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Alan Manifold
Systems Implementation Manager
Purdue University Libraries
ACRL
Delaware
Valley
Chapter
19 November 2004
Just a Techie,
ENCompass only
NOT!
WHO AM I?
OUTLINE
 Google, et al
Pros & cons, new stuff, failure rate
 Promise/Vision of Federated
Searching
Definitions, screen shots
 Reality of Federated Searching
Problems, successes, challenges
 Some Reflections
GOOGLE – PROS
What does Google provide that libraries
have not traditionally provided?
Ranking – keeps track of popularity
… the order of records returned is based on the number of links to it on the web …
Relevancy – analyzes the content
… the order of records is also based on their relevance, determined from the content …
Really easy to use
… just type in a word, Google does the rest …
Comprehensive
… it hardly matters what topic or area you want, Google has scads of hits for it …
Consistent in response
… Google basically always returns the same kind of screen …
Nice looking
… it’s colorful, it’s got a cute name, it has indentations and headings, etc …

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FSU SLIS InfoSvcs Wk 3 - Web Search & Evaluation
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This document provides an overview of conducting effective internet research. It discusses web browsers, search engines, refining searches using Boolean operators and field searching, and evaluating online sources. Key topics include using search engines to access online information, employing techniques like phrase searching and site: commands to focus results, and assessing credibility of sources using the CARS method of evaluating currency, accuracy, reasonableness, and support. The goal is to help readers move from ignorance to knowledge by teaching them how to efficiently hunt for and critically examine information on the internet.

searchphraseinternet
GOOGLE – CONS
Selection: No selection criteria to insure quality,
accuracy, peer review, etc.
Authority control: No control over content, which can be
inaccurate and inconsistent, as well as
being filled with words added just to
affect relevancy score
Currency: Returns countless dead links
Weighting: Can weight HTML title tags more than
other content, but can’t do much beyond
that
Cataloging: No descriptive metadata to describe
document content overall
Google’s biggest failings:
GOOGLE’S FAILURES
Still listed
more than
two years
after
going 404
Dead links seem like a serious problem,
but nobody seems to care, right?
What can we learn from that?
SHALLOW vs DEEP
Google is best at fact
finding at a shallow depth:
Who starred in that?
When did that happen?
What’s its atomic number?
Where can I get one?
Who makes those?
What are its side effects?
How do you do that?
When is it showing?
Google is not so good at
depth and analysis:
Tell me about it.
Why did they?
How are they related?
Which is better?
What do the experts think?
Has that been proven?
How do we know that?
What led up to that?
GOOGLE
We worry when our children date someone
we think is superficial and shallow.
We worry about our
patrons when they rely
totally on Google for their
information needs when it
does not provide the depth
and quality of information
they could be getting.

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senior hish schoolresearchingempowerment technology
FEDERATED SEARCH
Initially, federated searching was simply the
ability to search a number of disparate
resources with a single search.
 Multiple protocols
 Multiple data formats
 Multiple search types
 Results consolidation
 Record de-duping
 Results sorting
Current federated searching products
often also include support for:
VISION
In the future, federated searching products
could expand into powerful searching tools.
Searching and presenting video and audio files
Personally contoured searching
Searching numerical data
Searching and presenting non-textual data (e.g.
maps, genomes, chemical compounds)
Institutional repositories
Already they are evolving towards the
ability to support such things as:
DISTANT FUTURE?
Search for and present aromatherapy solutions
Search webcams by image attributes
Search and reproduce holographs
Search (and even clone) genomes
Search and reproduce chemical compounds
Search parts and assemblies by shape
These features rely on searching object
metadata. As the ability evolves to search
object attributes directly, and peripheral
options expand for presentation, federated
searching systems should be there:
IS FS THE ANSWER?
Federated Searching is a more powerful
tool than Google in some significant ways:
Federated Searching
Dynamic
Multiple protocols
Open
Focused
Google
Static
HTTP protocol
Proprietary
Unfocused

