WHO 6TH EDITION UPDATE FOR SEMEN ANALYSIS

This document provides an overview of the evaluation of male infertility. It defines infertility and its prevalence. The main causes of male infertility are varicocele (35-40%), idiopathic factors (25%), and infection (10%). Evaluation of male infertility includes obtaining a history, physical exam, semen analysis, and hormonal evaluation. The history focuses on sexual, medical, surgical, and family histories. The physical exam evaluates the genitals and secondary sex characteristics. The basic lab evaluation includes at least two semen analyses. Together this evaluation aims to identify correctable and non-correctable causes of infertility.

This document summarizes research on the morphological evaluation of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) in cervical cytology samples. It identifies six cytological patterns associated with ASC-US interpretations and correlates them with biopsy and HPV test results. These patterns include MGH-like, repair-like, atrophy-like single cells, atrophy-like parabasal cell groups, ASC-US not otherwise specified, and small atypical parakeratotic cells. The document also discusses cases showing low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) co-existing with ASC-US features.

Sperm DNA Fragmentation (Oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis, Test, Techniques, Relation to other semen parameters, Relationship to leucocytes, Relation to ICSI outcomes, Clinical applications, significance and limitations)

This document provides an overview of testicular biopsy, including: 1) The indications for testicular biopsy include evaluating infertility, distinguishing obstructive from non-obstructive causes of azoospermia, and identifying malignant germ cells. 2) The common methods are open incisional biopsy and percutaneous biopsy, with open biopsy being optimal. 3) Interpretation of biopsies in infertility involves qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative analysis to assess patterns of damage and prognosis. Abnormal patterns include maturation arrest, hypospermatogenesis, and Sertoli cell-only syndrome.

This document discusses sperm DNA fragmentation testing, which analyzes sperm DNA integrity. It notes that while normal semen analysis cannot differentiate between fertile and infertile men, sperm DNA damage is a key factor in male infertility. High levels of DNA fragmentation are associated with failed fertility treatments, recurrent miscarriages, and impaired embryo development and pregnancy outcomes. The document recommends testing for men with unexplained infertility, failed IVF/ICSI attempts, miscarriage history, risk factors for DNA damage, or poor semen quality. It provides cutoff points for DNA fragmentation index values and states that ICSI may improve success over IVF for men with DFI over 30%. The test aims to help identify treatable causes of infertility and improve assisted reproduction

It was while performing SUZI that a single spermatozoon accidentally penetrated into the oolemma and provided the hint that a direct sperm injection would be more efficient. 1st successful birth by ICSI took place on Jan 14, 1992.

This document provides a summary of azoospermia (the absence of sperm in semen) including its causes, evaluation, and management. It discusses the three main types of azoospermia - pre-testicular, testicular failure, and obstructive. For evaluation, it recommends a three step process of history, physical exam, and basic investigations like FSH and testosterone levels. For management of obstructive azoospermia, it recommends attempting PESA first before moving to TESE/TESA extraction if needed. For testicular failure, it discusses treatments like TESE, microTESE to potentially find sperm, with a minimum 6 month gap between attempts. The document emphasizes a collaborative approach

Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande is a renowned fertility specialist in India. She has held several leadership positions in national OBGYN societies. She has received numerous awards for her contributions to women's health. She is actively involved in adolescent health awareness programs. She has extensive experience in screening and evaluating gamete donors to ensure safety and ethical standards are followed according to ICMR guidelines. This involves medical and psychological evaluation of donors, testing for infectious diseases, limiting the number of donations, and obtaining proper consent.

Ms. Doel Bose Pande discusses various semen preparation methods and principles. Common techniques include simple wash, swim-up, and density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method depends on factors like semen quality, intended use, and practical considerations. Density gradient is best for separating motile sperm from debris but is more time-consuming than direct swim-up. The goal is to recover high-quality sperm with minimal processing time and damage. Practical issues like sample volume and number of patients may also influence the choice of preparation technique.

This document discusses sperm DNA fragmentation testing in male infertility. It provides background on causes of male infertility and the significance of sperm DNA fragmentation. Normal values for semen analysis are outlined according to WHO guidelines. Methods for diagnosing DNA fragmentation including Comet, TUNEL, SCD, and SCSA assays are described. Factors that can cause DNA fragmentation including lifestyle, medical conditions, and environmental exposures are covered. The importance of selecting sperm with intact DNA for ART procedures like ICSI is emphasized. Lifestyle modifications and treatment of underlying conditions may help reduce DNA fragmentation before ART.

