions asked of a GIS is "what's near what?"
Analyzing GIS data  Proximity analysis
Analyzing GIS data  Table analysis and management  Creating GIS data from tables  Joining tables  Making features from tables  Analysis of tabular data Finding how many Looking at the distribution of values Counting records  Management of tabular data  Calculating values  Joining tables  Attribute indexes  Subtypes and attribute domains  Table views  Pivoting a table  Raster tables
Analyzing GIS data  Table analysis and management
Analyzing GIS data  Statistical analysis  Spatial statistics tools that allow you to discover and characterize geographic patterns and are described in Statistical analysis, along with standard nonspatial statistical tools, such as minimum, maximum, sum, frequency, mean, and standard deviation
Analyzing GIS data  Statistical analysis
Analyzing GIS data  Selecting and Extracting data  GIS datasets often contain much more data than you need, and a common set of tasks is to reduce or extract data from larger, more complex datasets  There are several methods available to reduce or extract data from larger, more complex datasets  Feature-based extraction  Raster-based extraction  Feature-based extraction  Selecting features  Clipping features  Dissolving features  Raster-based extraction  Raster data extraction tools include tools that simplify complex or noisy data and tools that create a spatial subset or sample of a raster.
Analyzing GIS data  Selecting and Extracting data
GIS Software
GIS Software ArcGIS QGIS GRASS GIS MapInfo InterGraph SAGA GIS JUMP GIS Bentley Map IGIS Framework TerrSet MIDAS And more…. There are plenty software of GIS :
ArcGIS
History of ArcGIS 1969 Jack Dangermond founds ESRI 1982 Arc/INFO (Unix) 1989 PC Arc/INFO (DOS + Windows) 1992 ArcView + Arc/INFO 2002 ArcView 3.3 “retired product” 1999 ArcGIS v.8.0 (to v8.3 2003) 2004 ArcGIS v.9.0 2008 ArcGIS v.9.3 2010 ArcGIS v.10.0 2012 ArcGIS v.10.1
ArcGIS Desktop components ArcMap  ArcCatalog  ArcToolbox  Extensions
ArcGIS Desktop components
ArcMap  ArcMap is the main application used in ArcGIS for Desktop for mapping, editing, analysis, and data management.  ArcMap is used for all 2D mapping work and visualization.  ArcMap displays map contents in one of two views:  Data view  Layout view
ArcMap
ArcMap  Map layers  Within the data frame, you display geographic datasets as layers, where each layer represents a particular dataset overlaid in the map.  each layer's map symbols, colors, and labels help describe the objects in the map  A layer doesn't store the actual geographic data. Instead, it references a dataset, such as a feature class, an image, a grid, and so on
ArcMap  The Table of Contents  Lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent.  The check box next to each layer indicates whether its display is currently turned on or off.  The order of layers within the table of contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame.
ArcMap  The Catalog Window  used to organize and manage various types of geographic information as logical collections—for example, the data, maps, and results of your current GIS projects that you work with in ArcGIS.  provides a tree view of file folders and geodatabases.  The order of layers within the table of contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame.
ArcCatalog  The ArcCatalog application provides a catalog window.  ArcCatalog is used to:  Organize your GIS contents  Manage geodatabase schemas  Search for and add content to ArcGIS applications  Document your contents  Manage GIS servers  Manage standards-based metadata
ArcToolbox  The ArcToolbox window contains shortcuts to toolboxes.  Toolboxes can be a file (.tbx) in a folder or an item in a geodatabase.  Tool types  Built-in tool  Model tool  Script tool
Planning GIS Project
Steps in a GIS Project  Define the field of activity  Identify your objectives “What information do you need”  Assembling data “paper maps, digital files, remote sensing/satellite, fieldwork”  Preprocessing “preparation of data”  Create a Geodatabase “ features, relations, domain, ….”  Digitizing features on a surface  Analysis  Product Generation “graphics (maps and charts), tabular reports” Planning a GIS Project

More Related Content

Introduction to arc gis

  • 1. Introduction to ArcGIS Prepared by Eng . Mohamed Hamed E-mail : eng.mohamedhamed55@gmail.com
  • 2. 2
  • 3. Outline of Presentations What is GIS ? How GIS Representation Geographic data ? How data are stored in ArcGIS ? GIS Maps GIS Analyze Process What is ArcGIS ? Planning a GIS Project
  • 5. What is Geography ? Geography is a science that deals with the earth and life on the earth and provide the position data (Spatial Data)
  • 6. What is an Information System? Its System used for: Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing Data
  • 8.  A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing and present all types of spatial or geographical data.  A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic information on a map.  GIS allows you to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize data in many ways in form of maps, reports and charts.  A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.  Briefly GIS mean Making Smart Maps can Talk to You  Then GIS is
  • 9. Different groups of people (general public, planners, teachers, scientists) can find a different definition useful.  “GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.  “A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”  “GIS is a spatial decision support system”  “GIS is a method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic information”  “GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”  “GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.” There are a number of definitions of GIS :
  • 10.  A Geographic Information System is not only about computers, software and electronic data.  A GIS is an organized collection of :  Hardware  Software  Network  Data  Procedures  And people! GIS Not Software only!