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Online Search Techniques-Boolean Searching
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HTML
The Internet is based primarily on HTML,
which codes information for display:
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="3" class="fixed" width="100%">
<tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Database</td><td valign="top"
class="dt">Academic Search Elite</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Title</td><td valign="top" class="dt">
Male red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, determine female
mating status from pheromone trails.
</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Creator</td><td valign="top" class="dt">
O'Donnell, Ryan P.<br> Ford, Neil B.<br> Shine, Richard
</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Source</td><td valign="top" class="dt">
Animal Behaviour &nbsp; &nbsp;Oct2004, Vol. 68 Issue 4, p677</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Notes</td><td valign="top" class="dt">…snip…
[Copyright 2004 Elsevier]</td></tr>
</table>
MARC
Records in most library systems are coded
in MARC, which works well for describing
traditional library material content, but is
difficult to extend to other material types:
OCLC MARC Bib Record in Raw Form:
00734cam 22002411 45*0001001300000003000600013005001700019008004100036
0100017000770400023000940430012001170500016001290820013001450920019001
5804900090017710000250018624500980021126000570030930000390036635000090
0405504003000414651004800444*ocm00442080 *OCoLC*19940620065418.0*7010
12s1968 pauab b 000 0 eng * ‡a 68021623 * ‡aDLC‡cDLC‡dOCL‡dIPL*‡an-us
---*0 ‡aJK2556‡b.E2* ‡a325.3/73* ‡a325.373‡bEb61f* ‡aIPL1*1 ‡aEblen, Jack Eri
cson.*14‡aThe first and second United States empires;‡bgovernors and territorial gover
nment, 1784-1912.*‡a[Pittsburgh]‡bUniversity of Pittsburgh Press‡c[1968]* ‡aviii, 34
4 p.‡billus., map.‡c24 cm.* ‡a8.95* ‡aBibliography: p. 321-333.* 0‡aUnited States‡x
Territories and possessions.**
XML
<MARC>
<MRleader>02412naa 2200289 4500</MRleader><MR001>14582694</MR001>
<MR008>200410e20041001xxu####e###j########eng#d</MR008>
<MR022><MR022a>0003-3472</MR022a></MR022>
<MR072><MR072a>Article</MR072a></MR072>
<MR100 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR100a>O'Donnell, Ryan P.</MR100a></MR100>
<MR700 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR700a>Ford, Neil B.</MR700a></MR700>
<MR700 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR700a>Shine, Richard</MR700a></MR700>
<MR245 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR245a>Male red-sided snip</MR245a></MR245>
<MR270><MR270a>Dept of Zoology, Oregon State U</MR270a></MR270>
<MR514><MR514a>Peer Reviewed</MR514a></MR514>
<MR520><MR520a>...snip...</MR520a></MR520>
<MR654><MR654a>GARTER snakes</MR654a></MR654>
<MR773>
<MR773t>Animal Behaviour</MR773t><MR773g> Oct2004, Vol. 68 Issue 4, p677</MR773g>
</MR773>
<MR903><MR903a>20041001</MR903a></MR903>
<MR945>
<MR945m>68</MR945m><MR945n>4</MR945n><MR945p>677</MR945p>
</MR945>
</MARC>
Federated searching products use XML,
which codes information for content, not
for display.
SAMPLE SCREEN #1
EnCompass
federated
search by title
screen
Select
search
options
Select databases
to search

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SAMPLE SCREEN #2
EnCompass
federated search by
subject screen
Expand subjects
Select
DBs
SAMPLE SCREEN #3
Federated search
results in progress
NEEDS EXPLAINING
 Results limited for better response time
 We don’t know which 34 hits and we can’t get the
ones after 100 (the limit)
 It got to the database, but the search itself failed
 It didn’t connect to the database
 Click to get usually useless messages to explain
failures (e.g. “Unknown error”)
SAMPLE SCREEN #4
“Show All” results
screen – no sorting
specified

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SAMPLE SCREEN #5
The record display screen shows
selected fields from record, as
determined by the library. The
presence of the button means
there is a URL in the record.
REALITY
Although federated searching has a
number of successes to its credit, there
are also a number of problems. And
since the products are relatively
immature, there are many more
challenges ahead. Let’s look at:
 Problems
 Challenges
 Successes
PROBLEMS
 Lack of standards
 Multiple protocol support
 Multiple data formats
 Range of vendor support
 Search definitions
 Z39.50 problems
 HTTP Search Engine (HSE) connectors
A number of problems contribute to the
difficulty of making federated searching
match its vision. Among them:
SEARCH & Z
What does a title search cover…
On my online catalog?
On another online catalog?
On an A&I database from vendor P?
On an A&I database from vendor E?
On Amazon or Barnes & Noble?
On Associations Unlimited?
On Google?
On Funding Opportunities Database?
On Reference Suite@FACTS.com?
On Biography Resource Center?
With these Z39.50 Attributes: Use:4, Relation:3,
Position:3, Structure:1, Completeness:1,
Truncation:1?

