Optimizing sperm quality in High DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) cases through specialized preparation techniques. For more information call: +91 9418127128
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
Semen examination provides important evidence in sexual assault cases. Semen is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid. Initial presumptive tests for semen examine for the presence of enzymes like acid phosphatase. Confirmatory testing requires microscopic examination of the stain to identify sperm cells, as their presence confirms the source was human semen. Proper collection and handling of evidence from victims and suspects is crucial, as it allows laboratory examination to detect potential DNA transfers that can identify assailants. Semen evidence plays a key role in medico-legal cases involving rape, sodomy, incest, and disputed paternity.
This document discusses sperm sorting techniques for men with high sperm DNA fragmentation index. It begins by defining sperm DNA damage and fragmentation, then discusses causes and indications for testing. It describes different tests to measure sperm DNA fragmentation and diagnostic cut-off points. The objectives and limitations of sperm sorting are outlined. Various sperm sorting techniques are explained, including swim-up, density gradient, magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME), and surface charge-based sorting using hyaluronan binding. Advanced techniques like MSOME and MACS aim to select sperm with intact DNA and normal morphology to improve fertility outcomes.
The document provides information about andrology laboratory services for male infertility evaluation and treatment. It discusses:
- Tests offered including semen analysis, specialized tests of sperm function and morphology, sperm processing for infertility treatments, and cryopreservation.
- Procedures for semen sample collection, transport, and analysis following WHO standards, including macroscopic examination of volume, pH, and microscopic examination of motility, concentration, vitality, and morphology.
- Uses of semen analysis to diagnose infertility issues, identify treatment options, and assess effectiveness of treatments like vasectomy reversal. Computer-assisted semen analysis is also discussed.
15 & 16 ther 608 sperm transport- fertilization-cleavagefarhab dvm
The document summarizes the key events related to fertilization in mammals, including sperm transport through the female reproductive tract, capacitation, the acrosome reaction, sperm-egg binding and fusion, formation of male and female pronuclei, and early embryonic cleavage and blastocyst formation. It describes the sequence of ovulation, sperm transport through the vagina, cervix, and oviducts where capacitation and the acrosome reaction occur in preparation for fertilization. The roles of enzymes in sperm penetration through the zona pellucida and fusion with the egg are also outlined, along with blocking of polyspermy and early mitotic divisions leading to a blastocyst.
The correct answer is A. Harassment of the woman.
Section 498A of IPC defines cruelty as including any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.
The document discusses the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the structure and function of testes, sperm production (spermatogenesis), and the roles of Sertoli and Leydig cells. It also discusses the female menstrual cycle, ovarian cycle, follicular development, estrogen and progesterone production, and the process of ovulation. The key roles of FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone in regulating the reproductive cycles are summarized.
This document discusses procedures for semen analysis, which is the first test performed to investigate male infertility. It describes how semen is examined physically, microscopically, chemically, and through immunological and microbiological assays. Tests evaluate semen volume, pH, motility, count, morphology, and the presence of fructose or acid phosphatase. Additional sperm function tests and cryopreservation are discussed. Semen donation is also summarized as a procedure to help individuals conceive.
Normal fertile couples of reproductive age have a conception rate of 20% to 25% per month, with more than 90% conceiving within 1 year.
Male factor infertility is involved in approximately 50% of infertile couples.
In 30% of the cases, an abnormality is discovered solely in the man.
As many as 2% of all men will exhibit suboptimal sperm parameters.
This is an important topic of mammalian (Male) reproductive toxicology.By doing this test sperm abnormalities should be cured. This topic is available in net but not like, what a master student try to find out.If there is anything wrong then correct me please.
In this ppt i have included methods of semen analysis and the importance and some agents which create semen abnormalities.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and virusesNOOR ARSHIA
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and viruses includes gene expression mechanism of prokaryotes such as lac operon ,trp operon, feedback inhibition, types of temporal response, positive and negative gene regulation. It also includes mechanisms such as reverse transcriptase in viruses.