  • 11. Geographic data Management Mapping and Visualization Spatial Analysis There are three main functions of GIS : GIS functions
  • 13. How GIS Representation Geographic data “The World in GIS”
  • 14.  Two components of geographic data  Spatial Data: representation of geographic features associated with real-world locations Says where the feature is Co-ordinate based Stored in files and managed by the GIS software  Attribute Data (non Spatial) : descriptive information Says what a feature is . like : statistics, text, images, sound, etc. Stored in tables and managed by an RDBMS (relational database management system) Geographic Data
  • 15. Geographic data models  Two main models for geographic data  Vector data: Discrete features three feature types  points/nodes (single x,y locations)  lines/arcs (linear string of x,y locations)  areas/polygons (closed string of x,y locations) zones or areas  Raster data : A continuous surface  Rectangular array of cells or pixel
  • 16. Geographic data models  Other models :  Surfaces for 3D visualization  Networks (geometric, transportation)
  • 18. How data are stored in ArcGIS “Data Management”
  • 19. All data store in the genius GIS Container “Geo-Database”
  • 20. What is a geodatabase?  ArcGIS geodatabase is a collection of geographic datasets of various types held in a common file system folder, a Microsoft Access database, or a multiuser relational DBMS The geodatabase contains three primary dataset types: Feature classes Raster datasets Tables
  • 21. Types of geodatabases  There are three types of GDB:  Personal Geodatabase  Single user editing / multiple readers  Stored in MS Access  Size limit of 2 GB  File Geodatabase  Single user editing / multiple readers  1 TB per table  Reduced storage requirements  ArcSDE Geodatabase  Stored in an Enterprise DBMS  Supports multiuser editing via versioning  Requires ArcEditor or ArcInfo to edit
  • 22. An overview of geodatabase design  How the geographic features are to be represented for each theme (for example, as points, lines, polygons, or rasters) along with their tabular attributes  How the data will be organized into datasets, such as feature classes, attributes, raster datasets, and so forth  What additional spatial and database elements will be needed for integrity rules, for implementing rich GIS behavior (such as topologies, networks, subtypes and raster catalogs), and defining spatial and attribute relationships between datasets
  • 23. Geodatabase Workflow  Create Schema  Import / Load data  Pre-process data to store geodatabase behaviors  Create geodatabase behaviors ( subtypes, domain,…)  Apply behaviors  Create topology or geometric network  Create connectivity rules for networks  Use and edit in ArcMap  Feature and attribute validation  Backtrack to create needed schemas if necessary
  • 25. Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure Geodatabase Feature Dataset Feature Classes Geometric Network Object Table Relationship Workspace Annotation Topology
  • 26. II Mapping and Visualization “GIS Maps” Wisdom ) GIS Power “The data behind the map” (
  • 27.  A geological map is a Unique Values Map based on categorical data representing different formations, or other geological units  This maps have fixed scale 27 Ordinary Maps
  • 28.  GIS organizes the world into ‘layers’ of geographic objects that are alike.  Each map Composed of a series of layers drawn in a particular order.  Each layer is used to display and work with a specific GIS dataset.  Layer references the data stored in geodatabases  Layer defines how a GIS dataset is symbolized and labeled in your map views 28 GIS Maps
  • 29. Advantage of GIS maps: Composed of a series of layers. Dynamic Scale Dynamic Labels, Annotations Symbols associated with Data Variable not fixed 29 GIS Maps
  • 30. Not Easy to Understand GIS Maps
  • 34. Analyzing GIS data  The true power of a GIS lies in its ability to analyze geospatial data  Why analysis ?  Gain more information than with visualization  Answer questions about your data  Use for site selection  Make better decisions  Derive new data that contains new information
  • 36. Analyzing GIS data  The most commonly used GIS tools  Overlay and proximity  Table management  Surface creation  Spatial and nonspatial statistics  Selection and extraction
  • 37. Analyzing GIS data  Overlay analysis  One of the most basic questions asked of a GIS is "What's on top of what?"
