A review of security attacks and intrusion detection schemes in wireless sensor network

International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 5, No. 6, December 2013

AREVIEW OF SECURITY ATTACKS
AND INTRUSION DETECTION SCHEMES IN
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Yassine MALEH1 and Abdellah Ezzati2
Emerging Technologies Laboratory (VETE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology
Hassan 1stUniversity, Settat, MOROCCO

ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks are currently the greatest innovation in the field of telecommunications. WSNs
have a wide range of potential applications, including security and surveillance, control, actuation and
maintenance of complex systems and fine-grain monitoring of indoor and outdoor environments. However
security is one of the major aspects of Wireless sensor networks due to the resource limitations of sensor
nodes. Those networks are facing several threats that affect their functioning and their life. In this paper we
present security attacks in wireless sensor networks, and we focus on comparison and analysis of recent
Intrusion Detection schemes in WSNs.

KEYWORDS
Wireless sensor Networks, Security, attack, Denial of Service (DoS), Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS),
IDS Architectures, Cluster-based IDS, Anomaly-based IDS, Signature based IDS&Hybrid IDS

1.

INTRODUCTION

Recent advances in wireless and micro electronic communications have enabled the development
of a new type of wireless network called wireless sensor network (WSN).Wireless sensor
networks are associated with vulnerable characteristics such as open-air transmission and selforganizing without a fixed infrastructure [1]. Consequently security of wireless sensor networks
(WSN) is the most challenge for this type of network [2]. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) can
play an important role in detecting and preventing security attacks. This paper presents a review
of the security attacks in wireless sensor network and analyzed some of the existing IDS models
and architectures. Finally a comparative study and a discussion of IDS models will be presented.
2.

RELATED WORK

Wireless sensor networks are not immune to the risks of destruction and decommissioning. Some
of these risks are identical to those in Ad-Hoc networks, and others are specific to the sensors.
Several articles [6][7][8][9][10] have presented security attacks and issues in WSNs. Intrusion
detection system (IDS) defined as the second line of defense after cryptography, allows the
detection and prevention of internal and external attacks.
In [18, it is presented a Rule-based IDS called also Signature-based. Most of the techniques in
these schemes follow three main phases: data acquisition phase, rule application phase and
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2013.5606

79


intrusion detection phase.In [19], it is proposed two approaches to improve the security of clusters
for sensor networks using IDS. The first approach usesamodel-based on authentication, and the
second scheme is called Energy-Saving.IN [21] a hybrid intrusion detection system (HIDS)
model has been anticipated for wireless sensor networks.This paper does not promote a solution.
Rather, it is a comparative study of existing model of intrusion detection in wireless sensor
networks. Our aim is to provide a better understanding of the current research issues in this field.
3.

SECURITY GOALS IN WSN

We can classify the security goals into two goals:mainand secondary. The main goals include
security objectives that should be available in any system (confidentiality, availability,
integrityandauthentication). The other category includes secondary goals (self-organization,
secure localization, Time synchronization andResilience to attacks) [3] [4].
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Confidentiality (Forbid access to unwanted third parties)
Authentication (Identity verification and validation)
Availability (Service has to be always available)
Integrity (Data is exchanged without malicious alteration)
Self Organization(Every sensor node needs to be independent and flexible enough to be selforganizing and self-healing)
Secure localization (Sensor network often needs location information accurately and
automatically)
Time synchronization (Sensor radio may be turned off periodically in order to conserve
power)
Resilience to attacks (The covenant of a single node must not violate the security of the whole
network).Figure1belowsummarizessecurity goals for wirelesssensor network.

Security Goals
for WSN

main goals

secondary goals

Confidentiality

Availability

Self Organization

secure localization

Integrity

Authentification

Time
synchronization

Resilience to
attacks

Figure1.Security Goals for WSN

80


4.

SECURITY ATTACKS IN WSN

The different characteristics of wireless sensor networks (energy limited, low-power computing,
use of radio waves, etc...) expose them to many securitythreats.We can classify the attacks into
two main categories [5]: Active and Passive. In passive attacks, attackers are typically
camouflaged, i.e. hidden, and tap the communication lines to collect data. In active attacks,
malicious acts are carried out not only against data confidentiality but also data integrity.Several
papers havepresentedthesecurityattacks in WSN [6][7][8][9][10].
Spoofed, altered or replayed routing information
May be used for loop construction, attracting or repelling traffic, extend or shorten source route.
Selectiveforwarding
In this attack, the attacker prevents the transmission of some packets. They will be removed later
by the malicious node.
Worm holeattack:
Thewormholeattackrequiresinsertion
of
atleasttwomaliciousnodes.Thesetwonodesareinterconnectedbyapowerful connection for examplea
wired link. The malicious node receives packets in one section of the network and sends them to
another section of the network.

