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Chapter 1 Nested Control Structures

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Khirulnizam Abd Rahman
Khirulnizam Abd Rahman

This document provides information about a course on fundamentals of Java programming taught by Khirulnizam Abd Rahman. It includes details about the instructor's background and programming experience, course synopsis and objectives, assessment methods, required textbooks, and an outline of topics to be covered such as control structures, methods, arrays, classes, and file I/O. The topic outline lists lessons on selection structures including if-else statements and switch cases, as well as repetition structures and nested control flows.

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Fundamentals of (Java) Programming Khirulnizam Abd Rahman 0129034614 (WhatsApp/SMS) Khirulnizam@gmail.com KERUL.net
About Khirulnizam Lecturer of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Selangor International Islamic University College (KUIS) – since 2000. Codes in blog.kerul.net Programming background: C, Java, PHP. Apps in Google Play M-Mathurat – 200K ( bit.ly/m-mathurat ) Peribahasa Dictionary – 20K ( bit.ly/pbahasa) mDictionary – open-sourced ( bit.ly/m-dictionary ) Hijrah Rasul – bit.ly/hijrah-rasul SmartSolat – bit.ly/smartsolat Apps in Windows Store Hijrah Rasul – bit.ly/hijrah-en Peribahasa Dictionary 2 http://blog.kerul.net 11/28/14
Course Synopsis This course is the continuation of the previous course (Algorithm and Problem Solving). It introduces complex flow control, method, array, class design, file and file I/O. Objectives: At the end of this course, students should be able to; write and apply complex control structure. create and invoke methods in programs. declare, create and apply arrays and classes. retrieve from and write data into another file. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to 3 Program Design, 3e
Assessment Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to 4 Program Design, 3e
Main Text Liang Y. Daniel. Introduction to Java Programming, Eight Edition, 2011, Pearson  F. Joyce. Java Programming, 6th Edition, 2011, Course Technology Tool: JDK & Eclipse Java IDE Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to 5 Program Design, 3e
Control Structure I
Control Structures A computer can process a program in three(3) ways : Sequence (line by line) Selection or choice (branch) Repetition
Sequence Structure Start at the beginning and follows the statement in order. start statement1 statement2 … Statement-n End
Selection Structure Statement executions is depending on one or more condition start statement1 statement3 Fcondition T statement2 Statement-n End
Repetition Structure Same statement is repeated in a number of times depending on one or more condition. start statement1 statement2 condition Statement-n End T F
Conditional Expression Consider the following statement If (score is greater than or equal to 90) grade is A If (temperature is greater than 50) display “Its Hot” Conditional expression Grade is A only if score >=90 Display Its Hot only if the temperature > 50
Logical Expression Write the logical expression for the following 1. yourAge is greater than 50. 2. The value of myAge is not 0. 3. y is between 20 and 100 4. height is between 1.5 and 2.0.
Logical Expression Use Logical & comparison operator to construct the logical expression 1. yourAge > 50 2. myAge != 0 3. y > 20 && y <100 4. height > 1.5 && height < 2.0.