Fertilization is a process where male and female gametes fuse to create zygote and further leads to embryonic development. During in vitro there happens the conditions when male and female gametes unable to fuse and fails to produce zygote, which is a very painful condition for Reproductive Scientists working inside IVF lab. this presentation highlights brief about how this incidence occurs and ways to reduces it. HAVE A HAPPY READ <3
This document summarizes the male reproductive system and role of antioxidants in male infertility. It describes the production of sperm cells and role of hormones. It explains how oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species can damage sperm and cause infertility. It discusses how antioxidants help protect sperm from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals. The document outlines several antioxidants like CoQ10, lycopene, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and E, selenium and zinc that have shown benefits for sperm quality and fertility when supplemented.
Preclinical screening of antifertility agents. kahkeshakahkesha samshad
This document discusses preclinical screening methods for antifertility agents in males and females. It describes various in vivo and in vitro models used to test for anti-ovulatory, estrogenic, androgenic, and anti-androgenic activity. In vivo female models include HCG-induced ovulation in rats to test for anti-ovulatory effects and vaginal opening in immature rats to assess estrogenic activity. In vitro assays involve estrogen receptor binding. Male models include tests of fertility, sperm count, and effects on sex organ weights to evaluate androgenic and anti-androgenic properties.
Semenology update in assisted reproductive technology4Abimibola Nanna
Semenology Update in Assisted Reproductive Technology discusses sperm samples, semen analysis, and sperm preparation techniques for IVF and ICSI. It outlines the different origins of sperm including ejaculate, epididymal, and testicular sources. Basic semen parameters like concentration, motility, and morphology are evaluated. Sperm preparation is necessary to isolate motile sperm, eliminate debris and dead sperm, and prepare functional sperm for ART procedures. Common techniques include swim-up, density gradient centrifugation, and direct centrifugation depending on sperm quality. The prepared sperm fraction is critically evaluated for concentration and motility before use in IVF or ICSI.
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3. SPERM OOCYTE INTERATION
Capacitation in the cervical mucus
Acrosome reaction
Sperm Zona pellucida interaction
Sperm-Oocyte membrane fusion
Decondensation of sperm nucleus and finally
fusion of male and female pronucleus
4. HOWEVER…
• The sperms should be sufficient in number and have normal structure
for fertilizing the eggs
• Sperms should have intact and functioning membrane to survive the
vaginal and uterine environment
• Normal functioning of the biochemical markers and proteins
• Motility and mitochondrial function to cross the reproductive barrier
• Sperm should able to survive from stress
• Proper Acrosome functioning to fertilize the oocyte
• Transfer the proper genetic material to the oocyte during the process
of fertilization
5. Sperm function tests?
What are sperm function tests
Sperm count
Total sperm number
Sperm motility
Progressive motility
These tests detect function of a certain part of spermatozoa and give insights on the events in
fertilization of the oocytes
6. Who needed these tests?
• Patients with normal semen analysis parameters may not need these
specialized test immediately but, may be later
• Certain patients need some specialized test to understand the
functioning of their sperm better like
• Borderline semen parameters
• Pathological semen parameters
• Previous fertilization failures/TFF
• Prolonged Unexplained infertility/unexplained male infertility
8. What these tests specify
• Understanding the human sperm and fertilization biochemistry
• Information about important measures like kinematics of sperm
capacitation, hyperactivation,
• The ability of sperm to bind zona-pellucida,
• The ability to undergo acrosome reaction,
• Decondensation of the chromatin to form male pronucleus
10. Biochemical tests
• Each secretion has a characteristic marker to detect presence, absence,
dysfunction or infection of specific glands of male reproductive system.
• Each specific substance is contributing to sperm function, but how is still unsure
S.no Secretions from Specific Markers Functions
1 Prostate gland Acid phosphatase, Citric
acid, Zinc and
Magnesium
Zinc –protecting and
stabilizing condensed
sperm chromatin
2 Seminal Vesicles Fructose and
Prostaglandins
Fructose-energy source
for sperm for anaerobic
metabolism
3 Epididymis L-Carnitine, alpha-
glucosidase and
glycerophosphocholine
11. Biochemical tests
Fructosetest
• Patients with azoospermia and in low volume samples (<1 ml)-
seminal obstruction or atresia or ejaculatory duct obstruction.
• Reduced fructose leads to reduced motility .
• Men with high sperm and low motility due to relative deficiency of
fructose.
• Concentration of fructose in semen ranges from 63-500 mg/dl(3.5-28
mmol/l).
