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Introduction
               Statistics - I
               Statistics - II




The Statistics of Web Performance

 Philip Tellis / philip@bluesmoon.info


           ConFoo / 2010-03-12




       ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                              Statistics - I
                              Statistics - II


$ finger philip




      Philip Tellis
      philip@bluesmoon.info
      @bluesmoon
      yahoo
      geek




                      ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                          The goal
        Statistics - I
                          Performance Measurement
        Statistics - II




      Introduction




ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                        The goal
                      Statistics - I
                                        Performance Measurement
                      Statistics - II




Accurately measure page performance
    At least, as accurately as possible




              ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction
                                        The goal
                      Statistics - I
                                        Performance Measurement
                      Statistics - II




Accurately measure page performance
    At least, as accurately as possible




              ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                              The goal
                            Statistics - I
                                              Performance Measurement
                            Statistics - II


Be unintrusive




  If you try to measure something accurately, you will change
  something related
                                                               – Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle




                    ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                            The goal
          Statistics - I
                            Performance Measurement
          Statistics - II




And one number to rule them all




  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                             The goal
                           Statistics - I
                                             Performance Measurement
                           Statistics - II


Bandwidth




     Real bandwidth v/s advertised bandwidth
     Bandwidth to your server, not to the ISP
     Bandwidth during normal internet usage
         If the user’s always watching movies, you’re not winning




                   ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction
                                             The goal
                           Statistics - I
                                             Performance Measurement
                           Statistics - II


Bandwidth




     Real bandwidth v/s advertised bandwidth
     Bandwidth to your server, not to the ISP
     Bandwidth during normal internet usage
         If the user’s always watching movies, you’re not winning




                   ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                                    The goal
                                  Statistics - I
                                                    Performance Measurement
                                  Statistics - II


Latency



        How long does it take a byte to get to the user?
              Wired, wireless, mobile, satellite?
              How many hops in between?
              Speed of light is constant
        This is not a battle we will soon win.
              When was the last time you heard latency mentioned in a
              TV ad?
  http://www.stuartcheshire.org/rants/Latency.html




                          ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                                    The goal
                                  Statistics - I
                                                    Performance Measurement
                                  Statistics - II


Latency



        How long does it take a byte to get to the user?
              Wired, wireless, mobile, satellite?
              How many hops in between?
              Speed of light is constant
        This is not a battle we will soon win.
              When was the last time you heard latency mentioned in a
              TV ad?
  http://www.stuartcheshire.org/rants/Latency.html




                          ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                                    The goal
                                  Statistics - I
                                                    Performance Measurement
                                  Statistics - II


Latency



        How long does it take a byte to get to the user?
              Wired, wireless, mobile, satellite?
              How many hops in between?
              Speed of light is constant
        This is not a battle we will soon win.
              When was the last time you heard latency mentioned in a
              TV ad?
  http://www.stuartcheshire.org/rants/Latency.html




                          ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction
                                             The goal
                           Statistics - I
                                             Performance Measurement
                           Statistics - II


User perceived page load time



     Time from “click on a link” to “spinner stops spinning”
     This is what users notice
         Depends on how long your page takes to build
         Depends on what’s in your page
         Depends on how long components take to load
         Depends on how long the browser takes to execute and
         render




                   ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                             The goal
           Statistics - I
                             Performance Measurement
           Statistics - II




We need to measure real user data




   ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                                          The goal
                        Statistics - I
                                          Performance Measurement
                        Statistics - II




The statistics apply to any kind of performance data though




                ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
        Statistics - I    Margin of Error
        Statistics - II   Central Tendency




      Statistics - I




ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction      Random Sampling
                         Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                         Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Disclaimer




  I am not a statistician




                 ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                       Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                       Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Population



             All possible users of your system




               ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                       Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                       Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Sample



         Representative subset of the population




               ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                     Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                     Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Bad sample



                   Sometimes it’s not




             ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction      Random Sampling
                                  Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                                  Statistics - II   Central Tendency


How to randomize?