Logical Expression Evaluate the following expression. Given x is 5 and y is 200. 1. x != 12 2. y < 100 3. x == 5 4. y == x*40 5. x >=5 && x <=5 6. y == 200 || y ==100 7. x == 10 || x != 5
Logical Expression Evaluate the following expression. Given x is 5 and y is 200. 1. x != 12 2. y < 100 3. x == 5 4. y == x*40 5. x >=5 && x <=5 6. y == 200 || y ==100 7. x == 10 || x != 5
Selection Structure There are 2 types of Selection Structure If statement Switch statement
Selection Structure – If Statement There are 3 types of if statement One-way selection : if Two-way selection : if - else Multiple-way selection : if – else if - else
If Statement : One-Way IF The Syntax If (condition) statement; if (condition) { statement1; statement2; } Only one statement More than one statement
If Statement : One-Way If If (condition) statement1; statement2; T F If (mark > 50) F System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : THANK YOU Mark = 34
If Statement : One-Way If If (condition) statement1; statement2; T F If (mark > 50) Mark = 60 T System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! THANK YOU
If Statement : One-Way If If (mark > 50){ Mark = 45 F System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRAGE = A!!”); } System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : THANK YOU
If Statement : One-Way If If (mark > 50){ Mark = 60 T System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRAGE = A!!”); } System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! GRADE = A THANK YOU
If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (condition) statement1; else statement2; statement3; Only one statement for each
If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50) F Mark = 34 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : BAD!! THANK YOU
If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50) T Mark = 60 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! THANK YOU
If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (condition) { statement1; statement2; } else { Statement3; Statement4; } Statement5; More than one statement
If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50){ T Mark = 60 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRADE = A!!”);} else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! GRADE = A THANK YOU
If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50){ F Mark = 40 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRADE = A!!”);} else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : BAD!! THANK YOU
If Statement : Multiple-Way IF The Syntax if (condition) statement1; else if (condition){ statement2; statement3;} else if (condition) statement4; else if (condition) statement5; else { statement6; statement7;} Use braces if there are more than one statement in a group
If Statement : Multiple-Way IF The Syntax if (mark > 70) grade = “A”; else if (mark > 60 && mark <= 70){ grade = “B”; mark = mark + 3;} else if (mark > 50 && mark <=60) grade = “C”; else if (mark > 35 && mark <=50) grade = “D”; else { grade = “F” message = “FAIL!!!”} Don’t use 60 < mark <=70 x
Output : Grade = F If Statement : Multiple-Way IF if (mark > 70) grade = “A”; F Mark = 34? F else if (mark > 60 && mark <= 70){ grade = “B”; mark = mark + 3;} F else if (mark > 50 && mark <=60) grade = “C”; else if (mark > 35 && mark <=50) grade = “D”; else { grade = “F” message = “FAIL!!!”} T System.out.println(“Grade = “ + grade);
If Statement : Multiple-Way IF if (mark > 70) grade = “A”; F Mark = 65? T else if (mark > 60 && mark <= 70){ grade = “B”; mark = mark + 3;} else if (mark > 50 && mark <=60) grade = “C”; else if (mark > 35 && mark <=50) grade = “D”; else { grade = “F” message = “FAIL!!!”} Output : Grade = B System.out.println(“Grade = “ + grade);
Selection Structure : Switch switch(expression) { //start switch case value1: statement1; break; case value2: statement2; statement3; break; case value3: statement4; break; … default: statement-n; } // end switch use colon not semicolon
Selection Structure : Switch switch(month) { //start switch case 1: Name = “January”; break; case 2: name = “February”; break; case 3: name = “March”; break; … default: name = “ Not available”; } // end switch System,out.println(“Month = “ + name); Month = 2 F T
C1 - COMPLEX FLOW CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING DTCP 2023
NESTED IF STATEMENT SYNTAX if (Boolean_Expression_1) if (Boolean_Expression_2) Statement_1) else Statement_2
Nested Statements Subtly different forms First Form if (a > b) { if (c > d) e = f } else g = h; Second Form if (a > b) if (c > d) e = f else g = h; // oops
What is the output? Any difference??? if ( x < y) if (x < z) System.out.println("Hello"); else System.out.println("Good bye"); if ( x < y){ if (x < z) System.out.println("Hello"); }else Good bye System.out.println("Good bye"); Nested if statement No output given
The Nested-if Statement The then and else block of an if statement can contain any valid statements, including other if statements. An if statement containing another if statement is called a nested-if statement. 39 if (testScore >= 70) { if (studentAge < 10) { System.out.println("You did a great job"); } else { System.out.println("You did pass"); //test score >= 70 } //and age >= 10 } else { //test score < 70 System.out.println("You did not pass"); }
Control Flow of Nested-if Statement false inner if messageBox.show ("You did not pass"); 40 messageBox.show ("You did not pass"); false testScore >= 70 ? testScore >= 70 ? messageBox.show ("You did pass"); messageBox.show ("You did pass"); true studentAge < 10 ? studentAge < 10 ? true messageBox.show ("You did a great job"); messageBox.show ("You did a great job");
Nested if-else Statements An if-else statement can contain any sort of statement within it. In particular, it can contain another if-else statement. An if-else may be nested within the "if" part. An if-else may be nested within the "else" part. An if-else may be nested within both parts.