  • 38. Analyzing GIS data  Overlay analysis
  • 39. Analyzing GIS data  Proximity analysis  One of the most basic questions asked of a GIS is "what's near what?"
  • 40. Analyzing GIS data  Proximity analysis
  • 41. Analyzing GIS data  Table analysis and management  Creating GIS data from tables  Joining tables  Making features from tables  Analysis of tabular data Finding how many Looking at the distribution of values Counting records  Management of tabular data  Calculating values  Joining tables  Attribute indexes  Subtypes and attribute domains  Table views  Pivoting a table  Raster tables
  • 42. Analyzing GIS data  Table analysis and management
  • 43. Analyzing GIS data  Statistical analysis  Spatial statistics tools that allow you to discover and characterize geographic patterns and are described in Statistical analysis, along with standard nonspatial statistical tools, such as minimum, maximum, sum, frequency, mean, and standard deviation
  • 44. Analyzing GIS data  Statistical analysis
  • 45. Analyzing GIS data  Selecting and Extracting data  GIS datasets often contain much more data than you need, and a common set of tasks is to reduce or extract data from larger, more complex datasets  There are several methods available to reduce or extract data from larger, more complex datasets  Feature-based extraction  Raster-based extraction  Feature-based extraction  Selecting features  Clipping features  Dissolving features  Raster-based extraction  Raster data extraction tools include tools that simplify complex or noisy data and tools that create a spatial subset or sample of a raster.
  • 46. Analyzing GIS data  Selecting and Extracting data
  • 48. GIS Software ArcGIS QGIS GRASS GIS MapInfo InterGraph SAGA GIS JUMP GIS Bentley Map IGIS Framework TerrSet MIDAS And more…. There are plenty software of GIS :
  • 50. History of ArcGIS 1969 Jack Dangermond founds ESRI 1982 Arc/INFO (Unix) 1989 PC Arc/INFO (DOS + Windows) 1992 ArcView + Arc/INFO 2002 ArcView 3.3 “retired product” 1999 ArcGIS v.8.0 (to v8.3 2003) 2004 ArcGIS v.9.0 2008 ArcGIS v.9.3 2010 ArcGIS v.10.0 2012 ArcGIS v.10.1
  • 51. ArcGIS Desktop components ArcMap  ArcCatalog  ArcToolbox  Extensions
  • 53. ArcMap  ArcMap is the main application used in ArcGIS for Desktop for mapping, editing, analysis, and data management.  ArcMap is used for all 2D mapping work and visualization.  ArcMap displays map contents in one of two views:  Data view  Layout view
  • 55. ArcMap  Map layers  Within the data frame, you display geographic datasets as layers, where each layer represents a particular dataset overlaid in the map.  each layer's map symbols, colors, and labels help describe the objects in the map  A layer doesn't store the actual geographic data. Instead, it references a dataset, such as a feature class, an image, a grid, and so on
  • 56. ArcMap  The Table of Contents  Lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent.  The check box next to each layer indicates whether its display is currently turned on or off.  The order of layers within the table of contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame.
  • 57. ArcMap  The Catalog Window  used to organize and manage various types of geographic information as logical collections—for example, the data, maps, and results of your current GIS projects that you work with in ArcGIS.  provides a tree view of file folders and geodatabases.  The order of layers within the table of contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame.
  • 58. ArcCatalog  The ArcCatalog application provides a catalog window.  ArcCatalog is used to:  Organize your GIS contents  Manage geodatabase schemas  Search for and add content to ArcGIS applications  Document your contents  Manage GIS servers  Manage standards-based metadata
  • 59. ArcToolbox  The ArcToolbox window contains shortcuts to toolboxes.  Toolboxes can be a file (.tbx) in a folder or an item in a geodatabase.  Tool types  Built-in tool  Model tool  Script tool
  • 61. Steps in a GIS Project  Define the field of activity  Identify your objectives “What information do you need”  Assembling data “paper maps, digital files, remote sensing/satellite, fieldwork”  Preprocessing “preparation of data”  Create a Geodatabase “ features, relations, domain, ….”  Digitizing features on a surface  Analysis  Product Generation “graphics (maps and charts), tabular reports” Planning a GIS Project