• Seliwanoff’s test for ketose sugars or qualitative assessment of
fructose by colorimetric test.
13. Leucocyte detection tests
• There are different methods for assessing leukocytes in semen,
including identification of round cells, immunohistochemical staining
using monoclonal antibodies, the Endtz test, the peroxidase test, and
flow cytometry.
• The WHO also recommends the peroxidase test, although this test
distinguishes only granulocytes and no other WBC types.
• The gold standard for assessment of WBCs in semen is
immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies against
specific WBC subpopulations, but this method is expensive, time-
consuming, and not standardized.
14. Leucocyte detection tests
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines leukocytospermia as
>1 × 106 WBCs/mL in a semen sample.
• Leukocytospermia is considered an inflammatory disease. In most
cases, the inflammatory syndrome is secondary to a urogenital
bacterial disorder. However, other conditions may also lead to
leukocytospermia, including viral infections, varicocele, smoking, or
trauma such as spinal cord injury.
• Studies have evaluated the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory
agents, and antioxidants as treatment; however, results have been
varied, and controversy remains.
17. Reactive oxygen species(ROS)
• Spermatozoa require oxygen for metabolism but the deleterious
metabolites produced such as ROS can modify cell function/damage.
• Seminal plasma naturally contains different antioxidants that help to
protect spermatozoa against such oxidants.
• Seminal plasma oxidative stress develops as a result of an imbalance
between ROS generating and scavenging activities.
• Spermatozoa are more likely susceptible to ROS-induced damage
compared to other cells as they have larger quantities of
polyunsaturated fatty acids(DHA) in the membrane, and their
cytoplasm contains a low concentration of scavenging enzymes.
19. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Ros in semen produced by
- Immature sperms
- Leukocytes
- Epithelial cells
ROS can be estimated by using different methods
• Chemiluminescence using luminol as a substrate
-Normal range <0.2 × 10 6 cpm per 20 million spermatozoa
-Abnormal values >0.2 × 10 6 cpm per 20 million spermatozoa
• Semi-quantitative assays using oxidative indicators
ROS is inversely correlated with normal sperm function and directly
correlated to male infertility
23. Sperm morphology
• The classification system evolved by Kruger et al. and subsequently
accepted by WHO give very low threshold for accepting normal
morphology and very few samples show more than 25% normal
spermatozoa with most in the range of 4–30% in fertile population.
• According to strict accepted criteria considering normal spermatozoan are:
• Normal sperm head is considered to be 3–5 μ in length and 2–3 μ in width
with perfect oval shape
• Mid-piece is about 1 μ in diameter with straight and regular outline. It
must be aligned to the longitudinal axis of the head and should be 7–8 μ in
length
• The tail must be slender, uncoiled and at least 45 μ in length.
24. Sperm morphology
Staining methods
• The morphology is evaluated by using air dried smears prepared from
whole semen on glass slides and stained using Diff-Quick or PAP
method.
PAP
Diff
quick
31. Sperm vitality
• It represents the sperm membrane functionality when it enters the
female tract.
• There are different test for sperm vitality
HOST test (Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test)
Eosin nigrosin test
Eosin test
35. Mitochondrial activity test
• Mitochondria is necessary for motility of the sperm
• The energy required for the flagellar activity is derived from ATP produced
in the mitochondria concentrated in the mid piece of spermatozoa.
• The long journey of spermatozoa through the female tract requires an
optimal quantity of ATP.
• The mitochondrial oxido-reductive enzyme apparatus can be tested using
indicators like nitro blue tetrazolium, which product blue insoluble pigment
in and around mid-piece.
• Evaluation can be carried out in smears showing stained mid-piece from
good sperms to poor staining of nonmotile or poor mitochondrial activity
sperms.
38. Acrosome reaction tests
CAPACITATION
• Capacitation can be defined as time dependent, reversible changes sperm
undergo especially in the female genital tract, which lead to the ability of
sperm to acrosome react.
• The changes occur with loss of extrinsic proteins, including acrosome
stabilizing factors along with the loss of membrane cholesterol.
• These intricate steps results in sperms having more fluid and pliable
membranes. During capacitation sperm motility changes to the
characteristic pattern, and induction of AR becomes possible.