This document discusses the route that sperm take from the testes to ejaculation and provides details on the key structures involved like the epididymis and vas deferens. It also examines slides from a testicular biopsy showing normal spermatogenesis within seminiferous tubules and the orderly maturation of germ cells. Additionally, it mentions Leydig cells, peritubular fibrosis, hypospermatogenesis, and the differences between non-obstructive and obstructive azoospermia. The document was authored by Dr. Mohammad Manzoor Mashwani from Bacha Khan Medical College in Mardan.

Oocyte retrieval involves three key steps: 1) Anesthetizing the patient using either conscious sedation with a paracervical block or general anesthesia. 2) Guiding an ultrasound-monitored needle into each follicle to aspirate the follicular fluid and oocyte. 3) Using a suction pump set to 90-120 mmHg for mature follicles and 40-60 mmHg for immature follicles to aspirate the fluid and oocyte without damaging the cumulus-oocyte complex. Precautions like antibiotics and monitoring for bleeding are important to minimize risks of complications.

This document discusses third party reproduction and oocyte donation. It provides information on the requirements and screening process for oocyte and sperm donors according to ICMR guidelines. Key points include that the donor's age is the primary factor impacting IVF success rates, with higher pregnancy rates seen in donor egg programs compared to routine IVF. Embryo donation success depends on embryo viability. The rights of children born through ART technologies and relevant legal issues are also outlined.

The document discusses the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology and Pap test results. It outlines categories for specimen adequacy, diagnostic categories including non-neoplastic and neoplastic findings, criteria for various diagnoses, and follow-up guidelines. Key aspects covered include definitions of satisfactory and unsatisfactory specimens, classification of squamous and glandular cell abnormalities, and management recommendations for different diagnoses.

This document discusses various surgical sperm retrieval techniques for assisted reproduction, including: 1) Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) are used to retrieve sperm from the epididymis in cases of obstructive azoospermia. 2) Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) are used to retrieve sperm directly from the testes in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia or previous failed epididymal sperm retrieval. 3) Microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (Micro-TESE) uses an operating microscope to identify and extract semin

This document provides an overview of the evaluation and investigations for male infertility. It discusses the key components of the medical history and physical exam, including reproductive, sexual, childhood, medical, and family histories. Initial laboratory assessments include semen analysis according to WHO standards and endocrine evaluation if indicated. Imaging tools like ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, and MRI can identify conditions affecting fertility. Traditional and modern methods are described to further evaluate couples where initial testing is normal but functional defects may still impair fertilization. A postcoital or Sims test examines sperm-mucus interaction ability.

This document discusses the management of azoospermia. It outlines the diagnostic algorithm doctors should follow to determine if the cause is obstructive or non-obstructive. For obstructive cases, surgery or sperm extraction and ICSI may be options. For non-obstructive cases, testicular biopsy is important to check for focal sperm production, as some men with testicular failure still have retrievable sperm. The document emphasizes that multiple biopsies may be needed and recommends techniques for optimizing sperm retrieval and diagnosis.

This document discusses male infertility, including the anatomy and process of spermatogenesis in the male reproductive system. It outlines the evaluation and management of male infertility, including history and physical examination, semen analysis, hormonal analysis, ultrasound, and genetic testing. Causes of male infertility like varicocele, infections, genetic issues, and oxidative stress are explained. The classification and workup of azoospermia is also covered. Treatment options discussed include medical management using hormones and antioxidants, as well as surgical procedures for conditions like varicocele and obstructive causes of infertility.

SPERM FUNCTION TESTS USED in embryology, IVF for assessing the fertilization capacity of sperm

Male Infertility is a inability that causes pregnancy in a female fertile. Male infertility is commonly due to Low sperm Count. Soi provides best male infertility treatment in delhi, ghaziabad - India. For more information call us 9810350512

This document provides information about evaluating abnormalities in a semen analysis panel, including: - The indications, sample collection/transport procedures, and normal ranges for semen volume, pH, motility, concentration, morphology, and other tests. - How to interpret abnormalities in these parameters, such as low/high volume, pH, motility, oligospermia/azoospermia, teratozoospermia and their potential causes. - Quality control procedures like repeat testing, and transient defects that could affect initial semen analysis results. Four clinical cases are then presented to demonstrate applying this evaluation and interpretation of semen analysis results.