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HSE CONNECTORS
HSE Connectors have as their mission to
extract specific data fields whether they are
there or not.
American National Biography
METADEX
Associations Unlimited
Funding Opportunities
Accunet/AP Photo Archive
AltaVista
HOW HSEC’S WORK
HSE Connectors do their work by
emulating a web browser. They connect to
web pages, read the HTML and try to
interpret
what they
read.
And some
programmer
has to tell
them how.
VENDOR vs VENDOR
Database vendors
complain about
HSE connectors
because they
pound the web
servers much more
than individual
users could do.
System vendors
hate using HSE
connectors, but the
database vendors
have not provided
alternatives, such
as XML gateways
or Z-connections.
V Said: Z Said:
CHALLENGES
Authorization
Make sure only authorized users can get to specific
resources
Connectors
Keep current connectors working and move away from HSE
connectors to something more stable
Response time
Search multiple resources faster
Integrating new resources
As new protocols and resources come into being, federated
search systems need to keep up
De-duping and managing results
When results are like apples and oranges, sorting and
de-duping are tough, but the users expect it

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SUCCESSES
IT REALLY WORKS!
Endeavor claims 138 ENCompass sites
Ex Libris claims 531 MetaLib sites
MuseGlobal MuseSearch (couldn’t tell)
Sirsi SingleSearch (couldn’t tell)
WebFeat claims 1500 sites
At Purdue, we have 119 databases
listed on our “MegaSearch” pages,
about half HSE and half Z39.50
IS THIS ENOUGH?
To attract our patrons to use federated
searching, we need to address Google’s
strengths head-on.
Ranking
… need to become sophisticated enough to figure quality of results …
Relevancy
… need to analyze the content enough to determine relevance …
Really easy to use
… single box searching with advanced options available, maybe? …
Comprehensive
… I think we want to distinguish what fs is for, rather than trying to cover it all …
Consistent in response
… put in a search, get records back, same procedure no matter what the result …
Nice looking
… concentrate on user interface design principles to get something attractive …
PERSPECTIVE
We try to get people to
come to the library, but
maybe a better model for
the web would be to put
what the library offers into
places people are already
going. What would this look
like?
Maybe we should also look at the problem
differently:
OCLC AND GOOGLE
Both Google and Yahoo now include links
to WorldCat. Type “find in a library” with
any search to get library info:

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VALUE
The bottom line is value.
We need to give our patrons
valuable services in exchange
for their time and effort.
Federated Searching
adds value to the library’s
offerings. Patrons get
more results per minute
spent.
ENVISION
 Full text of journal articles
 Photos, graphs, maps, video clips,
sounds
 E-Books full text
 Data sets in an institutional repository
 Selected peer-reviewed websites
 Dictionaries and encyclopedias
 Specialized software
Picture a patron doing federated searching
and getting one-click access to:
WE SHALL PREVAIL!
When we deliver that, our patrons will rush
to choose federated searching over Google.

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Breaking the Google Addiction