Figure 2. Worm hole attack

Sybil attack:
A malicious node presents multiple identities to the other nodes in the network. This poses a
significant threat to routing protocols and will cause the saturation of the routing tables of the
nodes with incorrect information.

81


Figure 3. Sybil attack

Black hole attack:
The attackinvolves inserting amaliciousnode in the network. This node, by various means, will
modify
the
routing
tablesto
force
themaximumneighboringnodespassingtheinformationthroughhim.Thenlike
a
black
holeinspace,allthe information that willgoinitwill never beretransmitted.

Figure 4. Black hole attack

Hello Flooding:
Discoveryprotocolson WSNs useHELLOmessagestypesto discover itsneighboring nodes. In an
attacktypeHELLOFlooding,
an
attacker
will
usethismechanismto
saturate
thenetworkandconsumeenergy.

Figure 5. Hello flooding attack
82


Acknowledgementspoofing
In this attack, the attacker tries to convince the sender that the weak link is strong or that a dead
node is alive. Therefore, all packets passing through this link or this node will be lost.
Denial-of-Service Attacks
A denial-of-service (DoS) targets the availability and capacity reduction of network services.
Physical constraints of the sensor networks and the nature of their deployment environment, make
them vulnerable to DoS attacks more than any other type of network. In this section we will
review important DoS scenarios for each layer of the WSN. In [11] Wang et al. (2006) have
classified the DoS attacks that could target each layer of the WSN.
Layer

Attacks

Defense

Physical

Jamming

Spread-spectrum, priority messages,
lower duty cycle, region mapping,
mode change

Collision

Error-correction code

Exhaustion

Rate limitation

Unfairness

Small frames

Spoofed routing
information, andselective
forwarding

Egressfiltering,
authentication, monitoring

Sinkhole

Redundancychecking

Sybil

Authentication,
monitoring, redundancy

Wormhole

Authentication, probing

Hello Flood

Authentication

Session Hijacking.

aggregationdata

SYN flooding

Package authentication

Data Corruption.
Repudiation

Authentification

Link

Network

Transport

Application

Table 1. Various DOS attacks on WSNs and their countermeasures
83


5.

COUNTERMEASURES

To counter the attacks threatened networks wireless sensors, several research teams are trying to
find appropriate solutions. These solutions must take into account the specificities of wireless
sensor networks. We need to find simple solutions to secure the network while consuming the
least possible energy and adapt these solutions to a low power computing. In the range of these
solutions include mechanisms such as data partitioning, the use of appropriate cryptographic
methods, intruder detection by location or even the confidence index. Wood and Stankovic [12]
studied DoS attacks and possible defense. In [13][14]a suite of optimized security protocols for
wireless sensor network is presented. SPIN (Security Protocol for Information via Negotiation)
has two security mechanisms: SNEP and TESLA. SNEP provides data confidentiality and data
authentication. TESLA provides source authentication in multicast scenarios by using MAC
chaining. It is based on loose time synchronization between the sender and the receivers.
INSENS (Intrusion Tolerant routing for wireless sensor networks) this protocol allows the base
station to draw an accurate map of the network that will establish the routing tables for each node
[15]. Du,et al. [16] propose LEAP+ (Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol), a key
management protocol for sensor networks.
6.

INTRUSION DETECTIONSYSTEMSINWSN

Afterthe concept ofintrusiondetection(ID), which was established in 1980,two major variants of
intrusion detection systems (IDS) have emerged, Host intrusion detection systems (HIDS) and
network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) [17]. Intrusion detection is an approach that is
complementary with respect to mainstream of security mechanisms such as cryptography and
access control [18]. Intrusion detectioncan be defined as Intrusion detectioncan be defined
astheautomatic detection andalarmgenerationtoreportthatan intrusion hasoccurredoris in progress.
Inthis section we describethe architecture ofIDSinWSNs. IDS cannot takepreventive action, since
they arepassivein nature, they can only detect intrusion and generate an alarm. The following
figure presents the four main components of IDS [19].

Monitoring
component

Detection

Analysis

Alarm

Figure 6.IDS components

There are two distinct technologies of IDS:
Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). These systems are designed to intercept and
analyze packets circulating in the network. All communication in the wireless network are
84


conducted on the air and a node can hear the traffic passing from a neighboring node
(promiscuous mode) [36]. Therefore, the nodes can mutually check the network traffic. This
].
technology applies this concept, IDS listens for traffic and individually examine each packet.
IDS
Host intrusion detection systems (HIDS). Analysis only data on the node where the IDS is
.
installed. Any decision is based on information collected at this node. These IDSs use two
types of sources to provide information about the activity: the log files (file that records all
s
activity on a system in standby), and audit trails ( Incoming / outgoing packets node , etc
etc).