• The rapid spiraling pattern of the sperm movement and subsequently
hyperactivated sperm motility is commonly associated with sperm
capacitation.
40. Acrosome reaction tests
ACROSOME REACTION
• The integrity of the acrosome structure and the ability to undergo acrosomal
exocytosis are necessary for normal fertility.
• The acrosome reaction is a process that in vivo occurs in the proximity of the
oocyte, and which must take place before the spermatozoon can penetrate the
oocyte vestments and fuse with the oocyte.
• Several stimuli are known to induce acrosome reaction. Among these, zona
pellucida Proteins and progesterone are considered possible physiological
inducers of acrosome reaction in view of their elevated concentration in the
proximity of the oocyte.
• Other stimuli, such as calcium ionophores, will induce the acrosome reaction, but
the results are not or less related to those obtained from the zona pellucida-
induced acrosome reaction
42. Acrosome reaction tests
Acrosome reactions can be detected by variety of methods like
1. Labeling with fluorescent lectins,
2. Monoclonal antibodies to specific proteins,
3. Histochemical staining or by binding with antibody-bound beads.
4. Flow cytometry also can be used to detect acrosome reacted sperm
using specific fluorochrome staining.
44. Sperm penetration assay
.To assess the capacitation and acrosome reaction
also known as “ZONA –FREE HAMSTER ASSAY”
• Zona-free hamster oocyte following the sperm penetration assay.
Positive penetration is demonstrated by completely decondensed
sperm heads; the tail is still visible (white arrows).
• All other sperm are seen attached to the surface
only and are considered negative.
47. HEMI-ZONA ASSAY
• The zona pellucida is isolated
and divided in half. one half is
incubated with fertile donor
sperm (positive control) and the
other half is incubated with
patient sperm. the ratio of fertile
to donor binding is measured.
50. Sperm DNA fragmentation tests
• The integrity of paternal genome delivered by the spermatozoa is of
paramount importance in the initiation of viable pregnancy.
• The fragmented DNA delivered by the sperm is incompatible with
normal embryonic development.
• DNA damage can occur due to various reasons
• DNA damage can be tested by various tests
51. Anti sperm antibodies (ASAB)
• ASAB in females due to repeated exposure to sperms,
• ASAB can be present in the cervical mucus (IgA type) or can be
circulating in the blood and other body fluids (IgG type).
• ASAB effect the sperm oocyte interaction and fertilization
• To what extent the antibodies can affect fertility of sperms is still
questionable
52. Anti sperm antibodies (ASAB)
• There are Various tests to detect the antibodies
• 1. Immunobead test (IB)- no commercial IB tests are available
• 2. Mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR)- commercially available
• 3. Elisa estimation of antibodies
Results of IB/MAR
• 10-39% of sperms reacted - suspected
• 40% of sperm reacted- high probability
• More than 50% reaction is significant cause of subfertility
55. Sperm function tests Do we need them in this era?
• Many feel and believe that sperm function testing is now irrelevant
due to advances in IVF, especially ICSI technique.
• ICSI has definitely given hope to couples who previously had virtually
no chance of conception with their own gametes.
• Whether these tests are really needed in the era of ICSI!!!
• Success of ICSI had led to the cessation of research in the area of
sperm function and defects.
56. Importance !!!
• Because sperm contribute 50% of the genetic material
• For better understanding of basic and applied biology of subfertility
• For couples without severe sperm defects we can provide better
sperm function tests to ensure normal fertilization without the use of
ICSI.
• It is essential to identify the pathology and treat the male partner
which may allow the couples to improve their fertility potential and
improve the ART results and also helps in conceiving naturally too.
• With the rapid growth in ART especially ICSI male partner is
overlooked which is responsible for the half of the infertility cases
57. Conclusion
• The complex nature of molecular interactions between oocyte and
sperm leading to fertilization needs further clarification
• Since there is more than one sperm function involved, no single test
of a single function will have perfect sensitivity. Therefore a batteries
of tests are required for diagnosis.
• Tests with high sensitivity, high predictive values and low false
positive rates are desirable.
• Sperm function test should not be routine investigations as they are
complex, expensive, not rigorously tested, do not always provide
clinically useful information and typically do not effect treatment