This document provides an overview of semen analysis. It discusses the indications, gross examination, microscopic examination including motility, morphology, viability and count. It also covers chemical examinations like fructose and acid phosphatase tests. Immunological assays for antisperm antibodies are described. Microbiological assays to check for infections are mentioned. Sperm function tests like penetration and swelling tests are listed. Finally, the document touches on semen cryopreservation and its indications.

This document provides an overview of semen analysis. It discusses the indications, gross examination, microscopic examination including motility, morphology, viability and count. It also covers chemical examinations like fructose and acid phosphatase tests. Immunological assays for antisperm antibodies and microbiological assays are summarized. Key sperm function tests like sperm penetration and hypoosmotic swelling tests are mentioned. The document concludes with an overview of semen cryopreservation.

Optimizing sperm quality in High DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) cases through specialized preparation techniques. For more information call: +91 9418127128

What is semen Formation of the sperm cell WHY PERFORM SEMEN ANALYSIS What is the “standard” approach to semen evaluation?

This document provides an overview of a presentation on male infertility for gynecologists. It discusses basics of male infertility like causes, diagnostic tests beyond routine semen analysis, and treatments. Key points include that male factor contributes to about 50% of infertility, diagnostic tests now go beyond just semen analysis to include tests like sperm DNA integrity testing and Y chromosome microdeletion screening, and treatments discussed are use of antioxidants, varicocele surgery to improve ART success, and sperm retrieval techniques for azoospermia. The document provides guidance on evaluating male infertility in a clinical practice.

This document discusses male infertility, including its causes, classification, investigations, and normal semen values. It covers pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes of infertility. Key tests include semen analysis, hormonal assessment, immunological tests, and genetic testing. The document also provides details on the process and interpretation of semen analysis, including sperm motility, morphology, and vitality.

This document summarizes a panel discussion on male infertility and the management of oligo astheno teratospermia (OAT). The panel included urologists, IVF experts, and gynaecologists who discussed topics such as the causes of male infertility, recent WHO criteria for semen analysis, what constitutes OAT, specific and idiopathic causes of OAT, how smoking affects fertility, and the steps in evaluating a male for infertility including history, examination, semen analysis, hormone assays, ultrasound, and additional tests or procedures when indicated.

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The document discusses various causes of azoospermia including: 1. Hypothalamic-pituitary causes such as gonadotropin deficiencies and exogenous hormone use. 2. Testicular causes including chromosomal abnormalities, genetic mutations, infections, radiation exposure, and undescended testes. 3. Post-testicular causes like reproductive tract obstructions from various structural abnormalities or infections. Evaluations for azoospermia include semen analysis, hormone levels, genetic testing, ultrasound, and sometimes procedures like biopsy. Specific conditions mentioned are Klinefelter syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and microdeletions of the Y chromosome.

Male Infertility ,Sperma DNA fragmentation,ICSI,INTERPRETING SEMEN ANALYSIS ,Varicocele,DNA FRAGMENTATION INDEX,PICSI

This document discusses semen analysis, which plays a key role in evaluating male infertility. It describes the normal parameters for semen volume, pH, liquefaction time, viscosity, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and viability. The roles of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and other glands in contributing to the semen are outlined. Standard procedures for semen collection and analysis are provided, along with causes of abnormal results and limitations of semen analysis. Advanced computer-assisted techniques for further evaluating sperm motility and function are also mentioned.

Sperm Function Tests are the keystones of evaluating functional condition of sperms. The fertility potential of a sperm will be decided not only with the number & motility but with the functional competence which is of utmost importance.