  • 1. Alan Manifold Systems Implementation Manager Purdue University Libraries ACRL Delaware Valley Chapter 19 November 2004
  • 2. Just a Techie, ENCompass only NOT! WHO AM I?
  • 3. OUTLINE  Google, et al Pros & cons, new stuff, failure rate  Promise/Vision of Federated Searching Definitions, screen shots  Reality of Federated Searching Problems, successes, challenges  Some Reflections
  • 4. GOOGLE – PROS What does Google provide that libraries have not traditionally provided? Ranking – keeps track of popularity … the order of records returned is based on the number of links to it on the web … Relevancy – analyzes the content … the order of records is also based on their relevance, determined from the content … Really easy to use … just type in a word, Google does the rest … Comprehensive … it hardly matters what topic or area you want, Google has scads of hits for it … Consistent in response … Google basically always returns the same kind of screen … Nice looking … it’s colorful, it’s got a cute name, it has indentations and headings, etc …
  • 5. GOOGLE – CONS Selection: No selection criteria to insure quality, accuracy, peer review, etc. Authority control: No control over content, which can be inaccurate and inconsistent, as well as being filled with words added just to affect relevancy score Currency: Returns countless dead links Weighting: Can weight HTML title tags more than other content, but can’t do much beyond that Cataloging: No descriptive metadata to describe document content overall Google’s biggest failings:
  • 6. GOOGLE’S FAILURES Still listed more than two years after going 404 Dead links seem like a serious problem, but nobody seems to care, right? What can we learn from that?
  • 7. SHALLOW vs DEEP Google is best at fact finding at a shallow depth: Who starred in that? When did that happen? What’s its atomic number? Where can I get one? Who makes those? What are its side effects? How do you do that? When is it showing? Google is not so good at depth and analysis: Tell me about it. Why did they? How are they related? Which is better? What do the experts think? Has that been proven? How do we know that? What led up to that?
  • 8. GOOGLE We worry when our children date someone we think is superficial and shallow. We worry about our patrons when they rely totally on Google for their information needs when it does not provide the depth and quality of information they could be getting.
  • 9. FEDERATED SEARCH Initially, federated searching was simply the ability to search a number of disparate resources with a single search.  Multiple protocols  Multiple data formats  Multiple search types  Results consolidation  Record de-duping  Results sorting Current federated searching products often also include support for:
  • 10. VISION In the future, federated searching products could expand into powerful searching tools. Searching and presenting video and audio files Personally contoured searching Searching numerical data Searching and presenting non-textual data (e.g. maps, genomes, chemical compounds) Institutional repositories Already they are evolving towards the ability to support such things as:
  • 11. DISTANT FUTURE? Search for and present aromatherapy solutions Search webcams by image attributes Search and reproduce holographs Search (and even clone) genomes Search and reproduce chemical compounds Search parts and assemblies by shape These features rely on searching object metadata. As the ability evolves to search object attributes directly, and peripheral options expand for presentation, federated searching systems should be there:
  • 12. IS FS THE ANSWER? Federated Searching is a more powerful tool than Google in some significant ways: Federated Searching Dynamic Multiple protocols Open Focused Google Static HTTP protocol Proprietary Unfocused
  • 13. HTML The Internet is based primarily on HTML, which codes information for display: <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="3" class="fixed" width="100%"> <tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Database</td><td valign="top" class="dt">Academic Search Elite</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Title</td><td valign="top" class="dt"> Male red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, determine female mating status from pheromone trails. </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Creator</td><td valign="top" class="dt"> O'Donnell, Ryan P.<br> Ford, Neil B.<br> Shine, Richard </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Source</td><td valign="top" class="dt"> Animal Behaviour &nbsp; &nbsp;Oct2004, Vol. 68 Issue 4, p677</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="dl">Notes</td><td valign="top" class="dt">…snip… [Copyright 2004 Elsevier]</td></tr> </table>
  • 14. MARC Records in most library systems are coded in MARC, which works well for describing traditional library material content, but is difficult to extend to other material types: OCLC MARC Bib Record in Raw Form: 00734cam 22002411 45*0001001300000003000600013005001700019008004100036 0100017000770400023000940430012001170500016001290820013001450920019001 5804900090017710000250018624500980021126000570030930000390036635000090 0405504003000414651004800444*ocm00442080 *OCoLC*19940620065418.0*7010 12s1968 pauab b 000 0 eng * ‡a 68021623 * ‡aDLC‡cDLC‡dOCL‡dIPL*‡an-us ---*0 ‡aJK2556‡b.E2* ‡a325.3/73* ‡a325.373‡bEb61f* ‡aIPL1*1 ‡aEblen, Jack Eri cson.*14‡aThe first and second United States empires;‡bgovernors and territorial gover nment, 1784-1912.*‡a[Pittsburgh]‡bUniversity of Pittsburgh Press‡c[1968]* ‡aviii, 34 4 p.‡billus., map.‡c24 cm.* ‡a8.95* ‡aBibliography: p. 321-333.* 0‡aUnited States‡x Territories and possessions.**