6.1 The challenging of designing IDS for WSN
enging
The IDS solutions developed for wired networks cannot be applied directly to sensor networks,
view the difference between these two types of networks, this is why it is necessary to introduce
ew
an intrusion detection system that meets the special features of sensor networks[20 The design
networks 20].
of this kind of system for wireless sensor network must satisfy the following properties
properties:

Lack of
infrastructure

Dynamic
Topology
change

Minimize
resources
Challenging

Different routing
protocols

Easy physical
accessibility

Figure 7. Challenging of designing IDS for WSN

6.2 The requirements of designing IDS for WSN
In wireless sensor networks, the IDS must satisfy the following properties [21]:
• Localize auditing: IDS forwirelesssensor networks mustworkwithlocaldataandpartialaudits,
because
in
WSN
there
arenocentralizedpoints(apart
from
thestationbase)
thatcancollectglobaldataauditing.
thatcancollectglobaldataauditing
• Minimize resources: IDS must use a minimum number of resources for
networks.Communicationbetweennodesforintrusiondetectionshouldnotsaturatetheavailable
Communicationbetweennodesforintrusiondetectionshouldnotsaturatetheavailable
bandwidth.
• Trust no node: Unlikewired networks, nodes sensors canbecompromisedeasily, IDS must
networks
nottrustanynode.
• Bedistributed: means that thecollectionand analysis ofdata should beinseveral l
locations.
Moreoverthedistributedapproachalsoappliestotheexecution
of
the
algorithmofdetectionandalert correlation.
correlation
• Besecure: IDSmust be able towithstand attacks.
attacks
85


Figure 8 below summarizes requirements of designing IDS for WSN.

Figure 8.Requirements of designing IDS for WSN

6.3 Architectures for IDS in Wireless Sensor Network
The nature of wireless sensor networks makes them very vulnerable to attack.The Mobile nodes
are randomly distributed, there are no physical obstacles for the adversary, therefore, they can be
easily captured, and attacks can come from all directions and target any node. To tackle these
additional challenges, several possible IDS architectures exist including standalone IDS,
distributed and cooperative IDS and hierarchical IDS [22].

6.3.1 Standalone IDS
In this category, each node operatesas independent IDSandisresponsibleforthe detection
ofattacksagainsthim.Therefore, theIDSdo not cooperateanddo not shareinformation with each
other.This architecturerequires that eachnodeiscapable of executing and running IDS.

6.3.2 Distributed and Cooperative IDS
In this architecture (Zhang et al., 2003), each node has an IDS agent and makes local detection
decisions by itself, all the nodes cooperate to create a global detection process. The distributed
and cooperative IDS architecture is more suitable for a flat network configuration than a clusterbased multilayered one.

6.3.3 Hierarchical IDS
In this category the network is divided into clusters with cluster-heads. In each cluster, a leader
plays the role of cluster-head. This node is responsible for routing in the group and must accept
messages from members of the cluster indicating something malicious. Similarly, the cluster-head
must detect attacks against other cluster-heads in the network. At the same time all cluster-heads
can cooperate with central base station to form global IDS.

86


6.4 Some open research in IDS
Cross-Layer IDS: Using a cross layer IDS, we could not only pass information between layers
but also coordinate mechanisms to prevent threats at all layers.
Dynamic IDS: The IDS that would protect mobile nodes, as in VANET networks.
Internet of Things IDS: There should be mechanisms that could manage all the objects of our
everyday life that have an IP address and be connected to the Internet.
7.

INTRUSION DETECTION MODELS FOR WSN

Due toarchitecturaldifferencebetweenwiredandwireless networks, their IDSs cannot be used
interchangeably. There are specific techniques for WSN [23]. In this section, we analyze and
discus some proposed IDSs for WSN.

7.1 Rule-based IDS
Rule-based IDS called also Signature-based IDS, articulates on a database of stored prior rules of
security attacks [24]. Most of the techniques in these schemes follow three main phases: data
acquisition phase, rule application phase and intrusion detection phase (Silva et al., 2005)
[25].The algorithmincludesthreestepsfor detecting intrusions. In the first step monitor nodes
monitors the data. In the second step detection ruleswillberankedin order of severity, to the
collected information to flag failure. The third step is the intrusion detection phase, where the
number of failure flagged is compared to the expected number of the occasional failures in the
network.