Male Infertility is a inability that causes pregnancy in a female fertile. Male infertility is commonly due to Low sperm Count. Soi provides best male infertility treatment in delhi, ghaziabad - India. Call us : 9810350512 visit : www.seedsofinnocence.com

semen analysis

ANDROLOGY  Andrology • Habard Siebke first used the term andrology in 1951, and the field first emerged from dermatology in Germany. • However, urology, gynecology, and endocrinology have a greater impact on modern andrology. • At least 15% of couples throughout the world experience andrological issues, which have become both a prevalent and significant problem. • Male infertility, male contraception, hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, and male senescence are among the main issues addressed by andrology. • Andrology encompasses a variety of conditions, including testicular cancer, prostate disorders like benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma, delayed puberty, family planning and contraception, cryopreservation of semen and testicular tissue, hormone replacement therapy, forensic paternity issues, and aging in men. Symptomatology of male infertility • TYPE I – erection problems (0,3-7%) • TYPE II – azoospermia (0,9%-16%) • TYPE III – immunological infertility (3,4%-25%) • TYPE IV – abnormal seminal quality (23%-48%) • TYPE V – idiopathic sperm dysfunction (0-25%)  Diagnosis • General examination • Semen analysis • Other diagnostic tests: • USG • Hormonal diagnostic • Diagnostic tests for Assisted Reproductive Technology  TYPE I – erection problems (0,3-7%) • Normal ejaculation • Hypospermia (semen volume < 2,0 ml) – chronic prostatitis • Impotence • Retrograde ejaculation • Neurogenic– DM, SM • Anatomical • Jatrogenic – drugs, operations • disejaculation • Functional – anorgazmia • Neurogenic – spinal injury • Jatrogenic – drugs, chemiotherapy, radiotherapy, operations  TYPE II – azoospermia (0,9%-16%) • Pre-testicular causes • Hypothalamic or pituitary disorder – LH, FSH deficiency, Kallman syndrome, trauma, tumors, inflammation, meningitis • Testicular causes • Primary testicular failure • Congenital – 47XXY, del Y, AZF • Acquired- mumps, testicular torsion, castration • Jatrogenic – radiotherapy, chemotherapy • Post-testicular causes • Congenital • Acquired – inflammations (gonorrhea) • Jatrogenic – vasectomy, hernia operation Diagnostic tests for Assisted Reproductive Technology- ICSI • FSH • If < 12IU – sperm biopsy is effective in 80-90% • Blocked ejaculatory duct (Micro-Epididymal Sperm Aspiration –MESE) • Other (Testicular Sperm Extirpation- TESE, Testicular Sperm Aspiration- TESA)  TYPE III – immunological infertility (3,4%-25%) Antisperm antibodies – the immune system may produce antibodies that attack and weaken or disable sperm • Auto-immunological diseases • Consequences of testicular trauma Congenital • Undescended testicles Sexually transmitted disease (gonorrhoea) or testicular infection (mumps) • Vascular Testicular torsion • Varicocoeles Diseases: Thyroid failure; Addison disease. • auto-immunological diseases; • Environmental factors Drugs (sulfasalazine, T, chemotherapy) • Temperature Other factors (X-rays, lead, cigarette s

This document discusses sperm sorting techniques for men with high sperm DNA fragmentation index. It begins by defining sperm DNA damage and fragmentation, then discusses causes and indications for testing. It describes different tests to measure sperm DNA fragmentation and diagnostic cut-off points. The objectives and limitations of sperm sorting are outlined. Various sperm sorting techniques are explained, including swim-up, density gradient, magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME), and surface charge-based sorting using hyaluronan binding. Advanced techniques like MSOME and MACS aim to select sperm with intact DNA and normal morphology to improve fertility outcomes.

We present a new search for dark matter (DM) using planetary atmospheres. We point out that annihilating DM in planets can produce ionizing radiation, which can lead to excess production of ionospheric Hþ 3 . We apply this search strategy to the night side of Jupiter near the equator. The night side has zero solar irradiation, and low latitudes are sufficiently far from ionizing auroras, leading to a lowbackground search. We use Cassini data on ionospheric Hþ 3 emission collected three hours either side of Jovian midnight, during its flyby in 2000, and set novel constraints on the DM-nucleon scattering cross section down to about 10−38 cm2. We also highlight that DM atmospheric ionization may be detected in Jovian exoplanets using future high-precision measurements of planetary spectra.