Nested Statements Syntax if (Boolean_Expression_1) if (Boolean_Expression_2) Statement_1) else Statement_2) else if (Boolean_Expression_3) Statement_3) else Statement_4);
Nested Statements Each else is paired with the nearest unmatched if. If used properly, indentation communicates which if goes with which else. Braces can be used like parentheses to group statements.
TRACE THE OUTPUT public class test{ public static void main(String[] args){ int a=4; for (int i=1; i<a;i++ ){ for (int j=1; j<=i;j++ ){ System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(""); } } * ** ***
EXERCISE Construct a simple program that apply nested if else statement follow the rules given. Score Grade 90 <= score A 80 <= score < 90 B 70 <= score < 80 C 60 <= score < 70 D Score < 60 F Example: If student score is 99 then display the grade which is A to student.
46 Nested if Statements The statement executed as a result of an if statement or else clause could be another if statement These are called nested if statements See MinOfThree.java (page 227) An else clause is matched to the last unmatched if (no matter what the indentation implies) Braces can be used to specify the if statement to which an else clause belongs
Nested Control Structures for loops can be found within other for loops 47
Example 1 for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) System.out.print(" *"); System.out.println(); } 48 Output: * ** *** **** *****
Example 2 What will be the value of after each of the following nested loops is executed? for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++){ for (int j = 1; j < 4-i; j++){ System.out.print(" *"); } System.out.println(); } 49 Output: ** *
Example 3 What will be the value of after each of the following nested loops is executed? int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i<=2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j<=2; j++) { sum = sum + i; } }System.out.println(sum); 50 Output: 9
Example 4 What does the following program segment print? for (int f = 0; f < 3; ++f){ for (int g = 0; g < 2; ++g){ System.out.print(f); System.out.print(g); } } 51 Output: 000110112021
Nested Loops Suppose you wanted to print the following table: for (int row = 1; row <= 4; row++) { // For each of 4 rows for (int col = 1; col <= 9; col++) // For each of 9 columns System.out.print(col * row + "t"); // Print 36 numbers System.out.println(); // Start a new row } // for row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 • You could use a nested for loop. The outer loop prints the four rows and in each row, the inner loop prints the 9 columns.
Nested Loops (cont.) The table shows the relationship between the row and column variables needed to print the following triangular pattern: # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # • You could use the following nested for loop. for (int row = 1; row <= 5; row++) { // For each row for (int col = 1; col <= 6 - row; col++) // Print the row System.out.print('#'); System.out.println(); // And a new row } // for row Row Column Bound (6 – Row) Number of Symbols 1 6-1 5 2 6-2 4 3 6-3 3 4 6-4 2 5 6-5 1
The Nested-for Statement Nesting a for statement inside another for statement is commonly used technique in programming. Let’s generate the following table using nested-for statement. 54
55 Generating the Table int price; for (int width = 11; width <=20, width++){ for (int length = 5, length <=25, length+=5){ price = width * length * 19; //$19 per sq. ft. System.out.print (“ “ + price); } //finished one row; move on to next row System.out.println(“”); RENNI } RETUO

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Chapter 1 Nested Control Structures

  • 1. Fundamentals of (Java) Programming Khirulnizam Abd Rahman 0129034614 (WhatsApp/SMS) Khirulnizam@gmail.com KERUL.net
  • 2. About Khirulnizam Lecturer of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Selangor International Islamic University College (KUIS) – since 2000. Codes in blog.kerul.net Programming background: C, Java, PHP. Apps in Google Play M-Mathurat – 200K ( bit.ly/m-mathurat ) Peribahasa Dictionary – 20K ( bit.ly/pbahasa) mDictionary – open-sourced ( bit.ly/m-dictionary ) Hijrah Rasul – bit.ly/hijrah-rasul SmartSolat – bit.ly/smartsolat Apps in Windows Store Hijrah Rasul – bit.ly/hijrah-en Peribahasa Dictionary 2 http://blog.kerul.net 11/28/14
