The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human head

Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2021, pp. 3282~3288
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i6.3197 3282
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the
human head
Hamood Shehab Hamid1
, Raad Farhood Chisab2
1
Department of Computer Engineering Techniques, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical
University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Electrical Techniques, Technical Institute-Kut, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 10, 2021
Revised Sep 9, 2021
Accepted Oct 16, 2021
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal
programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at
obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR
value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless
device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for
GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on
radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of
electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very
important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is
acceptable results.
Keywords:
Antenna
GSM
Human head
Radiation
SAR This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Raad Farhood Chisab
Department of Electrical Techniques
Technical Institute-Kut, Middle Technical University
Muasker Al Rashid Street, Baghdad, Iraq
Email: raad.farhood@mtu.edu.iq, raadfarhood@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In the near zone of the antenna, there are other radio-technical parts of the device, which
significantly affected by the electromagnetic field [1]. There is a need to solve the problem of
electromagnetic compatibility. One of the methods is to create such a spatial structure of the near-field of the
antenna, in which the minimum (or minima) of the field will coincide with the main radio-technical units of
the device, the most sensitive in the external electromagnetic field [2]. An urgent problem is the creation of
small-sized antennas with special properties, in particular, providing a certain field structure in the near-field
zone of the antenna. As you know, the attenuation of electromagnetic waves in space depends on the distance
from the emitter to the object [3].
Since cellular devices are in close proximity to a person throughout the day, their radiation makes
up a significant part of the entire electromagnetic influence of the modern world on a person (towers of radio
television stations, power lines, Wi-Fi antennas, etc. Other wireless devices, household electrical appliances,
cellular stations). To date, scientists have not come to a consensus on the effect of electromagnetic radiation
from cellular devices on the human body [4]. Numerous studies on biological objects carried out by scientists
from different countries, including Russia and Malaysia have led to ambiguous, sometimes conflicting
results. The only undeniable fact remains that the human body reacts to the presence of radiation from a cell
phone. About half of the radiated power of a modern cell phone during a conversation absorbed by the head,
in which electromagnetic energy converted into heat [5]. According to [6], the energy losses of the

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human head (Hamood Shehab Hamid)
3283
electromagnetic field of a cell phone in the user's head range from 40% to 68%, it is also stated that the
radiation mainly absorbed by the brain. In addition to the thermal effect of a cell phone on the brain, there is
an equally significant factor.
The brain is the center of the body that sends electrical signals throughout the body, and most of the
processes in it occur due to the formation of temporary electronic circuits (circuits). Since the control
electrical impulses are of low power [7], the source of electromagnetic radiation (which is constantly in the
pocket of trousers or on the chest) with a power of up to 2 Watt cannot but have a pathogenic effect on the
human body [8]. The radiation source, acting on the head, begins to influence both the organization of
thought processes (higher nervous activity) and the transmission of signals to all human organs [9]. This can
lead to changes in the activity of the brain: memory deteriorates, attention is weakened, irritability and
fatigue increase [10].
This year, the World Health Organization classified radiation from cell phone antennas to the list of
carcinogens-external factors that influence the development of cancer, in particular brain cancer [11]. For
these reasons [12], attenuation of radiation from a cell phone in the head area is a rather urgent problem. One
of the ways to protect the brain from the electromagnetic field is the use of shielding, ie using the shading
effect. The shadow behind the metal screen extends over a distance of the order of the screen size [13]. To
protect the entire head area, it is possible to suggest the use of an absorber, ie. a dielectric screen that absorbs
some of the energy. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the effect on the radiation pattern and on
radiation losses both in the screen and in the head [14].
In this paper, we consider a more general problem of forming the electric field zeroes by a system of
a finite number of emitters, from two or more [15]. The purpose of the work is to investigate the possibility
of creating an area with a minimum value of the electromagnetic field near the user and at the same time to
form the directional pattern necessary to ensure communication at large distances from the user [16]. This
approach seems to be promising not only for antennas of cell phones, but also for other devices (wireless
systems of laptops, wireless headsets placed near the human body, etc.), and can also find application in
solving problems of electromagnetic compatibility various radio facilities [17].
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Broblem formulation
The protective effect of an additional antenna or a system of antennas studied, in this work based on
a different principle-on mutual suppression in a certain region of the fields generated by different radiating
elements [18]. The method of suppressing the electromagnetic field in a given area consists in creating in this
area a field from the additional antenna equal in magnitude and opposite in phase to the field from the main
radiating antenna [19]. As a result, interference zeros appear in space, significantly reducing absorption
indices of the electromagnetic field in the area nearest to them [20].
The formation of such interference zeros is discussed in [21], [22] for example of, a Huygens
element with an arbitrary ratio of currents and in [23], [24] for a system of two parallel electric dipoles
(vibrators). The formation of the fixed zeros of the electric field at a finite distance from the system of
radiators carried out by selecting the amplitude and phase difference of their currents [25]. The effectiveness
of interference suppression lies in its main property: if two signals of the same amplitude interfere, then
when adding in phase at a given point, the power rises to 3dB, and in antiphase it is suppressed to minus
infinity dB [26], [27].
2.2. Software setup
While HFSS implements of the finite element method (FEM), the field arrangements found from
Maxwell's conditions precisely foresee all scattering attributes existing and changes of wave types, losses in
materials and radiation. Despite the advantages that Microwave Office and FEKO have in solving
electrodynamics three dimensional problems. The primary element of the FEKO program that recognizes it
from comparative items (Microwave Office, HFSS, and so forth) is the effective blend of mathematical
techniques for tackling three dimensional electrodynamics issues such as the method of moments (Mom), the
method of physical optics (MFO) and homogeneous diffraction theory (OTD), [27]. Disadvantages appear
like other programs in case computer modeling for high frequencies [28].
The CST software contains four different simulation methods: transient analysis, frequency domain,
analysis eigenvalue (solution) determination, and wave form analysis solver. The environment was developed
taking into account the ever-increasing requirements for the complexity of simulated effects and their
interrelations: Mixed analysis of electrical circuits and EM structures, Thermal analysis of electrical losses,
Analysis of the behavior of charged particles in a static or resonant field, magneto static analysis of field
currents. The ability of the program to work with dielectric materials, which are models of biological tissues,
is important for us. The calculation of SAR in such dielectric structures is possible in CST. Also, CST can

 ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2021 : 3282 – 3288
3284
use the equations of thermal conductivity; find the heating of biological objects as a result of the action of the
electromagnetic field from microwave structures [29]. Therefore, in subsequent calculations, we will use this
program.
2.3. The proposed modeling design
2.3.1. Calculations near-field antenna model
From the standpoint of the World Health Organization, the main influence on a person is exerting by
the absorption of the energy of the electric field in human tissues. Thus, in practice [30], the task is to reduce
the heating of biological objects. Heating of biological objects depends mainly on the electrical component of
the electromagnetic field. Therefore, it is sufficient to investigate only this component of the electromagnetic
field [31]. The solution to this problem for elementary radiators can be generalized for more complex antenna
systems. This is possible, since the formation of the field in these structures is carried out in the same way as
in a conventional dipole [32]. A numerical an antenna located modeling design near the human head
considered a layered spherical head model. Geometrical and electro dynamic parameters of each layer are,
choosen Substance for brain, bone and leather, the central layer is representing by a substance with
characteristics similar to those of the human brain. The next layer is a model of the skull - the bone tissue of
the human head, which is covering by the last layer with dielectric parameters equal to those of human skin,
also, there is an ear “composed of skin and shaped like a parallelepiped.
2.3.2. Calculations near the human head model over two bands frequency 900 and 1800 MHz
Modeling, in this research, it decided not to carry out the formation of a more complex shape of the
ear, since the head model is rather rough, in addition to a human head model, a model of a cellular telephone
which is a body made of plastic, and a dipole antenna behind this body. To simplify modeling and further
calculation, we take a symmetrical vibrator as a model of a cell phone antenna [33]. Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM) uses 2 frequency bands 900 and 1800 MHz. GSM 900 - used in urban
environments vii, GSM 1800 - on a more open, countryside. To be specific "we will consider all processes at
a higher frequency-1800 MHz.
In the CST program, we will experimentally select the dipole parameters for GSM1800, the arm
length and radius, such that the reflection coefficient at the frequency under consideration is minimal. These
parameters turned out to be equal to the following values: L (dipole arm length)=35 mm, R (dipole radius)=1
mm, d (distance at the feeding point between the arms)=2 mm. The value of the reflection coefficient from
such dipole onto free space is showing in Figure 1.
Figure1. Coefficient of reflection, loaded on free space, calculated in CST
Let us compare the results with a simpler approximation by the formulas in the book by G. T.
Markov Antennas [34]. Comparative analysis of Figure 2 shows that the calculation of the reflection
coefficient in the CST medium is in good agreement with the approximate solution. Small changes in the
approximate solution are associated with the simplicity of the model, which does not take into account the
distance between the vibrator arms such a dipole loaded onto free space [35], is shown in Figure 2.