Europe must have autonomous access to space to realise its ambitions on the world stage and promote knowledge and prosperity. Space is a natural extension of our home planet and forms an integral part of the infrastructure that is vital to daily life on Earth. Europe must assert its rightful place in space to ensure its citizens thrive. As the world’s second-largest economy, Europe must ensure it has secure and autonomous access to space, so it does not depend on the capabilities and priorities of other nations. Europe’s longstanding expertise in launching spacecraft and satellites has been a driving force behind its 60 years of successful space cooperation. In a world where everyday life – from connectivity to navigation, climate and weather – relies on space, the ability to launch independently is more important than ever before. With the launch of Ariane 6, Europe is not just sending a rocket into the sky, we are asserting our place among the world’s spacefaring nations. ESA’s Ariane 6 rocket succeeds Ariane 5, the most dependable and competitive launcher for decades. The first Ariane rocket was launched in 1979 from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana and Ariane 6 will continue the adventure. Putting Europe at the forefront of space transportation for nearly 45 years, Ariane is a triumph of engineering and the prize of great European industrial and political cooperation. Ariane 1 gave way to more powerful versions 2, 3 and 4. Ariane 5 served as one of the world’s premier heavy-lift rockets, putting single or multiple payloads into orbit – the cargo and instruments being launched – and sent a series of iconic scientific missions to deep space. The decision to start developing Ariane 6 was taken in 2014 to respond to the continued need to have independent access to space, while offering efficient commercial launch services in a fast-changing market. ESA, with its Member States and industrial partners led by ArianeGroup, is developing new technologies for new markets with Ariane 6. The versatility of Ariane 6 adds a whole new dimension to its very successful predecessors

The rapid assembly of the first supermassive black holes is an enduring mystery. Until now, it was not known whether quasar ‘feeding’ structures (the ‘hot torus’) could assemble as fast as the smaller-scale quasar structures. We present JWST/MRS (rest-frame infrared) spectroscopic observations of the quasar J1120+0641 at z = 7.0848 (well within the epoch of reionization). The hot torus dust was clearly detected at λrest ≃ 1.3 μm, with a black-body temperature of  K, slightly elevated compared to similarly luminous quasars at lower redshifts. Importantly, the supermassive black hole mass of J1120+0641 based on the Hα line (accessible only with JWST), MBH = 1.52 ± 0.17 × 109 M⊙, is in good agreement with previous ground-based rest-frame ultraviolet Mg II measurements. Comparing the ratios of the Hα, Paα and Paβ emission lines to predictions from a simple one-phase Cloudy model, we find that they are consistent with originating from a common broad-line region with physical parameters that are consistent with lower-redshift quasars. Together, this implies that J1120+0641’s accretion structures must have assembled very quickly, as they appear fully ‘mature’ less than 760 Myr after the Big Bang.

Identifying Indian wood involves recognizing key characteristics such as grain patterns, color, texture, hardness, and specific anatomical features. These identification keys include observing the wood's pores, growth rings, and resin canals, as well as its scent and weight. Understanding these features is essential for accurate wood identification, which is crucial for various applications in carpentry, furniture making, and conservation. Additionally, the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in wood identification has revolutionized this field. CNNs can analyze images of wood samples to identify species with high accuracy by learning and recognizing intricate patterns and features. This technological advancement not only enhances the precision of wood identification but also accelerates the process, making it more efficient for industry professionals and researchers alike.

It is obligate type of parasite which affect living organism.

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The shape of the dark matter (DM) halo is key to understanding the hierarchical formation of the Galaxy. Despite extensive eforts in recent decades, however, its shape remains a matter of debate, with suggestions ranging from strongly oblate to prolate. Here, we present a new constraint on its present shape by directly measuring the evolution of the Galactic disk warp with time, as traced by accurate distance estimates and precise age determinations for about 2,600 classical Cepheids. We show that the Galactic warp is mildly precessing in a retrograde direction at a rate of ω = −2.1 ± 0.5 (statistical) ± 0.6 (systematic) km s−1 kpc−1 for the outer disk over the Galactocentric radius [7.5, 25] kpc, decreasing with radius. This constrains the shape of the DM halo to be slightly oblate with a fattening (minor axis to major axis ratio) in the range 0.84 ≤ qΦ ≤ 0.96. Given the young nature of the disk warp traced by Cepheids (less than 200 Myr), our approach directly measures the shape of the present-day DM halo. This measurement, combined with other measurements from older tracers, could provide vital constraints on the evolution of the DM halo and the assembly history of the Galaxy.

PROTEIN DIgestion

Small Intestine

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The MACRAMÉ Project presented an update to the 24th OECD WPMN, introducing its new sibling projects CHIASMA, INSIGHT, and PINK: MACRAMÉ-ChIPs