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On 2021 May 7, the science lead for Perseverance's SuperCam Mars microphone said about that microphone's recording of a flight of the Ingenuity helicopter:

We had carried out tests and simulations that told us the microphone would barely pick up the sounds of the helicopter ... This recording will be a gold mine for our understanding of the Martian atmosphere.

What could this recording teach us about that atmosphere, really?

  • We know its chemical composition quite well after decades of sampling and observation.
  • The current pressure, temperature, and average wind during this brief flight are better measured by instruments other than microphones.
  • Wind variation (gusts) can be estimated by this microphone, but how could an artificial distant sound source help with that?
  • Gusts can be estimated by Ingenuity's own telemetry.

Could listening to a distant known sound source reveal anything other than a better characterization of that sound source? (Rotor noise is pretty complicated, after all.) Maybe how the sound varies with distance can reveal something about the vertical wind speed gradient. But that's still hardly a "gold mine."

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  • $\begingroup$ different but related: Has sound ever been used to diagnose a problem not shown by other measurements? (you could easily post this "listening" as a new answer there!) $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Commented May 9, 2021 at 0:39
  • $\begingroup$ What's valuable to one person may not be valuable to another person. Maybe the definition of a "gold mine" in this case is somewhat subjective. My interpretation of the microphone "data" is that it gives us information on how limited sound information on Mars can be & if we want better information we need to review how microphones & microphone techniques need to be adapted for use on Mars. $\endgroup$
    – Fred
    Commented May 31, 2022 at 13:42

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Just an update to the existing answer now that NASA itself has published a summary in https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9158/what-sounds-captured-by-nasas-perseverance-rover-reveal-about-mars/ and a full Nature article in https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04679-0

You could better skip my answer and just read the report in the links, but I summarise a few points of what has been revealed by studying the sound records from Perseverance microphones just in case the links die:

  • Sound speed is lower than in Earth and it varies with frequency (240 m/s for low-pitched sounds and 250 m/s for higher-pitched sounds).
  • Low-pitched sounds carry a shorter distance than on Earth. Higher-pitched sounds nearly don't carry any distance at all.
  • Sound transmissibility and therefore sound levels vary with air pressure, which changes a lot with seasons. Low pressure seasons are quite silent.
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  • $\begingroup$ The short version, as for uhoh's answer: a gold mine for our understanding of the Martian atmosphere was limited to its acoustic behavior, in particular "measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than observed before." Nothing about other chemical or (other) physical properties. Good enough! $\endgroup$
    – Camille Goudeseune
    Commented May 30, 2022 at 21:21
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Though thinner than Earth's the sound of Ingenuity's rotors recorded by Perseverance's microphone(s) passes through roughly a hundred meters of Martian air.

Sound level

I assume without proof that JPL being JPL the microphones will have been carefully calibrated on the ground under various pressures and temperatures for absolute response (amplitude and phase shift) and directionality installed on the rover, and probably some attempt was made to simulate the effect of ground reflections ("multipathing"). But I could be wrong.

Theoretically the attenuation of the sound level with distance might be useful, but the microphones are directional (the one on ChemCam especially) so it's doubtful that when including ground reflections anything can be obtained from absolute sound levels.

Frequency

The speed of sound will be

$$c=\sqrt{\frac{K_s}{\rho}}$$

where $K_s$ is the isentropic bulk modulus and $\rho$ is the mass density, both of those will depend on temperature (which changes a lot with time and local position) and composition (which changes but less).

The Doppler shift is

$$\Delta f \approx -\frac{v}{c} f_0$$

where $f_0$ is the true frequency of the rotor sound, $f$ is the frequency heard at the microphone, and $v$ is the rate of change of distance (thus the minus sign).

Getting the absolute rotor frequency to a part per thousand or better from off-line analysis of telemetry is probably possible; the two rotor motors are actively synchronized (phased locked) to each other and probably feedback loops keep them close to a fixed frequency from an internal timebase I'll look that up after finishing the first draft of this post, update: I couldn't find anything so far: Wikipedia' Ingenuity (helicopter) links to Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator (Canham et al. 2018, AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, also here and archived)

The two synchronized rotors try to maintain +/- 2,537 rpm and have two tips per rotor, so we can expect about 84.6 Hz with a wavelength of about 2.8 meters.

The ground velocity can be gotten from analysis of the ground tracking camera from position vs time and the component in the direction of Perseverance taken since the JPL folks know where everything is.

Therefore, Doppler shift could be an indirect/independent way to measure or verify $\sqrt{K_s / \rho}$, though I don't know if that's necessary in 2021, it might help.

The problem though is that the velocity in the doppler shift must also include wind! So Doppler might also help to verify Perseverance's anemometer.

It is important to note that MEDA measures several things, including temperature at different heights and windspeed. I think it is likely that JPL folks will squeeze what they can get from Doppler from Ingenuity's rotors, but I can't say how much it will contribute to verifying, corroborating or (possibly thought not likely) calibrating MEDA's observations.

enter image description here

From Extremely hot weather on Mars

Saturday, April 10, 2021 at 10:54 AM – The first weather report of Perseverance from Xero Crater reveals awe-inspiring weather with extreme temperatures.

From Analyzing the Performance of a Miniature 3D Wind Sensor for Mars:

The characterization of surface weather in Mars has been and continues to be one of the main science objectives in many Mars missions. As an example, Goal D3 of the Mars 2020 mission (Perseverance rover) is: “Surface weather measurements to validate global atmospheric models”. In the 2020 version of the report “Mars Science Goals, Objectives, and Priorities”, prepared by the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group, [1], it is mentioned, in Goal II, Sub-Objective A1, that: “Obtaining a high-quality dataset from a properly accommodated surface-based weather station (i.e., one in which thermal and mechanical contamination from the spacecraft is minimized beyond what has been done previously) is still of highest priority”. The main reason for obtaining high quality surface weather measurements is to provide “vital ground-truth validation for complementary measurements retrieved from orbit and essential data for designing and validating climate and weather model parameterizations”.

See also:

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  • $\begingroup$ So the short version is: measure with exquisite accuracy how, along the path between rotors and mic, average $c$ changed from moment to moment, which then hints at variations in the atmosphere's speed, temperature, and pressure (but not knowing which). Is that right? $\endgroup$
    – Camille Goudeseune
    Commented May 9, 2021 at 19:58
  • $\begingroup$ @CamilleGoudeseune Yes I think it can be said that way. This is post-analysis done later. For an estimate of $\sqrt{K_s/\rho}$ you compare the change in line-of-sight distance $\Delta s$ over some time $\Delta t$ and compare it to the integral frequency shift $\Delta f \Delta t$ which is the total number of missing or extra cycles. So if you sustain 2 m/s for 20 seconds with $c=$ 240 m/s you should have accumulated a net missing or extra 14 cycles of the 84 Hz signal; perhaps not so incredibly useful under normal circumstances unless including wind speed helps to check those sensors as well. $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Commented May 10, 2021 at 1:04
  • $\begingroup$ @CamilleGoudeseune Oh and edit looks good to me, thanks! $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Commented May 10, 2021 at 1:05

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