  • 15. XML <MARC> <MRleader>02412naa 2200289 4500</MRleader><MR001>14582694</MR001> <MR008>200410e20041001xxu####e###j########eng#d</MR008> <MR022><MR022a>0003-3472</MR022a></MR022> <MR072><MR072a>Article</MR072a></MR072> <MR100 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR100a>O'Donnell, Ryan P.</MR100a></MR100> <MR700 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR700a>Ford, Neil B.</MR700a></MR700> <MR700 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR700a>Shine, Richard</MR700a></MR700> <MR245 ind1="1" ind2="0"><MR245a>Male red-sided snip</MR245a></MR245> <MR270><MR270a>Dept of Zoology, Oregon State U</MR270a></MR270> <MR514><MR514a>Peer Reviewed</MR514a></MR514> <MR520><MR520a>...snip...</MR520a></MR520> <MR654><MR654a>GARTER snakes</MR654a></MR654> <MR773> <MR773t>Animal Behaviour</MR773t><MR773g> Oct2004, Vol. 68 Issue 4, p677</MR773g> </MR773> <MR903><MR903a>20041001</MR903a></MR903> <MR945> <MR945m>68</MR945m><MR945n>4</MR945n><MR945p>677</MR945p> </MR945> </MARC> Federated searching products use XML, which codes information for content, not for display.
  • 16. SAMPLE SCREEN #1 EnCompass federated search by title screen Select search options Select databases to search
  • 17. SAMPLE SCREEN #2 EnCompass federated search by subject screen Expand subjects Select DBs
  • 18. SAMPLE SCREEN #3 Federated search results in progress
  • 19. NEEDS EXPLAINING  Results limited for better response time  We don’t know which 34 hits and we can’t get the ones after 100 (the limit)  It got to the database, but the search itself failed  It didn’t connect to the database  Click to get usually useless messages to explain failures (e.g. “Unknown error”)
  • 20. SAMPLE SCREEN #4 “Show All” results screen – no sorting specified
  • 21. SAMPLE SCREEN #5 The record display screen shows selected fields from record, as determined by the library. The presence of the button means there is a URL in the record.
  • 22. REALITY Although federated searching has a number of successes to its credit, there are also a number of problems. And since the products are relatively immature, there are many more challenges ahead. Let’s look at:  Problems  Challenges  Successes
  • 23. PROBLEMS  Lack of standards  Multiple protocol support  Multiple data formats  Range of vendor support  Search definitions  Z39.50 problems  HTTP Search Engine (HSE) connectors A number of problems contribute to the difficulty of making federated searching match its vision. Among them:
  • 24. SEARCH & Z What does a title search cover… On my online catalog? On another online catalog? On an A&I database from vendor P? On an A&I database from vendor E? On Amazon or Barnes & Noble? On Associations Unlimited? On Google? On Funding Opportunities Database? On Reference Suite@FACTS.com? On Biography Resource Center? With these Z39.50 Attributes: Use:4, Relation:3, Position:3, Structure:1, Completeness:1, Truncation:1?
  • 25. HSE CONNECTORS HSE Connectors have as their mission to extract specific data fields whether they are there or not. American National Biography METADEX Associations Unlimited Funding Opportunities Accunet/AP Photo Archive AltaVista
  • 26. HOW HSEC’S WORK HSE Connectors do their work by emulating a web browser. They connect to web pages, read the HTML and try to interpret what they read. And some programmer has to tell them how.
  • 27. VENDOR vs VENDOR Database vendors complain about HSE connectors because they pound the web servers much more than individual users could do. System vendors hate using HSE connectors, but the database vendors have not provided alternatives, such as XML gateways or Z-connections. V Said: Z Said:
  • 28. CHALLENGES Authorization Make sure only authorized users can get to specific resources Connectors Keep current connectors working and move away from HSE connectors to something more stable Response time Search multiple resources faster Integrating new resources As new protocols and resources come into being, federated search systems need to keep up De-duping and managing results When results are like apples and oranges, sorting and de-duping are tough, but the users expect it
  • 29. SUCCESSES IT REALLY WORKS! Endeavor claims 138 ENCompass sites Ex Libris claims 531 MetaLib sites MuseGlobal MuseSearch (couldn’t tell) Sirsi SingleSearch (couldn’t tell) WebFeat claims 1500 sites At Purdue, we have 119 databases listed on our “MegaSearch” pages, about half HSE and half Z39.50
  • 30. IS THIS ENOUGH? To attract our patrons to use federated searching, we need to address Google’s strengths head-on. Ranking … need to become sophisticated enough to figure quality of results … Relevancy … need to analyze the content enough to determine relevance … Really easy to use … single box searching with advanced options available, maybe? … Comprehensive … I think we want to distinguish what fs is for, rather than trying to cover it all … Consistent in response … put in a search, get records back, same procedure no matter what the result … Nice looking … concentrate on user interface design principles to get something attractive …
  • 31. PERSPECTIVE We try to get people to come to the library, but maybe a better model for the web would be to put what the library offers into places people are already going. What would this look like? Maybe we should also look at the problem differently:
  • 32. OCLC AND GOOGLE Both Google and Yahoo now include links to WorldCat. Type “find in a library” with any search to get library info:
  • 33. VALUE The bottom line is value. We need to give our patrons valuable services in exchange for their time and effort. Federated Searching adds value to the library’s offerings. Patrons get more results per minute spent.
  • 34. ENVISION  Full text of journal articles  Photos, graphs, maps, video clips, sounds  E-Books full text  Data sets in an institutional repository  Selected peer-reviewed websites  Dictionaries and encyclopedias  Specialized software Picture a patron doing federated searching and getting one-click access to:
  • 35. WE SHALL PREVAIL! When we deliver that, our patrons will rush to choose federated searching over Google.