  • 3. Course Synopsis This course is the continuation of the previous course (Algorithm and Problem Solving). It introduces complex flow control, method, array, class design, file and file I/O. Objectives: At the end of this course, students should be able to; write and apply complex control structure. create and invoke methods in programs. declare, create and apply arrays and classes. retrieve from and write data into another file. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to 3 Program Design, 3e
  • 4. Assessment Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to 4 Program Design, 3e
  • 5. Main Text Liang Y. Daniel. Introduction to Java Programming, Eight Edition, 2011, Pearson  F. Joyce. Java Programming, 6th Edition, 2011, Course Technology Tool: JDK & Eclipse Java IDE Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to 5 Program Design, 3e
  • 7. Control Structures A computer can process a program in three(3) ways : Sequence (line by line) Selection or choice (branch) Repetition
  • 8. Sequence Structure Start at the beginning and follows the statement in order. start statement1 statement2 … Statement-n End
  • 9. Selection Structure Statement executions is depending on one or more condition start statement1 statement3 Fcondition T statement2 Statement-n End
  • 10. Repetition Structure Same statement is repeated in a number of times depending on one or more condition. start statement1 statement2 condition Statement-n End T F
  • 11. Conditional Expression Consider the following statement If (score is greater than or equal to 90) grade is A If (temperature is greater than 50) display “Its Hot” Conditional expression Grade is A only if score >=90 Display Its Hot only if the temperature > 50
  • 12. Logical Expression Write the logical expression for the following 1. yourAge is greater than 50. 2. The value of myAge is not 0. 3. y is between 20 and 100 4. height is between 1.5 and 2.0.
  • 13. Logical Expression Use Logical & comparison operator to construct the logical expression 1. yourAge > 50 2. myAge != 0 3. y > 20 && y <100 4. height > 1.5 && height < 2.0.
  • 14. Logical Expression Evaluate the following expression. Given x is 5 and y is 200. 1. x != 12 2. y < 100 3. x == 5 4. y == x*40 5. x >=5 && x <=5 6. y == 200 || y ==100 7. x == 10 || x != 5
  • 15. Logical Expression Evaluate the following expression. Given x is 5 and y is 200. 1. x != 12 2. y < 100 3. x == 5 4. y == x*40 5. x >=5 && x <=5 6. y == 200 || y ==100 7. x == 10 || x != 5
  • 16. Selection Structure There are 2 types of Selection Structure If statement Switch statement
  • 17. Selection Structure – If Statement There are 3 types of if statement One-way selection : if Two-way selection : if - else Multiple-way selection : if – else if - else
  • 18. If Statement : One-Way IF The Syntax If (condition) statement; if (condition) { statement1; statement2; } Only one statement More than one statement
  • 19. If Statement : One-Way If If (condition) statement1; statement2; T F If (mark > 50) F System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : THANK YOU Mark = 34
  • 20. If Statement : One-Way If If (condition) statement1; statement2; T F If (mark > 50) Mark = 60 T System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! THANK YOU
  • 21. If Statement : One-Way If If (mark > 50){ Mark = 45 F System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRAGE = A!!”); } System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : THANK YOU
  • 22. If Statement : One-Way If If (mark > 50){ Mark = 60 T System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRAGE = A!!”); } System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! GRADE = A THANK YOU
  • 23. If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (condition) statement1; else statement2; statement3; Only one statement for each
  • 24. If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50) F Mark = 34 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : BAD!! THANK YOU
  • 25. If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50) T Mark = 60 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! THANK YOU
  • 26. If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (condition) { statement1; statement2; } else { Statement3; Statement4; } Statement5; More than one statement