        Pick 10% of users at random and always test them

                                                OR

        For each user, decide at random if they should be tested
  http://tech.bluesmoon.info/2010/01/statistics-of-performance-measurement.html




                          ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                            Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                            Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Select 10% of users - I



     if($sessionid % 10 === 0) {
        // instrument code for measurement
     }

      Once a user enters the measurement bucket, they stay
      there until they log out
      Fixed set of users, so tests may be more consistent
      Error in the sample results in positive feedback




                    ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                           Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                           Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Select 10% of users - II



     if(rand() < 0.1 * getrandmax()) {
        // instrument code for measurement
     }

      For every request, a user has a 10% chance of being
      tested
      Gets rid of positive feedback errors, but sample size !=
      10% of population




                   ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                       Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                       Statistics - II   Central Tendency


How big a sample is representative?




                      Select n such that
                          σ
                     1.96 √n ≤ 5%µ




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Introduction      Random Sampling
                          Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                          Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Standard Deviation

     Standard deviation tells you the spread of the curve
     The narrower the curve, the more confident you can be




                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                     Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                     Statistics - II   Central Tendency


MoE at 95% confidence




                                 σ
                           ±1.96 √n




             ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                          Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                          Statistics - II   Central Tendency


MoE & Sample size




   There is an inverse square root correlation between sample
                     size and margin of error




                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                      Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                      Statistics - II   Central Tendency




But wait... it’s not complicated enough.
    We have different types of margins of error
    ...more about that later




              ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction      Random Sampling
                      Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                      Statistics - II   Central Tendency




But wait... it’s not complicated enough.
    We have different types of margins of error
    ...more about that later




              ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                      Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                      Statistics - II   Central Tendency




But wait... it’s not complicated enough.
    We have different types of margins of error
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              ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                    Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                    Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Ding dong




            ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                         Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                         Statistics - II   Central Tendency


One number




    Mean (Arithmetic)
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Introduction      Random Sampling
                        Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                        Statistics - II   Central Tendency


One number




    Median
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       Not trivial to pull out of a DB


        Median(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 11




                ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                        Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                        Statistics - II   Central Tendency


One number




    Mode
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           Mode(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 11




                ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                            Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                            Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Other numbers




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          Used to find out the worst user experience
          Makes more sense if you filter data first


            P95th (10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 12




                    ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                         Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                         Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Other means




    Geometric mean
       Good if your data is exponential in nature
       (with the tail on the right)


       GMean(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 16.68




                 ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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mmm... beacons
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Introduction      Random Sampling
                               Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                               Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Wait... how did I get that?




            N
                ΠN xi — could lead to overflow
                 i=1

            ΣN loge (xi )
             i=1
                 N
        e                   — computationally simpler




                       ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                               Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                               Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Wait... how did I get that?




            N
                ΠN xi — could lead to overflow
                 i=1

            ΣN loge (xi )
             i=1
                 N
        e                   — computationally simpler




                       ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                               Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                               Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Wait... how did I get that?




            N
                ΠN xi — could lead to overflow
                 i=1

            ΣN loge (xi )
             i=1
                 N
        e                   — computationally simpler




                       ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                               Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                               Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Wait... how did I get that?




            N
                ΠN xi — could lead to overflow
                 i=1

            ΣN loge (xi )
             i=1
                 N
        e                   — computationally simpler




                       ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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Introduction      Random Sampling
                          Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                          Statistics - II   Central Tendency


Other means




   And there is also the Harmonic mean, but forget about that




                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                            Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                            Statistics - II   Central Tendency


...though consequently



  We have other margins of error
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      Median margin of error
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                    ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction      Random Sampling
                            Statistics - I    Margin of Error
                            Statistics - II   Central Tendency


...though consequently



  We have other margins of error
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      Median margin of error
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                    ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
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                   ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
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                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
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Introduction
                                            Filtering
                          Statistics - I
                                            The Log-Normal distribution
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Exponential == Geometric




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     Non-linear ranges are hard for humans to grok




                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
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                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
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Exponential == Geometric




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         Error _range =              /gmoe , gmean ∗ gmoe
     Non-linear ranges are hard for humans to grok




                  ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
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        Statistics - II




                  So...