Figure 9.Steps for detecting intrusion in rule based IDS

7.2 Cluster-Based IDS
Su, et al. [26] hasproposed two approaches to improve the security of clusters for sensor networks
using IDS. The first approach usesamodel-based on authentication, which can
resisttoexternalattacks. Its basic technique is to add a message authentication code (MAC) for
each message. Whenever a node wants to send a message, it adds to it a timestamp and a MAC is
generated by a key-pair or individually depending on the key role of the sender (cluster-head,
member -node, or base station). So that the receiver can verify the sender, the security mechanism
is used LEAP. The second scheme is called Energy-Saving. This approach focuses on the
detection of misbehavior both in Member nodes (MN) and cluster-head nodes (CH). When
misbehavior is detected, the CH broadcasts a warning message encrypted with the cluster key to
restrain this specific node.

7.3 Hybrid IDS
In the Hybrid Approach, both techniques (Cluster-Based and Rule-Based) arecombinedto form
Hybrid detection technique.Hybrid detection exploitsthe advantages of bothapproachesprovides
87


simplicity, high safety, low consumption of energy [27] [28].The Hybrid Intrusion Detection
System achieves the goals of high detection rate and low false positive rate.

8.

ANALYSES AND DISCUSSION

Comparing analysis, for the advantages and drawbacks of different models:
Rule-Based : The rule based model is simple, clear levels, anddesigned for a large-sized WSNs.
Signature-based IDS need more resource than anomaly-based IDS, and regular updatingofthe
database with new attack signatures.
Cluster-based: The cluster-based model requires Low Energy Consumption, provideshigh level of
security. Because of Centralized routing data delivery is guaranteed. In cluster-based IDS
Message retransmission frequency is high, and the centralized routing may not always use best
available path for routing.
Hybrid model: Hybrid model are designed
Thismodelusestwomechanisms,
anomaly-based
requireshighconsumption of energy.

for large and sustainable WSN.
and
signature-based,
so
it

Table 2 gives the comparison and characteristics of different IDSs.

IDS
Model

Network
architecture

Handled
attacks

Energy

Anomaly
Based

Anomaly
based IDS

Detection
technique

Masquera
de,
routing
attacks,
Sinkhole
and
blackhole
Black
hole,
selective
forwardin
g,
Sink
hole,
DOS

Rulebased IDS

Distributed

Signatur
e
based

Clusterbased IDS

Hierarchical

Hybrid
IDS

Hierarchical

Anomaly
based

Selective
forwardin
g,
sinkhole,
Hello
flood and
wormhole
attacks

Drawbacks

Low

Capable of
detecting
new attacks

Misses
wellknown
attack

Low

Detects all
those
attacks
having
signatures

Cannotdetect
new
attacks

Low

Anomaly
Based

Advantages

Low
Energy
Consumpti
on

Message
retransmissio
n frequency is
high,
Increased
Traffic

consumption

Medium

Data
del
ivery
is
guaranteed
Can detect
both
existing
and
new
attacks

Requires
more
computation
and
resources

88


Intrusion
detection
in Routing
Attacks

9.

Distributed

Anomaly
based

DoS,
Sinkhole
and
wormhole
attacks

High

Consider
resource
Parameters
(energy
and
reliability)

High resource
Requirement,
Increased
Traffic

CONCLUSION

This article shows how well a security sensor networks is a challenge for researchers and
developers of information technology.Our goal was to present the existing security attacks in
WSN, focusing on intrusion detection systems (IDS), and examine existing approaches of
intrusion detection in WSN.Our goal was to present the existing security mechanisms for WSN,
specifically focusing on intrusion detection systems (IDS), and consider existing approaches to
provide a fairly comprehensive and effective model. We are now working on our own model that
incorporates all the advantages of the approaches proposed for a global model of intrusion

detection in WSN.

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Authors
YassineMALEHreceived the B.Sc. degree in networks and Information Systems, from
Hassan 1st University, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Settat, Morocco, in
2009,and M.Sc. degree in Network and Computer engineering from the Hassan 1st
University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FSTS), Settat, Morocco, in 2012.
Currently pursuing his PhD in Networks and Security Engineeringat the Laboratory of
Emerging Technologies (VETE), from Hassan 1st University, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Settat,
Morocco.Hismain research areas arehow to use wireless sensor networks to secure and monitor mobile
laboratories networks.
Abdellah EZZATIresearch Scientist in Faculty of Science and Technology in Morocco.
He obtained his PHD in 1997 in Faculty of science in Rabat and member of the
Computer commission in the same Faculty. Now is an associate professor in Hassan First
University in Morocco and he is the Head of Bachelor of Computer Science.He
participate to several project as the project Palmes which elaborate a Moroccan
Education Certification.
90

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