3285
Figure 2. Calculated axial ratio elementary spiral antenna
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The use of Microsoft Equation Editor or MathType is preferred. An investigation of the influence of
distance to a cell phone on radiation absorbed in the head of a person let's consider in three cases. The first
case: When the phone model is pressed close to the ear. A dielectric head form inserted into the near field
affects antenna matching [36]. The resonant frequency value has decreased by 13% compared to empty
space. The strength of the electric field penetrating into the center of the model is 50 V/m. The maximum
value of the surface specific absorbed power is 9.29 W/kg as shown as in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Ear distance-0 mm, resonance frequency-1.572 GHz, the reflection coefficient at the resonant
frequency is 0.026, the maximum surface SAR value is 9.29 W/kg
The second case: the phone model is positioned 5 mm from ear. The value of the resonant frequency
decreased by 8% compared to empty space. The changes in the resonant frequency are less than in the first
case, which means a decrease in the influence of the head of the antenna with an increase in the distance
between them. The strength of the electric field penetrating into the center of the model is 45 V/m. The
maximum value of the surface specific absorbed power-5.74 W/kg SAR value in comparison with the first
case decreased by one third as shown as in Figure 4. The third case: The phone model is positioned 10 mm
from ear. The resonant frequency value has decreased by 9% compared to the empty probe. The strength of
the electric field penetrating into the center of the model is 40 V/m. The maximum value of the surface
specific absorbed power is 3.45 W/kg. The SAR value in comparison with the first case has decreased by
almost three times. This is a very important result. The loudspeaker's audibility at a distance of 10 mm is
acceptable, and the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by 3 times as shown as in
Figure 5.

 ISSN: 2302-9285
3286
Figure 4. Ear distance-5 mm, resonance frequency-1.653 GHz, the reflection coefficient at the resonant
frequency is 0.13, the maximum surface SAR is 5.74 W/kg
Figure 5. Ear distance–10mm, the resonant frequency is 1.644 GHz, the reflectance coefficient at the
resonant frequency is 0.14, the maximum surface SAR is 3.45 W/kg
4. CONCLUSION
Modeling and the numerical solution of the influence of a cell phone antenna on a biological object
(human head model) were carried out. Analysis of results obtained that, the specific power absorbed by the
human head decreases three times, at a distance of the telephone antenna by 10 mm. Comparative analysis
shows that the calculation of the reflection coefficient in the CST medium is in good agreement with the
approximate solution. The problem of how to reduce the negative influence of the radiation from the anti-
brain to the brain and other fires of the user at the time of the conversation and the transfer of the current
Phone. In future works and on the basis of elemental sources, this is the task, and the search for a possible
solution of the given task carried out Use of elemental transmitters, instead of other reality, runs the modeling
and calculates, along with that, the given solution is to try to play on up-to-date constructions (as well as or,
in their main, there is a common vibrator)
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Dr. Hamood Shehab Hamid received his B.Sc. in Collage of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 1986, Sarajevo -Bosnia's Republic. Received the M.Sc.
degree in Electronic & Communications Engineering, Electrical & Electronic Engineering
College, Belgrade University, The republic of Serbia 1988. He received his Ph.D. in Wireless
and Mobile Communication Systems from School of Electronic Engineering, University Sains
Malaysia (USM), Pinang-Malaysia. 2011. He is currently a faculty member at Electrical
Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Department of Computer
Engineering Techniques, Baghdad/Iraq. Email: drhamood@mtu.edu.iq
Dr. (Eng.) Raad Farhood Chisab was born in Baghdad-Iraq at 1975. He received the B.Sc. in
Electrical Engineering and M.Sc. degree in control and computer engineering from College of
Engineering-University of Baghdad. At 2015 the author gets his Ph.D. degree in Electronic and
Communication Engineering from SHIATS University, INDIA. From 2005 He works as
lecturer, researcher and training supervisor in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research–Middle Technical University-Baghdad. His research interest includes signal
processing, image processing, wireless communication, mobile technology, wireless sensor
network, IOT, 4G and 5G Technology. The author published about 20 papers in national and
international journals. E-mail:raadfarhood@yahoo.com, raad.farhood@mtu.edu.iq

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The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human head