  • 27. If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50){ T Mark = 60 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRADE = A!!”);} else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : GOOD!! GRADE = A THANK YOU
  • 28. If Statement : Two-Way IF The Syntax if (score > 50){ F Mark = 40 System.out.println(“GOOD!!”); System.out.println(“GRADE = A!!”);} else System.out.println(“BAD!!”); System.out.println(“THANK YOU”); Output : BAD!! THANK YOU
  • 29. If Statement : Multiple-Way IF The Syntax if (condition) statement1; else if (condition){ statement2; statement3;} else if (condition) statement4; else if (condition) statement5; else { statement6; statement7;} Use braces if there are more than one statement in a group
  • 30. If Statement : Multiple-Way IF The Syntax if (mark > 70) grade = “A”; else if (mark > 60 && mark <= 70){ grade = “B”; mark = mark + 3;} else if (mark > 50 && mark <=60) grade = “C”; else if (mark > 35 && mark <=50) grade = “D”; else { grade = “F” message = “FAIL!!!”} Don’t use 60 < mark <=70 x
  • 31. Output : Grade = F If Statement : Multiple-Way IF if (mark > 70) grade = “A”; F Mark = 34? F else if (mark > 60 && mark <= 70){ grade = “B”; mark = mark + 3;} F else if (mark > 50 && mark <=60) grade = “C”; else if (mark > 35 && mark <=50) grade = “D”; else { grade = “F” message = “FAIL!!!”} T System.out.println(“Grade = “ + grade);
  • 32. If Statement : Multiple-Way IF if (mark > 70) grade = “A”; F Mark = 65? T else if (mark > 60 && mark <= 70){ grade = “B”; mark = mark + 3;} else if (mark > 50 && mark <=60) grade = “C”; else if (mark > 35 && mark <=50) grade = “D”; else { grade = “F” message = “FAIL!!!”} Output : Grade = B System.out.println(“Grade = “ + grade);
  • 33. Selection Structure : Switch switch(expression) { //start switch case value1: statement1; break; case value2: statement2; statement3; break; case value3: statement4; break; … default: statement-n; } // end switch use colon not semicolon
  • 34. Selection Structure : Switch switch(month) { //start switch case 1: Name = “January”; break; case 2: name = “February”; break; case 3: name = “March”; break; … default: name = “ Not available”; } // end switch System,out.println(“Month = “ + name); Month = 2 F T
  • 35. C1 - COMPLEX FLOW CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING DTCP 2023
  • 36. NESTED IF STATEMENT SYNTAX if (Boolean_Expression_1) if (Boolean_Expression_2) Statement_1) else Statement_2
  • 37. Nested Statements Subtly different forms First Form if (a > b) { if (c > d) e = f } else g = h; Second Form if (a > b) if (c > d) e = f else g = h; // oops
  • 38. What is the output? Any difference??? if ( x < y) if (x < z) System.out.println("Hello"); else System.out.println("Good bye"); if ( x < y){ if (x < z) System.out.println("Hello"); }else Good bye System.out.println("Good bye"); Nested if statement No output given
  • 39. The Nested-if Statement The then and else block of an if statement can contain any valid statements, including other if statements. An if statement containing another if statement is called a nested-if statement. 39 if (testScore >= 70) { if (studentAge < 10) { System.out.println("You did a great job"); } else { System.out.println("You did pass"); //test score >= 70 } //and age >= 10 } else { //test score < 70 System.out.println("You did not pass"); }
  • 40. Control Flow of Nested-if Statement false inner if messageBox.show ("You did not pass"); 40 messageBox.show ("You did not pass"); false testScore >= 70 ? testScore >= 70 ? messageBox.show ("You did pass"); messageBox.show ("You did pass"); true studentAge < 10 ? studentAge < 10 ? true messageBox.show ("You did a great job"); messageBox.show ("You did a great job");
  • 41. Nested if-else Statements An if-else statement can contain any sort of statement within it. In particular, it can contain another if-else statement. An if-else may be nested within the "if" part. An if-else may be nested within the "else" part. An if-else may be nested within both parts.
  • 42. Nested Statements Syntax if (Boolean_Expression_1) if (Boolean_Expression_2) Statement_1) else Statement_2) else if (Boolean_Expression_3) Statement_3) else Statement_4);
  • 43. Nested Statements Each else is paired with the nearest unmatched if. If used properly, indentation communicates which if goes with which else. Braces can be used like parentheses to group statements.