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Introduction
                                       Statistics - I
                                       Statistics - II


Further reading

     Web Performance - Not a Simple Number
     http://www.netforecast.com/Articles/BCR+C25+Web+Performance+-+Not+A+Simple+Number.pdf

     Revisiting statistics for web performance (introduction to
     Log-Normal)
     http://home.pacbell.net/ciemo/statistics/WhatDoYouMean.pdf

     Random Sampling
     http://tech.bluesmoon.info/2010/01/statistics-of-performance-measurement.html

     Khan Academy’s tutorials on statistics
     http://khanacademy.com/

     Learning about Statistical Learning
     http://measuringmeasures.blogspot.com/2010/01/learning-about-statistical-learning.html

     Wikipedia articles on Random Sampling, Central Tendency,
     Standard Error, Confounding, Means and IQR

                               ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                         Statistics - I
                         Statistics - II


Summary



    Choose a reasonable sample size and sampling factor
    Tune sample size for minimal margin of error
    Decide based on your data whether to use mode, median
    or one of the means
    Figure out whether your data is Normal, Log-Normal or
    something else
    Filter out anomalous outliers




                 ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                             Statistics - I
                             Statistics - II


contact me




     Philip Tellis
     philip@bluesmoon.info
     bluesmoon.info
     @bluesmoon




                     ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance
Introduction
                            Statistics - I
                            Statistics - II


Photo credits




     http://www.flickr.com/photos/leoffreitas/332360959/ by leoffreitas
     http://www.flickr.com/photos/cobalt/56500295/ by cobalt123
     http://www.flickr.com/photos/sophistechate/4264466015/ by Lisa
     Brewster
     http://www.flickr.com/photos/nchoz/243216008/ by nchoz




                    ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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The Increasing Use of the National Research Platform by the CSU Campuses
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CIO Council Cal Poly Humboldt September 22, 2023

national research platformdistributed supercomputerdistributed systems
find out more about the role of autonomous vehicles in facing global challenges
find out more about the role of autonomous vehicles in facing global challengesfind out more about the role of autonomous vehicles in facing global challenges
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accommodate the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of autonomous vehicles

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Introduction
                             Statistics - I
                             Statistics - II


List of figures




      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram.svg
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_Distribution_PDF.svg
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KilroySchematic.svg
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boxplot_vs_PDF.png




                     ConFoo / 2010-03-12       The Statistics of Web Performance

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The Statistics of Web Performance

  • 1. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II The Statistics of Web Performance Philip Tellis / philip@bluesmoon.info ConFoo / 2010-03-12 ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 2. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II $ finger philip Philip Tellis philip@bluesmoon.info @bluesmoon yahoo geek ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 3. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Introduction ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 4. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Accurately measure page performance At least, as accurately as possible ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 5. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Accurately measure page performance At least, as accurately as possible ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 6. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Be unintrusive If you try to measure something accurately, you will change something related – Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 7. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II And one number to rule them all ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 8. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Bandwidth Real bandwidth v/s advertised bandwidth Bandwidth to your server, not to the ISP Bandwidth during normal internet usage If the user’s always watching movies, you’re not winning ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 9. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Bandwidth Real bandwidth v/s advertised bandwidth Bandwidth to your server, not to the ISP Bandwidth during normal internet usage If the user’s always watching movies, you’re not winning ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 10. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Latency How long does it take a byte to get to the user? Wired, wireless, mobile, satellite? How many hops in between? Speed of light is constant This is not a battle we will soon win. When was the last time you heard latency mentioned in a TV ad? http://www.stuartcheshire.org/rants/Latency.html ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 11. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Latency How long does it take a byte to get to the user? Wired, wireless, mobile, satellite? How many hops in between? Speed of light is constant This is not a battle we will soon win. When was the last time you heard latency mentioned in a TV ad? http://www.stuartcheshire.org/rants/Latency.html ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 12. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II Latency How long does it take a byte to get to the user? Wired, wireless, mobile, satellite? How many hops in between? Speed of light is constant This is not a battle we will soon win. When was the last time you heard latency mentioned in a TV ad? http://www.stuartcheshire.org/rants/Latency.html ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 13. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II User perceived page load time Time from “click on a link” to “spinner stops spinning” This is what users notice Depends on how long your page takes to build Depends on what’s in your page Depends on how long components take to load Depends on how long the browser takes to execute and render ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 14. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II We need to measure real user data ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 15. Introduction The goal Statistics - I Performance Measurement Statistics - II The statistics apply to any kind of performance data though ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 16. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Statistics - I ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 17. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Disclaimer I am not a statistician ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 18. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Population All possible users of your system ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 19. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Sample Representative subset of the population ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 20. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Bad sample Sometimes it’s not ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 21. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency How to randomize? Pick 10% of users at random and always test them OR For each user, decide at random if they should be tested http://tech.bluesmoon.info/2010/01/statistics-of-performance-measurement.html ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 22. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Select 10% of users - I if($sessionid % 10 === 0) { // instrument code for measurement } Once a user enters the measurement bucket, they stay there until they log out Fixed set of users, so tests may be more consistent Error in the sample results in positive feedback ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 23. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Select 10% of users - II if(rand() < 0.1 * getrandmax()) { // instrument code for measurement } For every request, a user has a 10% chance of being tested Gets rid of positive feedback errors, but sample size != 10% of population ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 24. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency How big a sample is representative? Select n such that σ 1.96 √n ≤ 5%µ ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 25. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Standard Deviation Standard deviation tells you the spread of the curve The narrower the curve, the more confident you can be ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 26. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency MoE at 95% confidence σ ±1.96 √n ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 27. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency MoE & Sample size There is an inverse square root correlation between sample size and margin of error ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 28. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency But wait... it’s not complicated enough. We have different types of margins of error ...more about that later ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 29. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency But wait... it’s not complicated enough. We have different types of margins of error ...more about that later ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 30. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency But wait... it’s not complicated enough. We have different types of margins of error ...more about that later ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 31. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Ding dong ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 32. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency One number Mean (Arithmetic) Good for symmetric curves Affected by outliers Mean(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 30 ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 33. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency One number Median Middle value measures central tendency well Not trivial to pull out of a DB Median(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 11 ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 34. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency One number Mode Not often used Multi-modal distributions suggest problems Mode(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 11 ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 35. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Other numbers A percentile point in the distribution: 95th , 98.5th or 99th Used to find out the worst user experience Makes more sense if you filter data first P95th (10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 12 ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 36. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Other means Geometric mean Good if your data is exponential in nature (with the tail on the right) GMean(10, 11, 12, 11, 109) = 16.68 ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 37. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Wait... how did I get that? N ΠN xi — could lead to overflow i=1 ΣN loge (xi ) i=1 N e — computationally simpler ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 38. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Wait... how did I get that? N ΠN xi — could lead to overflow i=1 ΣN loge (xi ) i=1 N e — computationally simpler ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 39. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Wait... how did I get that? N ΠN xi — could lead to overflow i=1 ΣN loge (xi ) i=1 N e — computationally simpler ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 40. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Wait... how did I get that? N ΠN xi — could lead to overflow i=1 ΣN loge (xi ) i=1 N e — computationally simpler ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 41. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency Other means And there is also the Harmonic mean, but forget about that ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 42. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency ...though consequently We have other margins of error Geometric margin of error Uses geometric standard deviation Median margin of error Uses ranges of actual values from data set Stick to the arithmetic MoE – simpler to calculate, simpler to read and not incorrect ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 43. Introduction Random Sampling Statistics - I Margin of Error Statistics - II Central Tendency ...though consequently We have other margins of error Geometric margin of error Uses geometric standard deviation Median margin of error Uses ranges of actual values from data set Stick to the arithmetic MoE – simpler to calculate, simpler to read and not incorrect ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 44. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Statistics - II ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 45. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Outliers Out of range data points Nothing you can fix here There’s even a book about them ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 46. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Outliers Out of range data points Nothing you can fix here There’s even a book about them ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 47. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Outliers Out of range data points Nothing you can fix here There’s even a book about them ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 48. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Outliers Out of range data points Nothing you can fix here There’s even a book about them ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 49. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II DNS problems can cause outliers 2 or 3 DNS servers for an ISP 30 second timeout if first fails ... 30 second increase in page load time Maybe measure both and fix what you can http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/papers/dns-ton2002.pdf ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 50. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Band-pass filtering ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 51. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Band-pass filtering Strip everything outside a reasonable range Bandwidth range: 4kbps - 4Gbps Page load time: 50ms - 120s You may need to relook at the ranges all the time ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 52. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II IQR filtering ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 53. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II IQR filtering Here, we derive the range from the data ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 54. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Let’s look at some real charts ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 55. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Bandwidth distribution for web devs x-axis is linear ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 56. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Now let’s use log(kbps) instead of kbps x-axis is exponential ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 57. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Exponential == Geometric Categories/Buckets grow exponentially Data is related geometrically Use the geometric mean and geometric margin of error gmean Error _range = /gmoe , gmean ∗ gmoe Non-linear ranges are hard for humans to grok ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 58. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Exponential == Geometric Categories/Buckets grow exponentially Data is related geometrically Use the geometric mean and geometric margin of error gmean Error _range = /gmoe , gmean ∗ gmoe Non-linear ranges are hard for humans to grok ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 59. Introduction Filtering Statistics - I The Log-Normal distribution Statistics - II Exponential == Geometric Categories/Buckets grow exponentially Data is related geometrically Use the geometric mean and geometric margin of error gmean Error _range = /gmoe , gmean ∗ gmoe Non-linear ranges are hard for humans to grok ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 60. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II So... ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 61. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II Further reading Web Performance - Not a Simple Number http://www.netforecast.com/Articles/BCR+C25+Web+Performance+-+Not+A+Simple+Number.pdf Revisiting statistics for web performance (introduction to Log-Normal) http://home.pacbell.net/ciemo/statistics/WhatDoYouMean.pdf Random Sampling http://tech.bluesmoon.info/2010/01/statistics-of-performance-measurement.html Khan Academy’s tutorials on statistics http://khanacademy.com/ Learning about Statistical Learning http://measuringmeasures.blogspot.com/2010/01/learning-about-statistical-learning.html Wikipedia articles on Random Sampling, Central Tendency, Standard Error, Confounding, Means and IQR ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 62. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II Summary Choose a reasonable sample size and sampling factor Tune sample size for minimal margin of error Decide based on your data whether to use mode, median or one of the means Figure out whether your data is Normal, Log-Normal or something else Filter out anomalous outliers ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 63. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II contact me Philip Tellis philip@bluesmoon.info bluesmoon.info @bluesmoon ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 64. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II Photo credits http://www.flickr.com/photos/leoffreitas/332360959/ by leoffreitas http://www.flickr.com/photos/cobalt/56500295/ by cobalt123 http://www.flickr.com/photos/sophistechate/4264466015/ by Lisa Brewster http://www.flickr.com/photos/nchoz/243216008/ by nchoz ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance
  • 65. Introduction Statistics - I Statistics - II List of figures http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_Distribution_PDF.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KilroySchematic.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boxplot_vs_PDF.png ConFoo / 2010-03-12 The Statistics of Web Performance