  • 44. TRACE THE OUTPUT public class test{ public static void main(String[] args){ int a=4; for (int i=1; i<a;i++ ){ for (int j=1; j<=i;j++ ){ System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(""); } } * ** ***
  • 45. EXERCISE Construct a simple program that apply nested if else statement follow the rules given. Score Grade 90 <= score A 80 <= score < 90 B 70 <= score < 80 C 60 <= score < 70 D Score < 60 F Example: If student score is 99 then display the grade which is A to student.
  • 46. 46 Nested if Statements The statement executed as a result of an if statement or else clause could be another if statement These are called nested if statements See MinOfThree.java (page 227) An else clause is matched to the last unmatched if (no matter what the indentation implies) Braces can be used to specify the if statement to which an else clause belongs
  • 47. Nested Control Structures for loops can be found within other for loops 47
  • 48. Example 1 for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) System.out.print(" *"); System.out.println(); } 48 Output: * ** *** **** *****
  • 49. Example 2 What will be the value of after each of the following nested loops is executed? for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++){ for (int j = 1; j < 4-i; j++){ System.out.print(" *"); } System.out.println(); } 49 Output: ** *
  • 50. Example 3 What will be the value of after each of the following nested loops is executed? int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i<=2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j<=2; j++) { sum = sum + i; } }System.out.println(sum); 50 Output: 9
  • 51. Example 4 What does the following program segment print? for (int f = 0; f < 3; ++f){ for (int g = 0; g < 2; ++g){ System.out.print(f); System.out.print(g); } } 51 Output: 000110112021
  • 52. Nested Loops Suppose you wanted to print the following table: for (int row = 1; row <= 4; row++) { // For each of 4 rows for (int col = 1; col <= 9; col++) // For each of 9 columns System.out.print(col * row + "t"); // Print 36 numbers System.out.println(); // Start a new row } // for row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 • You could use a nested for loop. The outer loop prints the four rows and in each row, the inner loop prints the 9 columns.
  • 53. Nested Loops (cont.) The table shows the relationship between the row and column variables needed to print the following triangular pattern: # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # • You could use the following nested for loop. for (int row = 1; row <= 5; row++) { // For each row for (int col = 1; col <= 6 - row; col++) // Print the row System.out.print('#'); System.out.println(); // And a new row } // for row Row Column Bound (6 – Row) Number of Symbols 1 6-1 5 2 6-2 4 3 6-3 3 4 6-4 2 5 6-5 1
  • 54. The Nested-for Statement Nesting a for statement inside another for statement is commonly used technique in programming. Let’s generate the following table using nested-for statement. 54
  • 55. 55 Generating the Table int price; for (int width = 11; width <=20, width++){ for (int length = 5, length <=25, length+=5){ price = width * length * 19; //$19 per sq. ft. System.out.print (“ “ + price); } //finished one row; move on to next row System.out.println(“”); RENNI } RETUO

Editor's Notes

  1. It is possible to write if tests in different ways to achieve the same result. For example, the above code can also be expressed as if (testScore &amp;gt;= 70 &amp;&amp; studentAge &amp;lt; 10) { messageBox.show(&amp;quot;You did a great job&amp;quot;); } else { //either testScore &amp;lt; 70 OR studentAge &amp;gt;= 10 if (testScore &amp;gt;= 70) { messageBox.show(&amp;quot;You did pass&amp;quot;); } else { messageBox.show(&amp;quot;You did not pass&amp;quot;); } }
  2. This diagram shows the control flow of the example nested-if statement.
  3. Just an if statement can be nested inside another if statement, we often nest for loops. For example, using a nest-for loop is the most appropriate way to generate a table such as the illustration.
  4. Here&amp;apos;s how the table can be produced by a nested-for loop. For each value of width, length will range from 5 to 25 with an increment of 5. Here’s how the values for width and length change over the course of execution. widthlength 11 5 10 15 20 25 12 5 10 15 20 25 13 5 10 and so on…